基于速度脉冲地震动的边坡地震位移统一预测模型

采用基于小波变换的多向地震动速度脉冲特性鉴定方法,从NGA数据库及汶川地震动记录中提取出了196条速度脉冲地震动数据;基于Newmark非耦合滑动模型,考虑土体非线性特征。通过计算速度脉冲地震动作用下不同强度(k_y)及初始自振周期(T_s)边坡模型的地震位移,对比分析了边坡地震位移与速度脉冲地震动参数之间的相关性,并建立了适用于近断层速度脉冲地震动的边坡地震位移统一预测模型。结果表明：既有边坡地震位移预测模型低估了近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的位移值,而用于预测近断层非脉冲地震动引起的边坡地震位移离散较小;近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的边坡地震位移与其速度脉冲特性密切相关,地震位移与速度脉冲地震动参数(峰值速度PGV)相关性最好;采用1.5倍边坡自振周期对应的加速度反应谱(S_a(1.5T_s))和 PGV分别代表速度脉冲地震动的频谱成分及速度脉冲特征,能够综合反映速度脉冲地震动对边坡地震位移的影响;建立了基于边坡参数(k_y, T_s)和脉冲地震动参数(PGV, S_a(1.5T_s))的边坡地震位移预测模型,为考虑近断层地震动速度脉冲特性影响的边坡地震位移概率灾害分析提供了基础。     

近场与远场地震动作用下单层柱面网壳结构易损性分析

与远场地震动不同,近场速度脉冲型地震动具有瞬时能量大、幅值大、脉冲周期长等特点,但目前少有学者关注其对网壳结构的影响。以三向网格型单层柱面网壳为研究对象,采用40条近场速度脉冲型地震动及40条远场地震动作为输入,对9例网壳结构进行增量动力分析,基于分析结果建立网壳结构的概率地震需求模型及抗震能力模型,获得网壳结构的易损性曲线,并对比研究两组地震动作用下网壳结构的极限状态失效概率。结果表明：与远场地震动相比,近场速度脉冲型地震动会造成单层柱面网壳结构更为严重的损伤,且损伤指数的离散性更大;近场速度脉冲型地震动作用下单层柱面网壳结构的极限状态失效概率要显著大于远场地震动作用下的极限状态失效概率。     

近场地震作用下型钢-混凝土组合结构桥易损性分析

考虑近场速度脉冲型地震动特征,对型钢-混凝土组合结构桥梁的地震易损性进行分析。以一座工字型钢-混凝土组合梁桥为例,从PEER数据库挑选60条近场地震动记录作为输入,对桥梁结构整体性能和局部性能两个层次的易损性进行分析,给出了桥梁结构的整体和局部地震易损性曲线。通过与远场地震作用下的桥梁结构地震易损性分析结果的对比研究,发现：近场速度脉冲型地震引起的桥梁结构整体和局部地震需求均显著大于远场地震|在近场地震作用下,桥墩是型钢-混凝土组合桥梁的最易损构件,混凝土横梁与栓钉的易损性水平低于桥墩。     

反应谱离散性对梁桥概率地震需求预计的影响

以一座三跨非规则钢筋混凝土连续梁桥为例,选择2组实际地震波作为输入地面运动,通过IDA分析探讨地震波反应谱的离散度对于梁桥结构概率地震需求预计的影响,得到以下结论：实际地震波的反应谱离散度与桥梁结构概率地震需求预计的离散度密切相关;针对基于概率理论的PBEE和PBSD,合理的选择实际地震波进行动力分析,可以使地震需求的概率分布更加符合实际情况,提高概率地震需求预计、易损性曲线等计算结果的精确性和计算效率。     

近场地震下框架剪力墙高层结构地震易损性分析

结合已有的研究成果,总结近场地震动的主要特点;根据中国规范给出结构4个性能水平定义及相应的量化指标限值;根据断层距等因素选取近场、远场各20条地震波并对地震波记录进行调幅。考虑地震波的不确定性,对2栋不同高度框架剪力墙结构进行地震易损性分析,得到相应的地震易损性曲线,并对两结构的抗震性能进行对比。结果表明:20层结构的层间位移地震动需求大于30层结构;近场地震波将引起结构损伤且大于远场地震波。     

