Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations.Consequently,building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities.This approach has to some extent hindered the energy-saving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard(GB50178-1993).The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014.As comparison,40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the inves-tigated marine islands were also included in this study.Subsequently a more objective techni-que-cluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations.The results of both methodologies consistently show that among the 36 islands investigated,the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities.Howev-er,island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone,which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investi-gated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns.Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.     

Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations. Consequently, building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities. This approach has to some extent hindered the energyesaving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard (GB50178-1993). The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014. As comparison, 40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the investigated marine islands were also included in this study. Subsequently a more objective techniquedcluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations. The results of both methodologies consistently show that among the 36 islands investigated, the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities. However, island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone, which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investigated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns. Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.     

关于海岸带及海岛小城镇总体规划的探索

人类在海岸带及海岛的保护和利用中的冲突日渐显现,而潜在的危机也难以估量。作为独特地域单元的海岸带及海岛小城镇,虽然规模小,却占据并影响着相当大比例的海陆"界面"。它们既受到海陆两方面的制约,又深刻影响着海岸带及海岛的自然生态。海岸带及海岛面临生态风险不断增大,其独特的地域性并没有得到充分重视,总体规划与涉海规划的衔接与整合也存在缺位的现象。文章通过分析福建省海岸带及海岛小城镇总体规划技术与方法的研究路径,提出了该地域可以成为城乡规划学与海洋学交叉研究的最为恰当的切入点。     

海岛特色资源影响下的人居环境变迁——以舟山群岛为例

以渔业资源,港口资源,旅游资源,滩涂资源四要素为代表的的海岛特色资源的开发利用,对舟山群岛的人居环境起到举足轻重的作用.在全新的海洋经济开发的国家战略背景下,研究两者间的关联作用影响和变迁意义重大.该文通过今夕对比的论证方法,得出海岛特色资源使海岛人居环境的聚落性质、环境交通基础设施、城镇化进程、软条件等几方面发生变化...     

Introduction to the thematic set of papers on: marine engineering geology

The First International Symposium on Marine Engineering Geology (ISMEG2016) was held in Qingdao, China, 21–24 October 2016. The symposium was sponsored by the Marine Engineering Geology Commission, International Association for Engineering Geology and Environment (IAEG-C34) and hosted by the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering at Ocean University of China. Over 200 researchers worldwide participated in the symposium, which included 13 plenary reports, 17 keynote reports, and more than 40 oral presentations and posters. All papers appearing in this thematic issue of Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment are original scientific papers that have been internationally reviewed, focusing on the marine geohazards, engineering characteristics of marine soil, coastal and ocean engineering, and wave-soil interactions encountered in the latest practice of marine engineering geology.     

Ultimate Environmental Threshold (UET) method in a marine environment (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia)

The article concentrates on problems which result from tourism development in attractive and fragile natural environments and presents a planning method which may assist developers and managers to reduce the possible environmental damage to a realistic minimum. The method, based on the concept of “Ultimate Environmental Thresholds” (UETs), has been recently tested in a marine environment on a group of islands in the Capricornia Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) in Australia.Major development problems can be identified in the GBRMP: (1) zoning plans lack detailed assessment of spatial allocation of development on islands; (2) the need to ensure that the development of activities and facilities is sustainable are not satisfactorily met. In the discussed application only “territorial” UETs are derived from the analysis of interrelationships between tourist activities/facilities and major environmental elements: geomorphological structure; vegetation and fauna followed by the analysis of uniqueness; resistance and transformation of these elements. This is the first application of the UET method to a group of islands (previous applications have been carried out for mountain environments and for single islands). The process is described in some detail along with the principles leading to the definition of UETs. In conclusion the validity of the method in its application to a group of islands is confirmed and directions for further research, derived from the problems encountered, are identified and presented. The need to develop computer graphics for more complex applications is emphasized as is the need for more empirical research so that other types of constraints can be defined on a sound ecological base. There is also a strong indication that the most important advancement of the UET method could eventuate if it is used in conjunction with other methods such as Siro-Plan or Recreation Opportunity Spectrum which determine optimum suitability of resources for various activities/facilities.     

Environmental contamination in Antarctic ecosystems

Although the remote continent of Antarctica is perceived as the symbol of the last great wilderness, the human presence in the Southern Ocean and the continent began in the early 1900s for hunting, fishing and exploration, and many invasive plant and animal species have been deliberately introduced in several sub-Antarctic islands. Over the last 50 years, the development of research and tourism have locally affected terrestrial and marine coastal ecosystems through fuel combustion (for transportation and energy production), accidental oil spills, waste incineration and sewage. Although natural “barriers” such as oceanic and atmospheric circulation protect Antarctica from lower latitude water and air masses, available data on concentrations of metals, pesticides and other persistent pollutants in air, snow, mosses, lichens and marine organisms show that most persistent contaminants in the Antarctic environment are transported from other continents in the Southern Hemisphere. At present, levels of most contaminants in Antarctic organisms are lower than those in related species from other remote regions, except for the natural accumulation of Cd and Hg in several marine organisms and especially in albatrosses and petrels. The concentrations of organic pollutants in the eggs of an opportunistic top predator such as the south polar skua are close to those that may cause adverse health effects.Population growth and industrial development in several countries of the Southern Hemisphere are changing the global pattern of persistent anthropogenic contaminants and new classes of chemicals have already been detected in the Antarctic environment. Although the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty provides strict guidelines for the protection of the Antarctic environment and establishes obligations for all human activity in the continent and the Southern Ocean, global warming, population growth and industrial development in countries of the Southern Hemisphere will likely increase the impact of anthropogenic contaminants on Antarctic ecosystems.     

