受水平循环荷载影响的斜桩p-y曲线构建及应用

p-y曲线法是分析水平受荷桩基承载变形特性的主要方法,利用p-y曲线法的关键在于构建合理的p-y曲线。在砂土地基中开展了2组共10根水平受荷斜桩模型试验,其中2根斜桩仅分级施加了水平静力荷载,其余8根斜桩先施加了不同幅值的单向水平循环荷载,然后再分级施加水平静力荷载。试验测试了10根斜桩的砂面处桩身横向位移及桩身应变,根据桩身应变计算得到了桩身弯矩,在此基础上根据Euler-Bernoulli梁理论得到了桩侧土抗力及相应的桩身水平位移,构建了承受水平单向循环荷载后再承受水平静力荷载时斜桩的双曲线型p-y曲线,并给出了斜桩初始地基反力模量及桩侧极限土抗力的确定方法。用上述构建的双曲线型p-y曲线计算了本文模型试验及文献中模型试验斜桩的响应,发现利用所构建的p-y曲线得到的计算结果与实测结果整体上吻合较好,说明本文构建的双曲线型p-y曲线是合理可行的。最后利用p-y曲线计算了承受单向水平循环荷载后再承受水平静力荷载斜桩的桩身位移及桩身内力,计算结果表明:(1)相对于斜桩桩顶自由,桩顶固支能有效地减小斜桩的桩身横向位移、桩身弯矩及剪力;(2)在单向水平循环荷载作用下,正斜桩桩顶横向位移、 桩身最大弯矩及剪力均小于负斜桩;(3)无论是正斜桩还是负斜桩,桩顶横向位移、桩身剪力随着抗弯刚度增加而减小,而桩身最大弯矩随着抗弯刚度增加而增加。     

Probabilistic analysis of secant piles with random geometric imperfections

The failure to achieve minimum design overlap between secant piles compromises the ability of a structure to perform as designed, resulting in water leakage or even ground collapse. To establish a more realistic simulation and provide guidelines for designing a safe and cost-effective secant-pile wall, a three-dimensional model of a secant pile, considering the geometric imperfections of the diameter and direction of the borehole, is introduced. An ultrasonic cross-hole test was performed during the construction of secant piles in a launching shaft in Beijing, China. Based on the test results, the statistical characteristics of the pile diameters and orientation parameters were obtained. By taking the pile diameter D, inclination angle β, and azimuth angle α as random variables, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to discuss the influence of different design parameters on the probability density functions of the overlap of secant piles. The obtained results show that the randomness of the inclination angle and pile diameter can be well described by a normal distribution, whereas the azimuth angle is more consistent with a uniform distribution. The integrity of the secant-pile wall can be overestimated without considering the uncertainty of geometric imperfections. The failure of the secant-pile wall increases substantially with increasing spatial variability in drilling inclination and diameter. A design flowchart for pile spacing under the target safety level is proposed to help engineers design a safe and economical pile wall.     

Bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed piles in soft clay underlaid by stiff clay using lower-bound finite element limit analysis

Ensuring a safe foundation design in soft clay is always a challenging task to engineers. In the present study, the effectiveness of under-reamed piles in soft clay underlaid by stiff clay is numerically studied using the lower-bound finite element limit analysis (LB FELA). The bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed piles are estimated through non-dimensional factors N_cul and F_cul, respectively. These factors increased remarkably and marginally compared to N_cul and F_cul of the piles without bulbs when the bulb is placed in stiff and soft clay, respectively. For a given ratio of undrained cohesion of stiff to soft clay (c₂/c₁), the factors N_cul and F_cul moderately increased with the increase in the length-to-shaft-diameter ratio (L_u/D) and adhesion factors in soft clay (α_s1) and stiff clay (α_s2). The variation of radial stress along the pile–soil interface, distribution of axial force in the under-reamed piles, and state of plastic shear failure in the soil are also studied under axial compression and tension. The results of this study are expected to be useful for the estimation of the bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed piles in uniform clay and soft clay underlaid by stiff clay.     

