珠江三角洲新农村建设的路径辨析——渐次性改良还是彻底的重构

珠江三角洲的新农村规划已成为政府与农村有关集体土地如何开发的谈判博弈过程。"城市偏向政策"下,集体土地大量违规开发反映了村集体经济组织发展经济、提升农村公共服务的强烈愿望。司法制度难以对城乡土地争端进行有效力的仲裁,而镇级政府没有动力或意愿对集体土地开发进行有效的登记、监督与管理,因此,(城市对)涉及集体土地的农村政策的彻底转变将成为珠江三角洲新农村建设的根本出发点,而不仅仅是农村居住环境的局部改善。     

土地股份制与农村工业化进程中的土地利用——以顺德为例的研究

在珠江三角洲的快速工业化进程中,自下而上的土地股份制创新对乡村地区的工业发展和减少城乡差距发挥了积极作用,但由于集体土地产权的模糊性和缺乏管制,也存在土地利用零散、低效、无序等问题,使可持续的城市化进程面临挑战。本文以顺德为例,分析了其土地股份制背景下农村地区土地利用的特征和问题,从土地制度创新的角度,提出了完善农村土地利用的政策建议。     

循环建造的诗意 建造一个与自然相似的世界

无论中国还是西方,它们的建筑传统都曾经是生态的。而当今,超越意识形态,东西方之间最具普遍性的问题就是生态问题,建筑学需要重新向传统学习,这在今天的中国更多意味着向乡村学习。不仅学习建筑的观念与建造,更要学习和提倡一种与自然彼此交融的生活方式,这种生活的价值在中国被贬抑了一个世纪之久。我们相信,一种超越城市与乡村区别,打通建筑与景观,打破专业与非专业界限,强调建造与自然的关系的新建筑活动必将给建筑学带来一种触及其根源的变化。建筑学正在经历从传统景观意识到现代景观观念的变迁,我们特别需要一种对建筑的深远思考,而正是这种思考将会振兴新的观念和方法。     

实现两个转变 建立一级土地市场——以深圳市宝安区为例

阐述了深圳市宝安区建立土地一级市场的基本思路 ,认为建立宝安区土地一级市场 ,关键是实现宝安区农村居民向新市民的转变和集体所有制土地向国有土地的转变。在前者方面 ,提出的主要手段包括 :变更城区的农村居民身份 ,建立一体化的管理模式 ;建立社会保障体系 ;提供社会教育机会、促进居民就业。在后者方面 ,提出的主要手段包括 :征用集体土地 ,建立土地收购储备制度以及区政府、镇政府、村集体、农民个人出资的资本运作模式。并分析了农民、农村集体经济组织以及政府三者的利益所在     

城市设计方法的在乡村居住空间形态设计中的应用——农村集中社区空间改良设计的一次探索

本文以对四川盆地的一个已建成的农村集中社区的空间改良设计为案例,以对村民的详细社会调查为基础,检讨前期乡村集中社区空间规划设计的现实问题,反思乡村社区规划中的设计态度.然后借鉴城市设计”对适时问题的探索”和“对在地文化的传承”等设计理念,通过提炼“川西林盘”的空间系统要素及生产生活特征,塑造真正适合农村生活需求和农耕文明特征的居住空间.最后,本文进一步探讨和展望在未来新型城镇化发展中,城市设计的理论和实践如何与乡村建设相结合,发展真正立足乡村、面向农民、在地发展的乡村规划设计理念和实践.     

集体理性指导下的城市设计创作机制与方法

集体理性是指导集群构成与运作的内在支撑,是以群体利益为出发点追求效用的作用范式.当代城市设计体现出多学科交叉融贯的特性,其创作主体、创作机制、创作方法与个体理性指导下的城市设计存在差异.本文以集体理性指导下的城市设计为主题,阐明作为城市设计创作逻辑基础的集体理性的内涵与特征,论述集体理性指导下城市设计创作主体集群的团队构成及协同创作机制,并在此基础上归纳出基于多元系统叠加整合的城市设计创作方法,以期为逐渐走向开放的城市设计实践提供有益的探索.     