海洋经济背景下海岛人居环境空心化现象及对策——以舟山群岛新区为例

舟山群岛作为典型的海岛地区,长久以来部分人居环境的空心化现象日益突出,产生了海岛很多空心村甚至空心岛。在新时期的国家战略规划下,海洋经济日益成为新的经济增长点,而这战略的顺利实施离不开对海岛有限土地资源的有效利用。因此,舟山新区通过怎样的发展路径,有效的疏导海岛空心化问题,是值得探讨的课题。     

滩海人工岛工程安全监测自动化系统与预警模式研究

系统分析了滩海人工岛工程运营期安全监测的特点,确定了安全监测内容,开发建立了国内首个滩海人工岛工程安全监测自动化系统,首次分析提出了滩海人工岛运行期监测的预警模式和预警指标。运行期滩海人工岛的安全预警包括两方面的内容：设计环境因素预警和岛体安全监测预警。岛体安全监测预警指标为围堤水平位移和围堤沉降;预警模式为根据监测数据变化,结合海域冲淤、断面浅剖,以及边坡安全稳定分析,分级提出预警,并给出了工程应对措施,为滩海人工岛工程运行期阶段的安全建设和管理提供了技术依据和保障。     

论中国区域性土的分布和岩土性质的形成

广阔的中国大地上分布着各种具有地区特点的“区域性土”:北部的黄土、南部的红土、中部的老粘土以及东南近海的海洋软土(包括沿海的软土)。它们和一般粘性土的工程特性不同,故而人们有时称之为“特殊土”。笔者曾分别对它们的工程特性和基本性质进行过研究。本文对这些“区域性土”的物理力学、物理化学和微观分析的测试成果作了系统归纳,并对这些“区域性土”的分布规律和工程特性的形成进行了综合研究。研究表明我国“区域性土”地理分布和独特的工程特性的形成,完全取决于我国的气候条件和地理地质环境。     

Pilot tests on vacuum preloading method combined with short and long PVDs

Dredged marine clay has been widely used as a filling material for land reclamation in China. The difficulty of using the vacuum preloading method to improve the dredged marine clay together with the bottom sediment clay is the different spacing requirement of the PVDs. To solve this problem, the Vacuum Preloading method combined with the Short and Long PVDs (VPSL) is proposed in this paper. The short PVDs are installed only into the dredged marine clay layer in-between the long PVDs which are installed through the whole clay layer. Pilot tests are also conducted at a land reclamation site in Tianjin, China, to investigate the performance of the proposed method. The ground settlement, the applied vacuum pressure and the pore water pressure in the soil are monitored during the pilot tests. The average degrees of consolidation are calculated based on the monitored settlement and pore pressure data. It is found that the proposed VPSL method is more effective for improving top dredged clay together with the bottom sediment clay than the conventional vacuum preloading method. The vane shear strength profiles of soil layers after ground improvement also show that the VPSL method is more effective to achieve a uniform soil strength profile.     

日本跨海通道建设及其对我国的启示

日本由于岛国的独特地理特征,为了促进其经济和社会的发展,在二战之后进行了大规模的跨海桥梁以及海底隧道建设,实现了四大主岛陆路交通的联结.日本一系列跨海通道的建设,在技术、经济、社会等领域均获得了显著的成效,对我国当前的五大跨海交通工程具有重要的启示和借鉴意义.     

南海岛礁地区种植屋面适应性浅析

结合南海岛礁地区的环境气候特性分析平屋顶简单式种植屋面、平屋顶花园式种植屋面、平屋顶蓄水种植屋面、坡屋顶种植屋面和容器式种植屋面的技术特点和经济成本,为在我国南海岛礁地区开展种植屋面应用提供参考。     

Interaction and mobility of cobalt-60 between water and sediments in marine environments possible effects by acid rain