水平偏心荷载下斜桩群桩受力性状的离心机模型试验

为研究斜桩群桩在水平偏心荷载下的受力性状,在砂土中开展了一系列离心机模型试验,着重对比了直桩群桩和斜桩群桩抵抗水平及偏心荷载的不同特性。详细介绍了模型试验的装置、方法以及内容。试验结果表明：水平荷载偏心距大小对群桩水平承载力有一定的影响,但是对群桩扭转承载力的影响较小。对于直桩群桩,在试验范围内小偏心距（4.3倍桩径）加载对应的水平承载力大于零偏心距（即纯水平加载）及大偏心距（7.1倍桩径）加载的水平承载力。相同条件下,斜桩群桩抵抗水平、偏心及扭转荷载的能力显著强于直桩群桩。水平偏心荷载下,斜桩群桩中各基桩的桩顶水平位移相互差异较直桩群桩更大,且该差异随偏心距的增加而增大;在多向荷载的共同作用下,基桩桩顶剪力与桩顶位移方向有所不同。水平荷载下斜桩群桩中的基桩轴力显著大于直桩群桩。斜桩群桩较好地发挥了基桩的轴向承载能力,从而能够更有效地抵抗水平荷载。     

Effect of interface adhesion factor on the bearing capacity of strip footing placed on cohesive soil overlying rock mass

The problem related to bearing capacity of footing either on pure soil or on pure rock mass has been investigated over the years. Currently, no study deals with the bearing capacity of strip footing on a cohesive soil layer overlying rock mass. Therefore, by implementing the lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with the second-order cone programming and the power cone programming, the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing located on a cohesive soil overlying rock mass is determined in this study. By considering the different values of interface adhesion factor (α_cr) between the cohesive soil and rock mass, the ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing is expressed in terms of influence factor (I_f) for different values of cohesive soil layer cover ratio (T_cs/B). The failure of cohesive soil is modeled by using Mohr−Coulomb yield criterion, whereas Generalized Hoek−Brown yield criterion is utilized to model the rock mass at failure. The variations ofI_f with different magnitudes of α_cr are studied by considering the influence of the rock mass strength parameters of beneath rock mass layer. To examine stress distribution at different depths, failure patterns are also plotted.     

Effect of undercut on the lower bound stability of vertical rock escarpment using finite element and power cone programming

In the present study, the stability of a vertical rock escarpment is determined by considering the influence of undercut. Lower bound finite element limit analysis in association with Power Cone Programming (PCP) is applied to incorporate the failure of rock mass with the help of the Generalized Hoek-Brown yield criterion. The change in stability due to the presence of undercut is expressed in terms of a non-dimensional stability number (σ_ci/γH). The variations of the magnitude of σ_ci/γH are presented as design charts by considering the different magnitudes of undercut offset (H/v_u and w_u/v_u) from the vertical edge and different magnitudes of Hoek-Brown rock mass strength parameters (Geological Strength Index (GSI), rock parameter (m_i,), Disturbance factor (D)). The obtained results indicate that undercut can cause a severe stability problem in rock mass having poor strength. With the help of regression analysis of the computed results, a simplified design equation is proposed for obtaining σ_ci/γH. By performing sensitivity analysis for an undisturbed vertical rock escarpment, we have found that the undercut height ratio (H/v_u) is the most sensitive parameter followed by GSI, undercut shape ratio (w_u/v_u), and m_i. The developed design equation as well as design charts can be useful for practicing engineers to determine the stability of the vertical rock escarpment in the presence of undercut. Failure patterns are also presented to understand type of failure and extent of plastic state during collapse.     

