POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE AND RESILIENCE ENHANCEMENT FOR MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES IN METROPOLITAN AREAS: THE CASE OF THE SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS,THE USA

Globally, accelerated urbanization has wrapped more and more mountain landscapes into metropolitan areas as water sources or residential and recreational spaces. Such mountain landscapes are usually governed by multiple agencies, which means that its sustainable development largely depends on the effectiveness of the collective actions among these agencies. This paper examines the case of the Santa Monica Mountains in California, the United States by analyzing relevant oral histories, acts and ordinances, study reports, planning documents, and GIS data to depict the whole picture of the evolution of its cooperative planning and management. It is found that the polycentric governance in the Santa Monica Mountains emerged as a response to the deterioration of natural resource and the increasing outdoor recreation needs against the backdrop of urbanization. The California State government developed coastal zone protection guidelines and established conservancies, while the federal government cooperated with local governments and communities by forming a national recreation area. These methods helped the governing agencies tactically cope with the real estate development, changing political climate, shrinking financial allocation, rising land prices, and conceptual shifts in environmental protection. This polycentric governance mode was also applied to other mountain areas in the vicinity to form a regionalscale resilient landscape. The authors argue that the case of the Santa Monica Mountains reveals how the polycentric governance works on strengthening landscape resilience, which shows an important reference for contemporary China.     

ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION BASED ON A REGIONAL POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE MODEL — REGENERATION OF THE KAREZ WATER SYSTEM IN TURPAN REGION

With the population boom and the rapid industrial and agricultural development, regional water demand has exceeded the supply capacity in Turpan. Modern water infrastructure not only made the unique ecosystem formed by the Karez out-of-balance, but also devitalized the oasis civilization and the indigenous cultural landscape associated with the Karez. Taking the Karez system as an example, this article proposes planning and design schemes and roadmaps based on a regional polycentric governance model to explore a new path of public environmental governance which coordinates the interests of all stakeholders. Four strategies are proposed: 1) establishing the water account management system; 2) establishing an ecological agriculture water saving and control mechanism; 3) introducing an agriculture-husbandry-fishery circular development mode; and 4) revitalizing abandoned space. By re-identifying water supply and demand, rebalancing the existing resources and regional development, and encouraging the role of landscape as ecological infrastructure, resilient landscape and sustainable resource utilization could be realized to maximize the public interest.     

POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE IN NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM MELBOURNE URBAN FOREST MANAGERS

Nature-based solutions can help build resilience in urban landscapes. New governance arrangements have been suggested for assisting local governments in implementing nature-based solutions. A dominant nature-based solution initiative is the activities and policies directed at the increase of the number of trees and treecanopy coverage in a city. This study explores how polycentric governance of urban forests may operate by focusing on how key decision-makers coordinate their priorities and actions in urban forestry decisions. A stakeholder-centered view on polycentric governance is taken, specifically focused on the view of municipal managers, to develop a better understanding of the social systems behind the implementation of naturebased solutions. This was done by using social data elicited from 19 in-depth interviews with urban forest managers working in nine local councils in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The data analyses show that the most important decisions that municipal managers make, and where other stakeholders have the most influence, relate to tree removal for developments, significant tree retention, tree planting for site renewal, and ageing trees removal. The most important stakeholders influencing these decisions include other municipal departmental units, developers, state actors, and residents. Non-governmental greening groups do not play a very important role. Various types of coordination, such as the ones between municipal departments, between nongovernmental stakeholders (especially developers and residents), between state government policies, as well as public consultation, are needed to better mobilize stakeholders’ influence and input. Capitalizing on greening groups that aim to retain trees in urban areas, not just planting more trees, can potentially support the current decisions made by municipal managers, which respond to urbanization pressures.     

LESSONS FROM THE SOCIAL FORM AND LANDSCAPE RESILIENCE OF THE PEACH BLOSSOM LAND

This article firstly examines the relationship between social form and landscape resilience and argues that a polycentric governance model is conducive to enhancing landscape resilience. By analyzing the social governance model and the landscape pattern of the Peach Blossom Land, it reveals how this fictional world was ideally shaped by an autonomous grassroots society and sustainable productive landscape. The ancient Huizhou Region perfectly illustrates how a local social governance based on family disciplines, clan rules, folk beliefs, and ethics, supplemented by the imperial power, has maintained the resilience and sustainability of its beautiful and productive ecological landscape in a long term, making itself a Peach Blossom Land in the hilly area of Southeast China and free from natural disasters and wars. Finally, the author proposes that although the Industrial Civilization has undermined the resilience of China’s landscape, Peach Blossom Lands are now reemerging under the Beautiful China Construction and Ecological Civilization programs.     

