焊钉连接件时变抗剪性能的试验研究

对于无支架施工的长跨连续组合梁,在施工期间进行分阶段浇筑混凝土时,需考虑不同混凝土龄期的组合梁结合面上连接件的早期组合作用。为此,进行了混凝土不同龄期下焊钉连接件的推出试验,分析了焊钉连接件极限抗剪强度、极限滑移、设计抗剪强度和剪切刚度随时间的变化规律,并给出了相应的时变计算公式。研究发现,混凝土龄期小于3 d时推出试件主要为混凝土板劈裂破坏;在不同混凝土龄期时推出试件的剪力-滑移规律基本相同,但抗剪强度和刚度均随混凝土龄期的增长而增大,且早期增长较快,后期较慢,说明组合梁结合面的早期组合效应不能忽略。     

Performance of shear connection in composite beams with profiled steel sheeting

This paper describes the structural performance of shear connection in composite beams with profiled steel sheeting. An accurate and efficient nonlinear finite element model was developed to study the behaviour of headed stud shear connectors welded through-deck. The profiled steel sheeting had transverse ribs perpendicular to the steel beam. The material nonlinearities of concrete, headed stud, profiled steel sheeting, reinforcement and steel beam were included in the finite element model. The capacity of shear connection, load-slip behaviour of the headed stud, and failure modes were predicted. The results obtained from the finite element analysis were verified against experimental results. An extensive parametric study was conducted to study the effects on the capacity and behaviour of shear connection by changing the profiled steel sheeting geometries, the diameter and height of the headed stud, as well as the strength of concrete. The capacities of shear connection obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American Specification, British Standard and European Code for headed stud shear connectors in composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting perpendicular to the steel beam. It is found that the design rules specified in the American and British specifications overestimated the capacity of shear connection, but the design rules specified in the European Code were generally conservative.     

栓钉剪力连接件滑移性能试验研究及受剪承载力计算

根据3组栓钉剪力连接件推出试验,研究栓钉直径和栓钉屈服强度对试件受剪承载力的影响。应用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对栓钉剪力连接件进行精细三维实体有限元分析,栓钉、钢梁和混凝土均采用C3D8R单元,计算结果与试验结果符合较好。基于有限元法进行参数分析,研究栓钉直径、数量、长径比、屈服强度、混凝土强度和横向配筋率等对栓钉剪力连接件荷载-滑移性能的影响,有限元计算结果表明,栓钉受剪承载力随着栓钉直径、屈服强度和混凝土强度的增大而提高。提出了考虑栓钉直径、屈服强度和混凝土强度影响的单个栓钉受剪承载力计算式和荷载-滑移关系计算方法,计算结果与文中试验结果和收集到的81组栓钉剪力连接件有效试验结果进行对比,吻合较好。建议的受剪承载力计算式与现行规范建议公式进行比较,建议的计算式具有较高的精度。荷载-滑移曲线实用计算方法与Ollgaard提出的计算方法比较表明建议计算方法具有较广泛的适用性。     

Finite element modeling of push-out tests for large stud shear connectors

An accurate nonlinear finite element model of the push-out specimen has been developed to investigate the capacity of large stud shear connectors embedded in a solid slab. The material nonlinearities of concrete, headed stud, steel beam and rebar were included in the finite element model. The damage and failure were included in the material model for the headed stud to accurately obtain the ultimate strength of the stud connector. The capacity and ductility of the connection, the load–slip behaviour and failure mode of the headed stud were predicted. The results obtained from the finite element analysis were verified against experimental results of other researches. An extensive parametric study was conducted to study the effect of the changes in stud diameter and concrete strength on the capacity and behaviour of the shear connection. The capacity and ductility of the shear connection obtained from the finite analysis were compared with those specified in EC4 and AASHTO LRFD. It is observed that the AASHTO LRFD specifications overestimated the capacity of the large stud shear connectors, whereas the design rules specified in Eurocode-4 were generally conservative for stud diameters of 22, 25 and 27 mm, and unconservative for diameter of 30 mm. The ductility of the large stud shear connectors is sufficient for practical application in composite bridges.     