Discontinuous mechanical behaviors of existing shield tunnel with stiffness reduction at longitudinal joints

An analytical model is proposed to estimate the discontinuous mechanical behavior of an existing shield tunnel above a new tunnel. The existing shield tunnel is regarded as a Timoshenko beam with longitudinal joints. The opening and relative dislocation of the longitudinal joints can be calculated using Dirac delta functions. Compared with other approaches, our method yields results that are consistent with centrifugation test data. The effects of the stiffness reduction at the longitudinal joints (α and β), the shearing stiffness of the Timoshenko beam GA, and different additional pressure profiles on the responses of the shield tunnel are investigated. The results indicate that our proposed method is suitable for simulating the discontinuous mechanical behaviors of existing shield tunnels with longitudinal joints. The deformation and internal forces decrease as α, β, and GA increase. The bending moment and shear force are discontinuous despite slight discontinuities in the deflection, opening, and dislocation. The deflection curve is consistent with the additional pressure profile. Extensive opening, dislocation, and internal forces are induced at the location of mutation pressures. In addition, the joints allow rigid structures to behave flexibly in general, as well as allow flexible structures to exhibit locally rigid characteristics. Owing to the discontinuous characteristics, the internal forces and their abrupt changes at vulnerable sections must be monitored to ensure the structural safety of existing shield tunnels.     

基坑双排斜桩模型试验研究

伴随着地下空间开发的开发,基坑开挖深度逐步加大,当开挖深度较大时,单排桩满足不了位移要求时,发展出双排直桩、斜直交替桩等新型支护形式,然而支护效果仍不够理想。为进一步优化基坑工程中的双排支护桩,增大其抗侧刚度,将桩设置为斜桩形成基坑双排斜桩。为了验证双排斜桩的支护效果,基于室内模型试验对双排斜桩在开挖与堆载作用下的桩顶位移和桩身弯矩进行监测,并与单排桩、双排直立桩、小排距前排倾斜双排桩和常规排距前排倾斜双排桩进行对比。研究结果表明:(1)双排直立桩、小排距前排倾斜双排桩、常规排距前排倾斜双排桩和双排斜桩的侧向刚度均优于单排桩;(2)当桩顶排距较小时,前后排形成的空间刚架作用不强,小排距前排倾斜双排桩承载力弱于双排直立桩,当桩顶排距与双排直立桩相同时,前排倾斜双排桩的桩顶位移增长速度比双排直立桩缓慢,承载力提高;(3)双排斜桩在开挖和堆载过程中,位移增长最为缓慢,桩身弯矩较小,相比单排桩、双排直立桩和前排倾斜双排桩有一定优势;(4)对5种工况的桩型布置进行排序,双排斜桩＞常规排距前排倾斜双排桩＞双排直立桩＞小排距前排倾斜双排桩＞单排桩。     

Influence of site conditions on seismic design parameters for foundations as determined via nonlinear site response analysis

Site conditions, including geotechnical properties and the geological setting, influence the near-surface response of strata subjected to seismic excitation. The geotechnical parameters required for the design of foundations include mass density (ρ), damping ratio (β_s), shear wave velocity (V_s), and soil shear modulus (G_s). The values of the last three parameters are sensitive to the level of nonlinear strain induced in the strata due to seismic ground motion. In this study, the effect of variations in soil properties, such as plasticity index (PI), effective stress (σ′), over consolidation ratio (OCR), impedance contrast ratio (ICR) between the bedrock and the overlying strata, and depth of soil strata over bedrock (H), on seismic design parameters (β_s, V_s, and G_s) was investigated for National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D, through 1D nonlinear seismic site response analysis. The Morris one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis indicated that β_s, V_s, and G_s were significantly influenced by variations in PI, while ICR affected β_s more than it affected V_s and G_s. However, the influence of H on these parameters was less significant. It was also found that variations in soil properties influenced seismic design parameters in soil type D more significantly than in soil type C. Predictive relationships for β_s, V_s, and G_s were derived based on the 1D seismic site response analysis and sensitivity analysis results. The β_s, V_s, and G_s values obtained from the analysis were compared with the corresponding values in NEHRP to determine the similarities and differences between the two sets of values. The need to incorporate PI and ICR in the metrics for determining β_s, V_s, and G_s for the seismic design of foundations was highlighted.     