广东省集体建设用地流转对规划区内土地管理的影响

集体建设用地流转会对城市土地征用、管理、利用等产生重大影响,应采取以下应对措施：控制和缩小征地范围,以市场运作方式获取经营’生项目用地;推行年租制,发行土地债券和城市基础设施建设债券;严格控制城市土地供给总量;集约化使用农村集体建设用地,以优化城市空间结构;清理集体建设用地隐形流转市场,并加强农村集体建设用地的产权管理。     

Conservation logics that reshape mega-event spaces: San Antonio and Brisbane post expo

ABSTRACT

International expositions (expos) are significant to the history of urban planning. Analysis of post-event urban spaces can provide valuable insights into the study of spatial planning, parks planning, and heritage conservation. Case studies, conducted at two former expo sites in the US and Australia focus on the role of retention, reuse, heritage, and parks conservation as forces shaping urban spaces over time. The first case at the site of Hemisfair ‘68, in San Antonio, Texas, traces the role of urban renewal and conservation in the history of the site. In contemporary planning efforts, modernist pavilions from Hemisfair ‘68 join nineteenth century buildings as remnants of history that raise questions for the area envisioned as a New Urbanist neighbourhood. The second case study, a former industrial district was cleared and a working-class precinct transformed for Expo 88, in Brisbane, Queensland. The site was later redeveloped into the South Bank Parklands. Over time, South Bank evolved through redevelopment and master planning, public outcry, and instances of conservation in and around the expo site. Common to both cases is the conservation of parks, iconic and ordinary buildings, and public art, which are the outcome of individual and collective actions to shape urban landscapes.     

From urban beautification to a holistic approach: the discourses of ‘landscape’ in the Arab Middle East

The English word and Western idea of landscape was introduced during the colonial restructuring of Arab cities in the early decades of the twentieth century. Thereafter, landscape came to be understood predominantly in the context of urban modernity, associated with the Western picturesque tradition adopted in landscaping municipal parks and public urban spaces. The formal conception that prevails today precludes a broader appreciation of landscape as a source of livelihood, the fabric of lived-in experiences and collective identities, just as it reduces the scope of landscape architecture, an emerging profession in the Arab Middle East, to urban beautification. Inspired by the integrative and community-centred conception advanced by the European Landscape Convention, this paper argues for a holistic landscape approach that contributes to development while responding to regional environmental and ecological constraints. The methodology of ecological landscape design is applied to secure a holistic reading of people and place and to engender integrative solutions that address socio-economic, environmental and heritage concerns. A selection of projects are cited to demonstrate the potential of a holistic approach in changing current limited perceptions of landscape and in expanding the discourse of landscape in the region beyond the current focus on appearance and beautification.     

EARLY FABRIC IN HISTORIC TOWNS: THE BEVERLEY PROJECT

This paper provides a summary of some of the key findings of a volunteer project undertaken by the Yorkshire Vernacular Buildings Study Group as part of Historic England’s early fabric programme, the purpose of which was to examine and highlight the types of early fabric that can survive in urban contexts. The group studied early buildings in Beverley, East Yorkshire, using a combination of building investigation and recording, and documentary research. Case studies are presented for a selection of timber-framed buildings for which dates ranging from 1330 to 1674 were obtained through a combination of dendrochronology and radiocarbon wiggle-matching. The carpentry of crown-post roof trusses of the two earliest buildings is compared with similar buildings of the mid-fifteenth century. Two multiphase buildings are examined and the early fabric and later changes identified. Finally, a late seventeenth-century building is considered as an example of a type at the end of the timber-framing tradition.     