对组合钢梁-预制空心板中栓钉连接件的性能分析

在钢-混凝土组合梁中,剪切连接件的机械作用使得纵向剪力转移到钢翼缘/混凝土板的接合处。这种转移能力取决于剪切连接件的强度和混凝土板抵抗由剪力高度集中所导致的纵向开裂的能力。大多数对组合结构的分析都集中在传统的钢筋混凝土和金属面板结构,而对预制空心板中栓钉的剪切能力研究很少。本文对带栓钉的预制空心板组合梁结构提出标准的推力试验方法。一共进行7组测试性试验,试验结果显示新方法符合钢筋混凝土楼板规范要求。在确定这个新的标准方法后,对栓钉进行了72个足尺推力试验,确定了该类型连接件的性能,通过分析试验结果,还指出了各类参数对连接件强度和延性的作用。本文还提出了这种剪力连接件的设计公式。     

单调荷载下栓钉连接件受剪性能试验研究

栓钉是钢-混凝土组合梁中常用的柔性受剪连接件。通过18个栓钉受剪试件在单调荷载下的推出试验,较系统地研究了混凝土强度等级、栓钉直径以及钢梁类型等参数对栓钉的破坏形态、破坏机理、荷载-滑移规律和极限受剪承载力的影响。研究表明:栓钉的受剪承载力随着混凝土强度等级的提高以及栓钉直径的增大而增加;轧制工字钢试件中栓钉的受剪承载力比焊接工字钢试件中的高10%~30%。在试验的基础上提出了栓钉受剪承载力的计算方法。     

Capacities of headed stud shear connectors in composite steel beams with precast hollowcore slabs

In steel-concrete composite beams, the longitudinal shear force is transferred across the steel flange/concrete slab interface by the mechanical action of the shear connectors. The ability of the shear connectors to transfer these longitudinal shear forces depends on their strength, and also on the resistance of the concrete slab against longitudinal cracking induced by the high concentration of shear force. Most of the research in composite construction has concentrated on the more traditional reinforced concrete and metal deck construction, and little information is given on shear capacity of the headed studs in precast hollowcore slabs. In this paper, a standard push test procedure for use with composite beams with precast hollowcore slabs is proposed. Seven exploratory push tests were carried out on headed studs in solid RC slabs to validate the testing procedures, and the results showed that the new test is compatible with the results specified in the codes of practice for solid RC slabs. Once a standard procedure is established, 72 full-scale push tests on headed studs in hollowcore slabs were performed to determine the capacities of the headed stud connectors in precast hollowcore slabs and the results of the experimental study are analysed and findings on the effect of all the parameters on connectors’ strength and ductility are presented. Newly proposed design equations for calculating the shear connectors’ capacity for this form of composite construction are also be given.     

Experimental and analytical investigations on the hat shaped shear connector in the steel-concrete composite flexural member

Over the last decade, there are many research results on the new type shear connectors to solve the problems associated with the headed stud shear connector. It was revealed that the new type shear connector has better structural safety, welding quality, constructability, cost-effectiveness, etc. Especially, perforated shear connector (perfobond shear connector) which has superior fatigue resistance and constructability is receiving attention among various types of shear connectors. In this study, we suggest the new type shear connector which improved the perfobond shear connector. Newly suggested hat shaped shear connector can be used instead of headed stud shear connector commonly used in the concrete-steel composite beam. To evaluate the load carrying capacity of this hat shaped shear connector, push-out tests are carried out and test results are analyzed. In addition, the finite element analysis is conducted on the concrete slab having shear connector to investigate the stress distribution pattern affected by the presence of hat shaped shear connector. The existing design equations for the perfobond shear connectors are reviewed briefly and the equation for the prediction of load carrying capacity of new type hat shaped shear connector is suggested based on the experimental results, finite element analysis results, and existing equations suggested in the previous studies.     

可拆卸组合梁剪力连接件抗剪性能数值分析

为避免传统螺栓剪力连接方式的缺陷,提出了一种用于可拆卸组合梁的新型插块式螺栓剪力连接件。以螺栓直径、缩颈杆段长度、插块材料和插块尺寸为研究参数,共设计了9个静力推出试件,研究了插块式螺栓剪力连接件的抗剪性能。以推出试件为原型,建立ABAQUS有限元分析模型进行数值分析,并通过试验进行验证。结果表明:插块式螺栓剪力连接件的荷载-滑移曲线呈现出预期的明显二次刚度特性,具有良好的剪切滑移延性; 破坏模式为预设的缩颈杆段区段内的螺栓发生剪断,而此时预制混凝土板和钢梁无明显损伤; 增大螺栓直径可以显著提高连接件的抗剪承载力和抗剪刚度; 增加缩颈杆段长度可以提高连接件延性变形能力,但会降低连接件屈服抗剪承载力和抗剪刚度,对极限抗剪承载力则无显著影响; 相比于普通混凝土和高强砂浆,使用超高性能混凝土作为插块材料使得插块式螺栓剪力连接件的抗剪承载力和抗剪刚度均得到了提高; 插块尺寸对连接件力学性能没有明显影响,但螺栓缩颈杆段和混凝土板预留孔孔壁之间应确保螺栓有足够的剪切滑移变形空间。     