Network Governance in Contested Urban Landscapes

Urban planning is one of the policy fields where new forms of governance are developing. The article focuses on governance networks as one emergent form of governance in urban planning. In governance literature, discourse networks are seen as a threat to representative democracy. This article argues that the consequences for democracy depend on the type of network that develops and its performance in relation to democratic norms. Governance networks are discussed through the lens of democratic network governance, the utility of which is explored as an analytical tool in a case study of urban planning in Norway. In this context a governance network was constructed as a response to market-orientated planning practice in order to enhance citizen participation and public debate. The aim of this article is to discuss the relevance of the theory of network governance relating it to new forms of participation in public planning processes. The study shows that governance networks could strengthen democracy, though important questions about meta-governance, however, remain unsolved. The article also shows that networks operating in an institutional vacuum tend to fail in institutional capacity building.     

城市管治及其本土化研究中的若干问题思考

介绍了管治产生与发展及其相关的概念界定,并对一些看似模棱两可的概念进行辨析。最后对我国城市规划中管治的本土化提出一些相关的建议,希望对城市与区域管治的进一步研究有所帮助。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情背景下社区防疫规划和治理体系研究

2020年新春前后的新型冠状病毒疫情给全中国乃至全球公共卫生安全带来巨大冲击,社区成为防疫工作的前沿阵地。文章从社区规划、防控行动和治理体系三方面总结了中国当前社区防疫工作中的主要问题,基于社区调研和国内外相关经验,对社区防疫规划和治理体系提出相关改进建议,包括推进社区命运共同体建设、完善基于社区生活圈的防疫体系规划、聚焦以健康社区为核心理念的社区赋能、依托智慧社区强化风险预警和精准服务以及共建社区健康协同治理网络。     

中国城市群的空间结构与经济绩效——对城市群空间规划的政策启示

城市群已经成为我国新型城镇化深入推进的主要空间支撑形态,厘清哪种空间结构更有利于提高城市群的经济绩效,有助于为“十四五”乃至更长时期的城市群空间规划提供决策依据.本文基于陆地扫描全球人口数据库和欧洲航天局全球土地利用数据识别城市实体,并从单中心-多中心视角测度城市群空间结构,运用固定效应模型和工具变量法检验城市群空间结构对劳均GDP和劳均GDP增长率的影响.结果显示,多中心的空间结构更有助于促进城市群经济绩效的提高.未来空间规划应在发挥首位城市辐射带动作用的基础上,促进经济要素在城市群中整体均衡分布,形成各城市协调发展、合理有序的空间结构体系.     

COMPENSATING FLOOD RETENTION ON PRIVATE LAND IN AUSTRIA: TOWARDS POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT?

Flood retention, in particular controlled flood retention, plays an increasingly prominent role in the portfolio of flood risk management strategies. Though a highly effective measure to reduce the risk of flooding for vulnerable areas, flood retention is land-intensive and infringes on landowners’ property rights. Implementation efforts are thus often hampered by the lack of availability of land as well as by the growing demands of (agricultural) landowners for compensation of flood retention services. The proliferation of flood retention not only changes riparian land uses but also results in a shift of authority, power, and agency to lower levels of government as well as to non-governmental actors, including the private landowners who provide the land for flooding but also those who benefit from flood retention. By the example of a compensation scheme for the controlled flood retention in Altenmarkt, an alpine municipality in Austria, this paper explores these nascent forms of governance through the lens of polycentricity. Along five core propositions in polycentric theory, the paper evaluates the governance implications of flood retention compensation in Austria and discusses the possibilities and limitations of flood retention for enhancing landscape resilience in riparian areas.     