农村宅基地:从资源、资产到资本

作为一种国家福利性分配的资源,集体所有制的农村宅基地由于先天的产权权能缺失无法进入正规市场,在社会主义市场经济条件下日益成为妨碍城乡土地资源要素自由流动、制约新型城镇化和乡村振兴的突出问题。目前推行的"三权分置"改革就是在土地所有权、使用权两分的基础上,继续以土地集体所有权保持宅基地的公有制、增加集体经济组织成员资格权获取宅基地作为农民家庭资产的保障功能和收益权,试图放开宅基地的使用权进入市场以实现宅基地的资本化。本文从学术研究、制度演进和改革实践3条线索出发,研究资源、资产及资本三者之间的逻辑关系,对农村宅基地这一现象进行观察与剖析,以期为化解"城乡双栖城镇化"提供思路,为即将到来的"十四五"农村宅基地制度改革探路。     

Rural issues in urban planning: current trends and reflections

ABSTRACT

While planning has always had an urban emphasis it has also always been concerned with urban–rural linkages and the interactions between urban and rural as well as with the people, economy, and environment of rural places. This symposium issue of International Planning Studies presents recent scholarship on rural planning from around the world.     

From Directive to Legislation,from Separation to Integration: Rural Planning Evolution Since the Founding of New China

Since the founding of new China in 1949, rural development in China has experienced three periods, which have been first the collective economy, second the household contract responsibility system, and third the chronological coordination of the urban and rural. Meanwhile, there are three types of statutory planning that guide rural construction and management in China, i.e., land use planning, land consolidation planning, and village and town planning. This paper summarizes their different characteristics in the three periods respectively. Firstly, the period of the collective economy from 1949 to 1978 is the embryonic stage of rural planning, during which land use planning was just introduced from abroad, while land consolidation planning and village and town planning had not yet been formed. In this period, rural planning had a strong planned economy feature. The following period of the household contract responsibility system from 1978 to 2003 is the growth stage of rural planning, during which all three types of planning developed their independent preparation, regulation, and management systems. In the period of urban and rural coordination from 2003 to the present, there has been a trend towards urban and rural integration and joint development among three types of planning. Based on the rural development history in China since 1949, this paper concludes that the three types of statutory planning have transformed in adapting to China's national conditions toward a more standardized, legislated, and integrated mode.     

美国大学地理系举办规划专业的经验与启示——以美国两所大学为例

选择美国东密歇根大学与西密歇根大学的地理系为典型案例,总结了美国大学地理系举办规划专业教育的发展历程、课程设置、特色和优势,进而得出对我国城乡规划教育的几点启示。     

The role of emigration and migration in Swedish industrialization

It is possible, within a general equilibrium framework, to reveal some of the important mechansims in the rather complicated interplay among the variables causing demoeconomic development. The model for this study is a computable general equilibrium model within the tradition of multisectoral growth models and is designed to fit Swedish prewar development and to enable counterfactual analysis. The model is reviewed briefly followed by comments on the database, estimation procedure and validation; displays of some comparative static experiments; and an evaluation of the capability of the model in replicating Swedish demoeconomic development between 1871-90 before examining the counterfactual simulations which address the role of external and internal migration in Swedish industrialization. There are at least 2 reasons for carrying out comparative static experiments: by undertaking parameter changes and exploring the equilibrium effect on the model, further insights will be realized concerning the behavior of the model and its validity; and some of the comparative static experiments are interesting from the point of view of policy analysis because they reveal the static, total effect on the economy of changes in some variables discussed by 19th century Swedish politicians. The experiments are organized into 2 groups: rural and population experiments. The base run simulation from 1871-90 indicates that the model captures the essential factors of the demoeconomic development of Sweden. The model's ability to replicate historical trends in some of the crucial variables permits use of the base simulation as a reference point when undertaking counterfactual simulations. The 1st simulation evaluates the effects of emigration on the Swedish economy; the remaining 2 simulations assess the importance of rural to urban migration. The model indicates that without emigration real rural wages would have been 1.8% lower in 1880 and 10.0% lower in 1890. Urban wages would have been unaffected in 1880 but 1.5% higher in 1890. Emigration apparently had a positive effect on the standard of living in the rural areas, but possibly even larger rural to urban migration than occurred in the simulation would have happened in the absence of emigration. Rural to urban migration apparently had a significant growth creating effect. The reallocation of labor force to the more dynamic and high wage urban sector with its modern technology and higher rate of productivity change was of great importance to the economic performance of the national economy. More rural to urban migration has a temporary growth creating effect, but in the long run this effect disappears, because it also decreases the wage gap between rural and urban areas and consequently has a boomerang effect on itself.     