Shear behavior of partially encased steel-concrete composite specimens under tension

为了研究型钢与部分外包混凝土的在拉力作用下的纵向剪力传递性能,对6个部分外包钢-混凝土组合构件进行了轴拉试验,对其破坏形态和荷载-滑移曲线进行了分析。试验中主要考虑了型钢与腹部混凝土的黏结长度、混凝土强度、栓钉连接件数量等影响因素。研究结果表明：部分外包钢-混凝土组合构件破坏形态主要表现为黏结破坏、混凝土压碎和栓钉剪断;轴拉试验和推出试验中无栓钉连接的部分外包型钢混凝土组合构件的黏结力均随着型钢与混凝土间的黏结长度的增加而增大;对于无栓钉和有栓钉组试件,轴拉试验和推出试验中型钢与混凝土间的受剪承载力均随着混凝土抗拉强度的增加而增大,且近似成线性关系;部分外包钢-混凝土组合构件的受剪承载力随栓钉数量的增加而增大;相较无栓钉组试件,采用2根栓钉连接和4根栓钉连接的轴拉试件,其受剪承载力分别可提高近100%和250%。     

Bolted shear connectors vs. headed studs behaviour in push-out tests

Prefabrication of concrete slabs reduces construction time for composite steel–concrete buildings and bridges. Different alternatives for shear connectors (bolts and headed studs) are analysed here to gain better insight in failure modes of shear connector in order to improve competiveness of prefabricated composite structures. Casting of high strength bolted shear connectors in prefabricated concrete slabs offers the higher level of prefabrication comparing to a standard method of grouting welded headed studs in envisaged pockets of concrete slabs. In addition, bolted shear connectors can easily be dismantled together with the concrete slab thus allowing the improved sustainability of the construction, simpler maintenance, and development of modular structural systems. Bolted shear connectors have been rarely used in construction, actually just for rehabilitation works, because there is a lack of design recommendation. The first step towards the design recommendation is to understand the difference between the headed shear studs and the bolted shear connectors in a push-out test. Push-out tests, according to EN1994-1-1, using 4 M16 — grade 8.8 bolts with embedded nut in the same layout and test set-up as for previously investigated headed studs were performed. Finite element models for both shear connectors were created, and good match with experimental data was obtained. Basic shear connector properties such as: shear resistance, stiffness, ductility and failure modes have been compared and discussed in detail by using experimental and FE results. Parametric FE analyses of shear connector's height are carried out and shear resistance reduction factor has been proposed for bolted shear connectors.     

Strength and ductility of headed stud shear connectors in profiled steel sheeting

This paper details the results and subsequent analysis of 27 push tests performed using a new push rig, which investigate the effect of variables such as mesh position, transverse spacing of shear connectors, number of shear connectors per trough and the slab depth on the resistance of headed stud shear connectors through-deck welded into a transverse deck.The analysis of these tests not only allowed characteristic resistances to be determined for the headed stud shear connectors in each case, but also enabled comparisons to be made to determine the effect of the different variables on the resistance. It found that within the limits tested the transverse spacing of the shear connectors has little effect on the resistance, and that including a third shear connector gives no benefit over using shear connectors in pairs. Locating the mesh at the top of the slab, as is common practice for crack control, gives sufficient ductility for design using the minimum shear connection rules in BS EN 1994-1-1, 6.6.1.2 (i.e. the characteristic slip capacity is greater than 6 mm, as required by BS EN 1994-1-1, 6.6.1.1(5)), but a strength enhancement of approximately 30% can be found by locating the mesh directly on top of the profiled steel sheeting. The results also indicated that the resistance increases with slab depth, but it is not clear if this is an effect of the push test or is a genuine effect of composite construction. Design rules based on these tests are proposed.     