考虑倒塌储备的近断层区域RC框架结构抗震设计方法

近断层脉冲型地震动通常会引发结构严重破坏甚至倒塌,但目前的设计方法仅通过修正设计谱来考虑近断层效应,并不能考虑结构的倒塌储备.为此,在使用近断层设计谱的基础上提出考虑倒塌储备的结构抗震设计方法.基于近断层设计谱和远场设计谱共设计了 12个钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构,分别采用20条近断层脉冲型地震动和远场非脉冲型地震动研...     

Comparison of dynamic response of isolated and non-isolated continuous girder bridges subjected to near-fault ground motions

The dynamic response of seismic isolated continuous girder bridges subjected to either near-fault or far-field ground motions is compared to the non-isolated ones. Near-fault earthquake ground motion data are collected from the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. The earthquake data recorded at the same sites from other events serve as far-field ground motions. Typical three-span continuous concrete box girder bridges designed under Taiwan seismic design specifications of highway bridges are adopted for this study. These bridges are assumed straight, founded on rigid rock and only the longitudinal response is considered. Parametric studies for the dynamic responses of isolated bridges by input near-fault ground motions are developed. The PGV/PGA value of near-fault earthquake records is identified as the key parameter governing the bridge response.     

近断层地震动作用下基础隔震结构的一体化动力优化设计

首先讨论了近断层地震动的脉冲运动特征和特性参数,并以台湾集集地震实际脉冲型近震记录作为地震动输入,以上部结构最大层间位移和构件体积最小化为目标,应用含潜在约束策略的序列二次规划算法,对安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行一体化优化设计,同步确定隔震器参数和上部结构构件截面几何尺寸。然后输入ElCentro(1940)、Hachinohe(1968)非脉冲型近断层地震动记录进行隔震结构一体化优化设计。计算结果表明,本文隔震结构优化设计得到的结果是合理的,与其他作者通过参数分析确定的隔震器最优参数具有可比性;对考虑脉冲型近断层地震动作用的隔震结构进行参数优化设计后,该隔震结构能同时满足脉冲型和普通非脉冲型近震作用的结构设计需求。反之,对非脉冲型近断层地震动作用的隔震结构进行参数优化设计后,该隔震结构不能满足脉冲型近震作用的设计需求。     

近断层速度脉冲地震动对边坡滑移的影响分析

 采用基于小波变换的多向地震动速度脉冲特性鉴定方法,从NGA(next generation attenuation)数据库及汶川地震动记录中选取196条速度脉冲地震动;基于Newmark非耦合滑动模型,考虑土体动力非线性,通过对比近断层脉冲及非脉冲地震动引起的不同参数边坡的滑移特征,分析近断层地震动速度脉冲特性及边坡本身参数对滑动位移值的影响;同时对近断层速度脉冲地震动参数与边坡滑移量的相关性做了对比分析。结果表明：(1) 近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的边坡滑动位移值远大于近断层非脉冲地震动,对长周期边坡影响尤为明显;(2) 相比非脉冲地震动,脉冲地震动引起的边坡滑动时间较短,且主要发生在地震动起始阶段的较短时间内(速度脉冲段),滑移的坡体具有更大的滑移速度,携带更高的能量,从而对周边环境产生更强的破坏作用;(3) 近断层速度脉冲地震动引起的边坡滑移特征与其速度脉冲特性(持时短、周期长、速度峰值大)密切相关,且峰值地震动速度PGV与边坡滑移量具有高度相关性。最后,通过比较原始速度脉冲地震动及相应的等效脉冲作用下不同参数边坡的滑动位移值,对提取出的等效脉冲预测原始地震动引起的滑动位移的有效性进行分析,并基于此建立脉冲参数–滑动位移曲面。     

Effects of near-fault ground motions and equivalent pulses on multi-story structures