致力于建构城乡统筹的完整规划体系——对“非城市建设用地规划”的辨析与延伸讨论

在我国城市建设用地快速拓展的背景下,近年来对"非城市建设用地规划"的关注趋多;其强调生态环境优先、统筹城乡发展等理念值得肯定,但其规划内涵较为"模糊"。梳理既有研究成果,可知"非城市建设用地"本身难以成为一个真实的规划对象,或者说"非城市建设用地规划"的提出有悖于城乡统筹发展的初衷。城乡规划体系的本来目标就是统筹各方发展诉求、合理配置土地使用功能,故应当对"城乡建设用地"和"非建设用地"进行统筹布局和管控,优化用地分类,完善城乡规划编制和空间管制体系,建构城乡统筹的完整规划体系。     

农村整治规划及新农村建设中营造村落特色的探讨——以浙江省景宁畲族自治县澄照乡涤头村规划设计为例

在全国进行新农村建设的大背景下,农村的建设与发展面临着前所未有的机遇,同时也遇到如何营造传统村落特色的新问题。论文结合涤头村建设整治规划设计实例,阐述了滦头村的规划设计思路;在此基础上,从功能结构布局、产业发展、传统村落保护、景观绿化等方面对其规划设计重点及特色营造进行了深入剖析和探讨。     

Leaving Utopian China

Until the late 20th century, China was a rural society with an agrarian economy and had little experience of the urban. This elevated the city in the collective imagination to a miraculous mirage - a utopian vision. Zhou Rong , Associate Professor at Tsinghua University School of Architecture, Beijing, and Assistant Mayor of Shuozhou, describes how China has learned, earned, consumed and ultimately suffered from this idealisation of the urban. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

立足城边村,实现整体人居体系城乡融合：以珠三角地区为例

城边村是城乡结合部中一种典型的聚居形态,尽管通常被归类为“乡”,却不同于远郊村。城边村因其区位条件特殊而具备多元化的功能,如承载城市的低收入者住宅、城郊仓储式商业、小规模无污染工业和都市农业等,这些职能对于稳定、完善和提升整体人居体系格局具有十分积极的意义。然而,我国当前的城乡二元制度对城边村在市场经济体制下的灵活性缺乏足够的尊重与引导,对此本文认为对于城边村,要注重从实现整体人居体系城乡融合的角度出发,认识到城市与乡村之间存在着要素自由流通的需求。城乡规划要突破土地制度的局限,多渠道满足城边村城镇基础服务升级的需求,多层次应对城边村土地资源入市的需求,从而确保城边村基本居住的权益得到不断提升,自由经营的需求得到有效引导。     

Conceptualizing ‘the Urban’ Through the Lens of Durban,South Africa

Contemporary urban theory raises many questions about how ‘the urban’ is being conceptualized in a fast changing world that is approaching an urban epoch. Evolving debates about what it means to be urban, including the similarities and differences between so-called northern and southern cities, the future of cities, the way to manage and sustain cities, and cities’ relationships to the new Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, reveal the need for urban theory that can explain and provide insights into contemporary urban governance, processes, and outcomes. This special issue uses Durban as a lens to provide insight into the changing nature of cities in the Global South and Africa in particular, which encapsulate and reflect both formality and informality; tradition and modernity; uneven and unequal growth and social transformation; environmental crises and ‘resilience and sustainability’. This paper reflects on the dominant processes shaping the development of the city, revealing the challenges, tensions, and opportunities that emerge as the city assembles new ways of being urban, through the rationalities, knowledge, experiences, practices and actions of the state, citizens, and the private sector.