软土地基上微型桩抗压和抗拔特性试验研究

微型桩(Micropile)和常规钻孔灌注桩相比,具有单位体积混凝土承载力高、施工场地小、适用各种类型的土、布置形式灵活等特点,可以用做输电线路杆塔基础。本文通过软土地基上微型桩的单桩、群桩抗压和抗拔现场试验,研究其荷载-沉降特性、群桩效应、施工工艺等,以期为微型桩的设计和施工提供依据。试验结果认为:单桩荷载-沉降曲线是缓变型,属摩擦桩,可以以2 0mm沉降量对应的荷载作为桩的极限承载力;可以以2 0mm～3 0mm上拔量对应的上拔荷载作为单桩极限上拔荷载;斜桩可以更好地承担上拔荷载。     

单桩静载试验的桩顶沉降稳定收敛特征研究

采用单桩静载试验,系统地对36根工程桩的324个荷载级进行沉降稳定分析和荷载稳定时间分析,并通过中等直径灌注桩和超长大直径嵌岩桩两种桩型的15根单桩进行了对比分析。研究表明:不论是嵌岩桩还是非嵌岩桩,各级荷载总体都在1小时内稳定且占比高达96.3%;桩顶的沉降速率、加速度均表现出随时间衰减的特征,证明了桩顶位移具有基于时间、位移的收敛的性特征,且试验耗时降低40%以上。采用P-s曲线法、LogP-s曲线法、E-Δs/ΔQ法判定了单桩的极限荷载,验证了桩顶沉降值在合理的范围之内,同时也表明对桩顶沉降收敛特征的研究可以有效的缩短桩基础检测的时间并提高检测效率。     

Centrifuge studies on the effects of existing piles on the end resistance and shaft friction of a newpile

The effects of existing piles on the vertical bearing capacity of piles of a new building were examined using vertical static loading centrifuge tests on a new pile located among existing piles. The results suggest the following conclusions: (1) Existing piles increased the total shaft resistance of the new pile with a rough surface because the existing piles restrained the soil around the new pile and the positive dilatancy of the sand increased the confining pressure of the soil. (2) The shaft resistance of the lower part of the new pile with a rough surface fell rapidly during the loading tests, regardless of whether there were existing piles or not. The diminution of shaft resistance, known as ‘friction fatigue’, was probably caused by sand particle crushing in the vicinity of the pile end. (3) For a new pile with a rough surface, existing piles did not affect the end resistance when the new pile head settlement normalized by the pile diameter, s/D_p, was less than 0.2. (4) Existing piles did not affect the shaft resistance or the end resistance of the new pile with a smooth surface. Dominance of the sliding displacement along the pile–sand contact surface engenders the extremely small variation of the confining pressure of the soil around the new pileshaft.     

Influence of axial load on the lateral pile groups response in cohesionless and cohesive soil

The lateral response of single and group of piles under simultaneous vertical and lateral loads has been analyzed using a 3D finite element approach. The response in this assessment considered lateral pile displacement and lateral soil resistance and corresponding p-y curve. As a result, modified p-y curves for lateral single pile response were improved with respect to the influence of increasing axial load intensities. The improved plots can be used for lateral loaded pile design and to produce the group action design p-multiplier curves and equations. The effect of load combination on the lateral pile group response was performed on three pile group configurations (i.e., 2×1, 2×2 and 3×2) with four pile spacings (i.e., s = 2D, 4D, 6D and 8D). As a result, design curves were developed and applied on the actual case studies and similar expected cases for assessment of pile group behavior using improved p-multiplier. A design equation was derived from predicted design curves to be used in the evaluation of the lateral pile group action taking into account the effect of axial load intensities. It was found that the group interaction effect led to reduced lateral resistance for the pile in the group relative to that for the single pile in case of pure lateral load. While, in case of simultaneous combined loads, large axial load intensities (i.e., more than 6H, where H is lateral load values) will have an increase in p-multiplier by approximately 100% and will consequently contribute to greater group piles capacities.     