The focus of this paper is the structural response of multi-story structures to near-fault ground motions, and whether structural response is dominated by the ground motion pulses present in forward-directivity ground motions. Also considered is whether simplified pulses are capable of representing the effects of these pulses on structural response. Incremental Dynamic Analysis was employed to assess the effects of forward-directivity pulses on the response of near-fault multi-story structures. Three different generic multi-story shear buildings were subjected to fifty four near-fault ground motions including ordinary and forward-directivity records. The Maximum Story Displacement Ductility Demand was selected as the Engineering Demand Parameter. Results showed that pulse-like forward-directivity ground motions impose a larger ductility demand to the structure compared to ordinary ground motions. Moreover, the response of the structures to forward-directivity motions shows higher scatter than the response to ordinary ground motions when correlated with simple intensity measures such as PGA or spectral acceleration at the first mode period. The only intensity measure that appears to be valid for both ordinary and forward-directivity ground motions is the peak ground velocity. The structural response to the forward directivity ground motions was reproduced using an equivalent pulse model based on the modified Gabor Wavelet pulse. It is shown that when the ratio of pulse period to the fundamental structural period falls in a range of 0.5-2.5, the equivalent pulse model appropriately represents the structural response to forward-directivity ground motions. The simplified pulse parameters can be predicted using existing relationships and can be incorporated into probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to develop a seismic reliability analysis. Finally, the effects of damping ratio and P-Δ were investigated for forward-directivity ground motions. The effect of variations in the damping ratio on the ductility demand was insignificant while P-Δ-effects on the ductility demand are significant.     

竖向地震效应下近断层边坡永久位移预测模型

利用改进的能量法从美国NGA数据库的4 669条地震记录中量化识别出305条近断层速度脉冲地震动。脉冲具有方向性效应,所有地震动均转换到最强脉冲方向。基于Newmark刚塑性理论模型,考虑竖向地震效应,输入拟合后的地震动,计算了边坡永久位移值。根据大量计算结果统计发现,竖向地震效应对近断层内的边坡永久位移有显著影响,既有边坡地震位移预测模型的预测值离散性较大。通过相关性分析,发现竖向效应作用下,边坡永久位移值与近断层地震动的峰值速度相关性显著。采用统计学回归分析方法,建立了基于峰值速度(PGV)、Arias强度(I_a)、临界加速度(a_c)的预测模型,该模型简单实用,可应用于近断层区域的边坡滑坡地质灾害风险评估。     

Optimal probabilistic design of seismic dampers for the protection of isolated bridges against near-fault seismic excitations

A probabilistic, simulation-based framework is presented in this paper for risk assessment and optimal design of supplemental dampers for multi-span bridge systems supported on abutments and intermediate piers through isolation bearings. The adopted bridge model explicitly addresses nonlinear characteristics of the isolators and the dampers, the dynamic behavior of the abutments, and the effect of pounding between the neighboring spans against each other as well as against the abutments. Nonlinear dynamic analysis is used to evaluate the bridge performance, and a realistic stochastic ground motion model is presented for describing the time history of future near-fault ground motions and relating their characteristics to the seismic hazard for the structural site. A probabilistic foundation is used to address the various sources of structural and excitation uncertainties and ultimately characterize the seismic risk for the bridge. This risk is given by the expected value of the system response over the adopted probability models. Stochastic simulation is used for evaluating the multi-dimensional integral representing this expected value and for performing the associated optimization when searching for the most favorable damper characteristics. An efficient probabilistic sensitivity analysis is also established for identifying the importance of each of the uncertain model parameters in affecting the overall risk. An illustrative example is presented that considers the design of nonlinear viscous dampers for the protection of a two-span bridge.     