The Development of Housing Policy in the English Regions: Trends and Prospects

This paper explores the emergence of housing strategies at the regional level in England in the context of wider ambiguities over establishing this new tier of governance. The paper notes the growing differentiation in local housing markets across the country and examines the implications for national policy formation and the development of new regional structures and responsibilities. These trends are interpreted by reference to different models of governance and the 'rescaling' of government functions and responsibilities in housing. The implications of these processes for housing strategy formation at the regional level are then assessed. The development of regional housing strategies is then considered against three key challenges: the growth of 'network' forms of governance, the applicability of the regional level as a tier for strategy formulation and development, and the different policy responses in other sectors towards housing market change at the sub-national level. The paper concludes by briefly considering likely future developments in regional governance. In conclusion it suggests that the aim of achieving greater integration between housing, planning and economic development strategies may be threatened by underlying processes of uneven economic growth and social polarisation.     

A DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION AND LANDSCAPE GOVERNANCE IN CHINA

With the development of landscape discipline and governance theories, “landscape governance” has become a new frontier of inter-disciplinary research, and is considered a sub-topic and extension of “environmental governance.” Institution is an important factor to the development of landscape governance theory and practice. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, the construction of Ecological Civilization has marked itself a new milestone for its systematic top-down design and institution-oriented efforts. At the same time, the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013 proposed to improve the contemporary national governance system and capacity, and took governance as a new means to evaluate state capacities and state-society relations. Both of them will significantly impact landscape planning, design, protection, and management in China. This article reviews the evolution of western landscape governance theories driven by 1) the emphasis on the spatial scale effect of landscape; 2) the exploration of the regional variety of cultural and collective identities of local landscapes; and 3) the emphasis on the practice of landscape governance. It also examines the opportunities in China’s landscape governance brought by the institutional improvement of Ecological Civilization, which might help: resolve the inherent conflicts that cause the existing environmental and ecological problems; enhance China’s capacity on landscape governance; establish a new land-use management system with a greater ecological security and broader ecosystem services; endow landscapes with more public benefits; cultivate a civil society and democracy in landscape governance; and, influence the education and research of Landscape Architecture in multiple dimensions. Finally, the article proposes roadmaps for China’s landscape governance at both global and national scales.     

The Evolution of China's Rural Governance System and Its Influences on Rural Spatial Planning

This paper reviews the development process of China's rural governance system, indicating that the current system of "township governance based on village autonomy" is facing a new situation such as the weakening governance capacity of grass-roots authorities and the emergence of new governing bodies. Aiming at promoting practical rural planning, the paper conducts research about the rural governance system, public goods supply, and rural planning reform. It divides the rural governance mechanisms on public goods supply into three categories: government, community and market. The paper then focuses on how to achieve a community-based supply of public goods via emerging "rural organizations," as well as on how to transform the public service center allocation and spatial planning philosophy and methods in rural planning accordingly.     

Social Justice and the Centralisation of Governance in the Australian Metropolis: A Case Study of Melbourne

The prodigious, low-density spread of the Australian metropolis is creating communities of divergent aspirations and diminished social mobility. To a large degree, these patterns can be attributed to structural economic change, characterised by powerful centripetal tendencies within high value added, ‘knowledge-intensive’ and globally linked industries. However, reforms in metropolitan governance have also played a part. As evidenced in Melbourne, most Australian cities have seen a steady centralisation of planning, infrastructure and development facilitation functions into State Governments, the only constitutionally recognised sphere of governance in Australia besides the Commonwealth (federal) government. The upshot is that metropolitan communities effectively have no voice for their collective will. Many urban policy initiatives and investments that may have mitigated some of the socially adverse features of the modern economy have been foregone or implemented in a desultory manner. Moreover, these foregone opportunities to foster a more compact and connected metropolis have diminished human capital accumulation to the detriment of Australian productivity and competitiveness. Reinstatement of a metropolitan governance forum, with its own democratic mandate and fiscal capacity, to operate separately from, but in cooperation with, state and local governments, may be necessary if the trends in social division and lost productivity in the Australian city are to be reversed.     

珠三角城市群地区的区域规划与区域治理——基于《珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要》的思考

<珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要>是我国近年来推出的重要区域规划之一,其内容丰富、涉及面广,但关注的核心问题是经济发展的转型和区域协调发展.珠三角地区应以该规划纲要为指导,在城乡规划编制中体现公共政策性和法律约束性,建立以城乡规划为核心的统一空间规划体系,积极推进区域治理和区域整合,构建多中心的城市区域结构,努力建成资...     