不同桩基形式高桩码头地震动力损伤振动台试验研究

为研究不同地震动作用下钢管直桩与钢管斜桩高桩码头结构的动力反应特征及桩基结构震损模式,以某典型钢管桩基高桩码头为研究对象,基于相似准则,设计并开展了室内振动台试验研究。研究表明：远场地震动对直桩桩基码头结构的影响较大,而斜桩结构对近场地震动的激励更敏感。地震动作用下,直桩模型无明显损伤迹象;斜桩模型桩体在桩顶处发生断裂,且在固结泥面处发生了屈曲破坏。其破坏原因是：在持续强震荷载的作用下,伴随大变形的产生,大刚度斜桩结构承受了较大的地震作用,桩顶部弯矩瞬时急剧增大,致使斜桩发生断裂,导致结构的脆性破坏,属于非延性设计。基于以上研究,建议在地震动峰值加速度小于400Gal时可采用钢管斜桩高桩码头的结构形式。     

对称双斜桩桩基础竖向承载力模型试验研究

对称双斜桩基础是斜桩基础用于建(构)筑物的基本基础形式。通过对桩身竖向倾角分别为0°、5°、10°、15°和20°的对称双斜桩基础模型试验,研究竖向荷载作用下对称双斜桩基础的承载特点。研究发现,对称双斜桩基础在竖向荷载作用下,随着桩身倾角的增加,当桩身对竖向的倾角在5°～10°时,其竖向承载力比直桩基础大,当桩身对竖向的倾角超过10°时,其竖向承载力随桩身倾角的增加逐渐减小,并小于直桩基础的承载力;根据该模型试验,对称双斜桩基础当桩身对竖向的倾角在5°～10°内是最优的。     

全直桩与斜桩高桩码头结构地震动力损伤对比研究

为探究斜桩与全直桩高桩码头结构受强地震作用的损伤特点,以一典型钢管高桩码头为研究对象,并以同一建设场地为背景,在相同服役条件及地质条件下,分别建立斜桩与全直桩高桩码头结构的有限元解析模型,进行结构体系的数值模拟仿真。通过桩体截面弯矩-轴力关系曲线,分析了全直桩码头、斜桩码头两种不同结构形式受不同水平地震作用下的动力响应特性及损伤特点,为高桩码头结构的设计与选型提供合理的依据和参照。研究结果表明,在斜桩结构的内力中,斜桩的轴力起主要支配作用,可有效分担地震的作用力,在输入地震动为350 gal时,考虑到结构的水平位移满足设计要求等因素,斜桩结构在抗震性能方面要稍优于直桩结构,在输入地震动为1 000 gal时,两种结构均发生了塑性破坏,通过塑性损伤开展以及对于地震能量的吸收与耗散的对比分析,得到全直桩结构具有优于斜桩结构的抗震性能的结论。     

桩顶与筏板多种连接构造方式工作性状对比试验研究

针对桩顶与筏板之间不同构造形式下的相互作用,对可压密土中刚性桩复合地基、常规桩筏基础和桩顶预留净空桩筏基础进行了现场模型试验,测量了筏板沉降、筏板内外不同深度地基土沉降、桩身轴力和桩间土反力,分析了不同荷载级别下筏板沉降、筏板内外不同深度地基土沉降、桩土荷载传递特性和桩土荷载分担比分布规律。与刚性桩复合地基和常规桩筏基础相比,对于桩顶预留净空桩筏基础工作性状,研究发现在桩顶与筏板接触前,桩顶预留净空桩筏基础工作性状与刚性桩复合地基相似;桩顶与筏板接触后,其工作性状与常规桩筏基础相似。试验条件下,桩顶与筏板之间接触、设置褥垫层、预留净空(或可压缩垫块)不同连接方式可显著影响桩间土的压缩及桩土相对滑移,对上述三者来说,桩身下部桩、土相对滑移量(桩端刺入量)依次减小。     