近断层地震动空间分布特征对斜拉桥地震响应影响

为研究近断层地震动空间分布特征对斜拉桥地震响应的影响规律,以台湾集集地震近断层地震动为研究对象,根据台站与断层的空间相对位置,将 近场波分为破裂前方区域(Forward District,FD)、破裂区域(Middle District,MD)和破裂后方区域(Backward District,BD)三类波,对其进行频谱分析 表明,MD区域和FD区域地震动低频成分显著而BD区域高频成分显著。以某主跨为406m的斜拉桥为依托工程,对三个区域地震动作用下地震响应规律进行对比 研究,计算结果表明三个区域地震响应规律和量值均有显著差异,不同区域结构动力响应与地震动特征参数相关程度迥异。MD区域塔顶纵向位移较BD区域增 加3.03倍,塔底弯矩和剪力增加1.0倍;FD区域塔顶纵向位移较BD区域增加1.06倍,塔底弯矩和剪力较BD区域却分别下降了35.5%和32.2%。基于上述结果, 建议对于位于破裂区域的结构进行抗震设计时,须同时提高强度与变形需求,采用PGV及PGA作为结构动力响应参数的评估指标,还应选择合理地震动方向; 对于破裂前方区域,结构动力响应受输入能和PGA影响显著,须重点控制结构的变形;对于破裂后方区域,应着重提高结构的强度需求,首选断层距及PGV作 为地震动输入的控制参数。     

近断层/远场地震动作用下隧道结构易损性研究

以川藏铁路线控制性工程——折多山隧道为研究对象,建立隧道动力时程分析模型.结合场地地震动设计反应谱,选取近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动记录,用于增量动力分析隧道工程结构的抗震性能水平.初步探讨适用于隧道结构的地震动强度指标IM,分析不同特征部位隧道结构易损性,对比分析近断层脉冲型地震动及远场地震动作用下隧道结构的地震易...     

Determination of optimal probabilistic seismic demand models for pile-supported wharves

One of the basic components of the Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) framework of Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center is the probabilistic seismic demand model (PSDM). PSDM is based upon a representative relation between ground motion intensity measures (IMs) and engineering demand parameters (EDPs). This research aims to develop an optimal PSDM for typical pile-supported wharf structures in western US ports by using probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA). In this study, 4 bins with 20 non-near-field ground motions and 7 typical pile-supported wharf structures are used to determine an optimal PSDM by PSDA. The model geometry used in this study has a hybrid configuration incorporating many common field conditions. The optimal PSDM should be practical, sufficient, effective and efficient – all tested through several IM–EDP pairs derived by PSDA. The ground motion IMs used in this study include characteristics such as spectral quantities, duration, energy-related quantities and frequency content. Different EDPs are considered for local, intermediate and global response quantities. The considered optimal PSDM comprises a spectral IM, such as spectral acceleration and one of several EDPs. The EDPs of moment curvature ductility factor, displacement ductility factor and horizontal displacement of embankment and differential settlement between deck and behind land are considered for local, intermediate and global response quantities, respectively. Optimal PSDMs are used within PEER–PBEE framework, where they are coupled with both ground motion intensity and structural element fragility models to yield probabilities of exceeding structural performance levels under certain seismic hazard.     

地震动速度脉冲对不同高宽比基础隔震结构抗震性能的影响

为研究近断层地震动的速度脉冲对基础隔震结构地震反应的影响,建立了不同高宽比的传统抗震及基础隔震框架结构有限元模型,选取了6条具有向前方向性效应和滑冲效应速度脉冲的实际近断层强震记录作为结构基础输入地震动,对8个模型进行了非线性动力时程分析,对比分析了传统抗震及基础隔震框架结构模型的层间位移角、支座位移和基底剪力等反应。结果表明：在近断层速度脉冲型地震动作用下,随着结构高宽比的增加,基础隔震结构的层间位移角和基底最大剪力逐渐增加,而隔震支座位移有先增大后减小的趋势,且随着地震动峰值速度与峰值加速度比值的增大,隔震支座位移也逐步增大;基础隔震对高宽比小于3的结构具有较好的减震效果,且高宽比越小其减震效果越好,但是当结构高宽比为4时,基础隔震效果较差;近断层地震动的速度脉冲对基础隔震结构底部楼层的不利影响会导致结构出现倒塌破坏。     