In Japan, all nuclear power stations have been constructed facing sea-shores and the operating radioactive wastes have been either stored at the sites or discharged into marine environments, if permissible. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the behavior of a radioactive cobalt (⁶⁰Co), one of the typical radionuclides produced by operating nuclear reactors, in marine environments, namely cobalt interaction between water and sediments. Great emphasis was focused on demonstrating a quantitative difference in behavior of cobalt between marine and freshwater environments.Under natural conditions, cobalt remained in the water phase in marine environments more than 5 times as much as in freshwater environments. In freshwater, most cobalt (over 95%) is absorbed by and permanently retained within bed sediments under the normal environmental conditions. However, in marine environments cobalt gains mobility. Furthermore, this mobility of cobalt once established did not diminish nor disappear when surrounding conditions were changed.In short, cobalt in marine environments is generally mobile. This considerable mobility was greatly influenced by the environmental factors: (e.g. pH, the redox potential, the ionic strength, the type of sediments and the length of reaction time) but, it was primarily determined by the initial environmental conditions. The result of this experiment suggests that the treatment and the storage of radioactive cobalt waste should be done in freshwater environments rather than in a marine environment if we try to reduce the mobility. Because the mobility depends on pH, acid rain is, therefore, to be expected to strongly influence the mobility of ⁶⁰Co in aquatic environments.     

1920-2020年杭州西湖两堤三岛植物景观演变研究

两堤三岛是西湖具有突出代表性的湖山观赏游览格局,其传统植物景观历经百年来的建设,以一种全新的形式重生于当下.以民国时期至今的历史照片为线索,将定点重复摄影引入植物景观的检测和量化,研究西湖两堤三岛植物面貌的演变情况,并探究其演变特征和原因.研究表明,两堤三岛植物景观建设同时受到社会政策、自然演替和文化内驱力的影响,在延...     

用于海洋地质调查的ROSON-40kN型海底CPT设备

本文介绍了我国首次引进的ROSON-40kN型海床式海底CPT设备,从总体性能指标、系统组成、工作原理和海上操作等方面进行了详细叙述,海上试验和数据分析对比都证明该设备是一套自动化程度高、性能优异的多功能海洋地质调查设备,值得在我国海洋地质调查和工程勘察领域中推广使用。     

Challenges and strategies involved in designing and constructing a 6 km immersed tunnel: A case study of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

A 6 km immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) has been designed and funded. Once completed in 2016, the HZMB Tunnel will break the record of the 5.8 km BART Tunnel in the United States, although it will soon be overtaken by the ∼20 km Fehmarn Tunnel between Denmark and Germany that is to be completed in 2020. Construction of the HZMB Tunnel was started in 2011 and more than ten elements thus far have been installed on the site. This paper presents details about the challenges and solutions for the design and construction of the HZMB Tunnel on a strategic level. Special features of the HZMB Tunnel include a long length of 6 km, a deep water depth of almost 45 m, and a thick backfill of 23 m. Challenges include severe marine environment, strict requirements for waterproofing, construction of sections connecting the tunnel with artificial islands, and tunnel stability after future excavation of fairway trenches. Moreover, the HZMB Tunnel is challenged by possible sand liquefaction in seismic events, conservation of white Chinese dolphin, and waterway dispersion during construction. Details about the strategies are given in order to improve the immersed tunnel design and construction methods.     

RESPONSIVE BIOREMEDIATION: REGULATING THE UNCERTAINTY,ASSESSMENT, AND NEGOTIATION FOR COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS IN HAINAN,CHINA

Land reclamation and dredging have a damaging effect on marine and coastal ecology. This study rationally analyzes the conflicts in the approved environmental impact assessment (EIA), including the negligence of the direct and indirect effects on coastal and marine habitats, the short circuit of the EIA procedures among stakeholders, and the insufficient marine environmental restoration schemes. This study also promotes awareness among the stakeholders so they will understand the direct and indirect effects of land reclamation on marine and coastal ecosystems, as well as the indications if they follow the EIA procedures, and implement a responsive marine bioremediation before and during the dredging process. By taking the Ocean Flower Island in Hainan, China as an example, this study applied the responsive oyster-seagrass-coral filtration bed system before and during the dredging process to maintain the water turbidity and suspended sediment concentration below the tolerance limits of the coral reefs in the adjacent areas.     

我国无居民海岛 PPP 项目风险分担的博弈模型

对无居民海岛进行科学合理的开发和利用是我国建设海洋强国的重要环节,为了保证我国无居民海岛 PPP 项目开发的顺利进行,公平合理的风险分担机制是至关重要的。基于地位非对称不完全信息条件下的讨价还价博弈模型,提出了我国无居民海岛 PPP 项目开发过程中政府部门和私营部门风险分担比例的确定方法,并用实例对模型进行了验证。通过对模型的分析发现,政府部门和私营部门的风险分担比例与双方地位的非对称性以及谈判损耗系数有关,谈判过程中需要引起双方的重视。研究成果为公平合理地进行风险分担提供了一定的理论依据,同时对推进我国无居民海岛 PPP 项目的开发具有一定的指导意义     

珊瑚骨料混凝土力学性能的影响因素研究

珊瑚碎屑广泛分布我国的南海岛屿,成为南海群岛这个特殊环境下混凝土粗骨料的一个重要来源.本文研究了水泥用量、用水量、砂率和珊瑚用量对珊瑚骨料混凝土力学性能的影响,为珊瑚碎屑的使用提供科学依据.