基于 p – y 曲线法的超长桩非线性数值分析

引入横向等效载荷概念 ,根据弹性力学变分原理,推导出了具有对称形式的杆单元 P – Δ 效应刚度修正矩阵。同时结合 p – y 曲线法, 从 Newmark 弹簧支座的概念出发,考虑横向 抗力分布 的影响,提出了与有限杆单元法相适应的非线性弹簧设置方法。 结合以上改进,建立了 相应的倾斜荷载 桩非线性有限杆单元 分析模型 。基于该模型编制了有限元程序,对具体工程实例进行了计算,并将计算结果与工程实测数据,以往方法的计算成果和通用有限元软件的模拟结果进行了对比分析,验证了模型的正确性和可行性 ,同时利用该方法计算分析了 P – Δ 效应的影响程度。     

注浆微型钢管桩体抗弯力学性能

基于15根注浆微型钢管桩体的抗弯荷载试验,综合分析钢管直径d和壁厚t、浆体水灰比W、钢管表面布孔直径r和间距s等因素对注浆微型钢管桩体抗弯承载特性、变形和破坏特点的影响。结果表明:相同桩径时,钢管直径和壁厚对微型钢管桩体抗弯承载特性影响显著,桩体极限抗弯荷载值随钢管直径和壁厚的增加近似呈线性增加; 当0.59≤d/D≤0.72(D为桩径),浆体水灰比在0.45～0.75之间时对桩体极限抗弯荷载的影响较小,钢管表面布孔形式对桩体极限抗弯荷载的影响较小; 基于注浆微型钢管桩外包浆体和钢管的荷载-应变曲线分析可知,注浆微型钢管桩体抗弯破坏标准可以以外包浆体的破坏为准; 当0.28≤d/D<0.59时,钢管屈服和受压区外包浆体开裂所对应的抗弯荷载与极限抗弯荷载基本相同,而当0.59≤d/D≤0.72时,荷载加至极限抗弯荷载80%时钢管屈服,注浆微型钢管桩体呈现出明显的延性特征,钢管及内核注浆体自身强度发挥充分且抗弯承载作用明显,建议实践中微型钢管桩体钢管设计时以0.59≤d/D≤0.72为宜。     

Group effect on ultimate lateral resistance of piles against uniform ground movement

In earthquake engineering, pile foundations are designed to withstand the lateral loading that results from large displacements due to ground movement caused by strong earthquakes. The distress and failure of superstructures occurs when the lateral load exceeds the ultimate lateral resistance of the piles. The aim of this study is to estimate the ultimate lateral resistance of piles especially in terms of the group effect induced by the pile arrangement. Several experimental and numerical analyses have been conducted on pile groups to investigate the group effect when the groups are subjected to uniform large horizontal ground movement. However, the ultimate lateral resistance of the pile groups in these studies was calculated by applying load to the piles. The present study directly assesses the ultimate lateral resistance of pile groups against ground movement by systematically varying the direction of the ground movement. Although the load bearing ratio of each pile in a pile group, defined as the ratio of the ultimate lateral resistance of each pile in a pile group to that of a single pile, is an important design criterion, it was difficult to assess in past works. This study focuses on the load bearing ratio of each pile against ground movement in various directions. The use of the finite element method (FEM) provides options for simulating the pile-soil system with complex pile arrangements by taking the complicated geometry of the problem into account. The ultimate lateral resistance is examined here for pile groups consisting of a 2?×?2 arrangement of four piles, as well as two piles, three piles, four piles, and an infinite number of piles arranged in a row through case studies in which the pile spacing is changed by applying the two-dimensional rigid plastic finite element method (RPFEM). The RPFEM was extended in this work to calculate not only the total ultimate lateral resistance of pile groups, but also the load bearing ratio of the piles in the group. The obtained results indicate that the load bearing ratio generally increases with an increase in pile spacing and converges to almost unity at a pile spacing ratio of 3.0 with respect to the pile diameter. Moreover, the group effect was further investigated by considering the failure mode of the ground around the piles.