Fragility assessment of an outrigger structure system based on energy method

Fragility curves development in structures has always been a focus of research interest among structural and earthquake engineers for which the maximum story drift is usually considered as the engineering demand parameter (EDP) known as the conventional approach. This paper aims at calculating the fragility curves of a tall building with outrigger braced system by considering the plastic strain energy as the EDP and compare it with the conventional approach. In addition, the effect of optimizing the position of outriggers on the exceedance probability of the structure under near- and far-fault seismic loadings is investigated in this paper. Fragility curves of this structure in four performance levels including immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), collapse prevention (CP), and instability is extracted based on the conventional method. The fragility curves for the aforementioned performance levels are also extracted based on the plastic strain energy and compared with the conventional approach. The results have demonstrated that optimizing the location of the bracing system would lower the exceedance probability of the structure. Moreover, the exceedance probability of the investigated building with outrigger braced system under far-fault records in various levels is more than that of near-fault records. It is also concluded that the conventional approach would lead to more conservative results compared with the energy approach.     

近断层脉冲地震动对基础隔震结构放大效应的量化分析

为量化分析近断层脉冲地震动对基础隔震结构的地震放大效应,建立多层和高层两个基础隔震结构模型,根据隔震结构基本周期,采用基于能量的脉冲量化识别方法,得到40条脉冲地震动,并剔除其中的主脉冲,产生40条非脉冲地震动。将这80条地震动分别输入两个隔震结构,量化分析脉冲地震动对其层间位移角、楼层剪力、楼层加速度和隔震层位移的放大效应。结果表明：脉冲地震动作用下基础隔震结构的反应明显大于非脉冲地震动,脉冲地震动对隔震层位移放大系数最大,而楼层加速度放大系数对脉冲地震动比较敏感,呈现出波浪形的变化特征。两个隔震结构所得到的隔震层位移的放大系数平均值约为2.0,层间位移角、楼层剪力、楼层加速度的放大系数平均值约为1.5。     

组合隔震技术在高烈度区复杂高层结构中的应用研究

为探讨近断层的复杂高层建筑结构的隔震设计要点,结合某高层医院建筑结构设计实例,研究9度设防强地震输入、体型特别不规则和高预期抗震性能目标条件下采用隔震技术的适应性及对应措施,提出发挥不同隔震器件和减震装置性能特点的组合隔震技术方法。结果表明,组合隔震可减小隔震橡胶支座面压和水平变形,减少塔楼偏置引起的结构扭转效应、竖向高位收进引起的高振型效应,结构构件损伤程度和范围大幅降低,屈服耗能机制更为合理,有效提升了建筑结构的抗震能力。分析比较近场速度脉冲型地震波与考虑1.5近场增大系数的常规地震波作用下复杂高层隔震结构的地震响应差别,结果表明,在速度脉冲型地震波作用下的隔震层位移、上部结构层间位移角及层剪力均大于考虑1.5近场增大系数的常规地震波,采用1.5近场增大系数不能包络近场地震效应,隔震设计时应慎重考虑。     

Application research of combined isolation technology in complex high-rise building in high seismic intensity region

为探讨近断层的复杂高层建筑结构的隔震设计要点，结合某高层医院建筑结构设计实例，研究9度设防强地震输入、体型特别不规则和高预期抗震性能目标条件下采用隔震技术的适应性及对应措施，提出发挥不同隔震器件和减震装置性能特点的组合隔震技术方法。结果表明，组合隔震可减小隔震橡胶支座面压和水平变形，减少塔楼偏置引起的结构扭转效应、竖向高位收进引起的高振型效应，结构构件损伤程度和范围大幅降低，屈服耗能机制更为合理，有效提升了建筑结构的抗震能力。分析比较近场速度脉冲型地震波与考虑1.5近场增大系数的常规地震波作用下复杂高层隔震结构的地震响应差别，结果表明，在速度脉冲型地震波作用下的隔震层位移、上部结构层间位移角及层剪力均大于考虑1.5近场增大系数的常规地震波，采用1.5近场增大系数不能包络近场地震效应，隔震设计时应慎重考虑。