“合作伙伴组织”政策的发展与创新——英国城市治理经验

本文以英国城市发展进程中“合作伙伴组织”政策的发展历程、组织形式变化以及“合作伙伴组织”政策实施的法律保障与相应的城乡规划法改革研究为基础,较为系统地归纳总结了英国围绕“合作伙伴组织”政策发展和创新的城市治理经验。并由此得出结论,英国城市治理经验的重要在于其将合作伙伴关系作为一种策略,不同阶段的合作伙伴组织运作均有其特定阶段发展目标,为了保障特定阶段城市发展目标的实现,中央政府配合合作伙伴组织运作适时进行了相应城市发展政策创新,并制定了相应的城乡规划法律法规。“城市发展目标城市政策手段城市开发资金与法律保障体系”缺一不可,这一系统运作的城市治理经验值得我们在众多方面参考借鉴。     

特大城市地区环境问题的文化制度根源及其规划治理

特大城市地区在城镇化和全球化过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色,然而,特大城市地区也是矛盾突出的地区,存在着不断膨胀的人口、有限的资源、贫富差距和环境污染等等。在新世纪,特大城市地区的一大任务就是从源头上根本解决环境问题。结合特大城市地区已有的规划经验,分析目前形势下特大城市地区的环境问题特征及其文化制度根源,笔者认为城市规划需要扩展规划监管对象的范围,建立可持续的空间规划制度,对环境问题进行追本溯源的管理,来应对人类发展和资源环境之间的矛盾。     

Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions

This paper presents an empirical comparison of idea generation within the context of reducing the number of single occupancy car journeys to and from a UK university campus. Separate co-design and consultative groups were matched with respect to (1) creativity when problem solving, (2) normal commuting mode and (3) intention to adopt sustainable behaviours. The co-design group generated a significantly greater number of innovative ideas than the consultative group (using an email-based methodology); however, this was due to the greater number of total ideas (rather than the higher proportion of innovative ideas) generated by this group. The co-design group was able to think more systemically about potential solutions and generate proposals that were not either linked to their own commute mode, or aligned with any one specific mode of transport. The findings suggest that co-design offers benefits as a process for idea generation within the sustainable travel context as it promotes idea generation and a more holistic perspective on the problem and potential solutions.     

“后三峡时代”库区城镇空间管制规划方法探析* ——以长寿区总体规划为例

三峡工程极大地改变了三峡地 区原有的地形地貌、水文状况和城镇空 间格局,在快速城镇化过程中, 库区空间 面临着新一轮的调整。文章分析了三峡 库区地形地貌复杂、生态环境脆弱和库 区城镇空间拓展缺乏针对性等现状,提 出构建库区城镇空间管制规划方法,综 合“用地生态敏感性评价”和“用地建设 适宜性评价”两种方式进行了叠加分析; 并以重庆市长寿区城乡总体规划空间管 制规划实践案例进行实证分析,探讨该 方法的运用过程和结果。该方法为库区 城镇空间可持续发展起到了积极意义。     

Exceptional Spaces for Sustainable Living: The Regulation of One Planet Developments in the Open Countryside

This paper explores the ‘regime of practices’ that are put in place when novel forms of sustainable living in the countryside are proposed that nevertheless contrast with established planning rationalities of urban containment and countryside protection. The article uses Foucault’s concept of governmentality to explore the innovative and arguably progressive One Planet Development policy in Wales. The paper focuses in particular on the Ecological Footprint and its associated data and monitoring requirements as a way of demonstrating One Planet Living. The analysis highlights the tensions between enabling One Planet Development and the governance of individuals’ lives and behaviours.     

因“制”而“治”:城市规划实施中的“程序正义”--基于凤凰山庄征收事件的讨论

党的十九大将"坚持全面依法治国"作为新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略之一,"法治"将在"国家治理"时期发挥更加基础性的作用。城市规划本质上作为政府在空间治理领域公权对私权的一种基本干预工具,推进法治化尤为重要。近年来,随着制度完善及公民私权保护意识的强化,城市规划的目的、内容、程序的正当性和合法性问题引起了广泛关注。凤凰山庄拆迁讼案件源于长沙市政府对风景区改造过程中的房屋征收,由此衍生出一例私权与公权博弈的典型事件。在"国家治理"背景下,通过剖析案件的缘起与法理,引发了面向"法治"、"精治"与"共治"能力的延伸思考,并就治理制度完善、规划编制方法和规划实施方式变革展开了讨论。