Shear resistance mechanism and load-slip curve features of perfobond rib connectors during plastic stage

为保证单孔PBL连接件在塑性阶段仍具备较高的残余受剪承载力和较好的延性,对22组未设置贯通钢筋和21组设置贯通钢筋的单孔PBL连接件的荷载-滑移曲线进行了统计分析,研究了板厚不小于9mm的单孔PBL连接件进入塑性阶段后的受剪机理。在此基础上,根据荷载-滑移曲线的延性特征将其进行分类,并给出了判别条件。研究表明：单孔PBL连接件塑性阶段的残余受剪承载力由混凝土榫沿剪切破坏面的黏结力、侧向约束力提供的受剪承载力以及贯通钢筋的销栓作用组成。根据塑性阶段的侧向约束力情况,将单孔PBL连接件荷载-滑移曲线分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类与Ⅲ类曲线。可通过控制约束强度比,避免未设置贯通钢筋和设置贯通钢筋的单孔PBL连接件的荷载-滑移曲线出现延性较差的第Ⅲ类曲线,并可通过控制贯通钢筋比,避免设置贯通钢筋的单孔PBL连接件的荷载-滑移曲线出现经济性较差的第Ⅱ类曲线;可通过联合控制约束强度比和构造钢筋比,避免荷载-滑移曲线出现峰值点处荷载突变。     

Experimental study on shear behavior of prestressed reactive powder concrete I-girders

As a new generation of concrete, RPC(Reactive Powder Concrete) has attracted great research attention for its ultra-high strength and high durability. In the present paper, experimental results from tests on eight prestressed RPC I-section girders failing in shear are reported herein. The beams with RPC of 120 MPa in compression were designed to assess the ability to carry shear stress in thin webbed prestressed beams with stirrups. The test variables were the level of prestressing, shear span-depth ratio (a/d) and stirrup ratio. Shear deformation, shear capacity and crack pattern were experimentally investigated in detail. With regard to the shear resistance of the test beams, the predictions from three standards (AFGC, JSCE and SIA) on the design of UHPC structures were compared with the experimental result suggesting that the experimental strength is almost always higher than predicted. RPC, as a new concrete, was different from normal concrete and fiber reinforced concrete. Further study should be needed to develop an analytical method and computation model for shear strength of RPC beams.     

高温下钢筋桁架楼承板中栓钉抗剪性能研究

对15个试件进行常温和高温下推出试验,研究钢筋桁架楼承板中栓钉的抗剪性能,得到混凝土楼板和栓钉不同位置处的温度分布以及栓钉受剪承载力随温度的退化规律。试验结果表明,钢筋桁架楼承板中栓钉在常温和高温下的破坏均为栓钉剪断破坏,栓钉根部混凝土局部压碎,但是与平板混凝土板中栓钉的破坏位置不同,所研究的栓钉剪断破坏的位置在钢梁上翼缘处,而不是在栓钉根部焊缝处,这也在很大程度上导致了钢筋桁架楼承板中栓钉受剪承载力比平板混凝土板中栓钉低。钢筋桁架楼承板中栓钉的受剪承载力和刚度均随温度的升高而降低。通过对试验数据的分析,提出了钢筋桁架楼承板中栓钉高温下受剪承载力和荷载-滑移曲线的计算方法。     

Long-term deflection of cracked composite beams with nonlinear partial shear interaction: I — Finite element modeling

In this paper, a uniaxial nonlinear finite element procedure for modeling the long-term behavior of composite beams at the serviceability limit state is presented. The finite element procedure follows a displacement-based approach. The nonlinear load-slip relationship of shear connectors as well as the creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete slab are accounted for in the proposed finite element procedure. The effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete slab are considered only for uncracked concrete. The nonlinear iterative procedure adopted for tracking the nonlinear behavior of the composite beam implemented the total nodal deformations, not the incremental deformations, as the independent variables of any iteration. The results of the proposed finite element procedure were compared with the experimental results of four composite beams reported in the literature. The proposed finite element procedure was capable of predicting the deflections and stresses of the four beams with an acceptable degree of accuracy. A parametric study was conducted to study the effect of the nonlinearity of load-slip relationship of shear connectors and the cracking of the concrete deck on the long-term behavior of simply-supported composite beams.     

GFRP肋式剪力连接件受力性能对比试验研究

剪力连接件是保证GFRP混凝土组合梁/板中两种不同材料共同工作的重要构造,设计了矩形肋和T形肋两类GFRP肋式剪力连接件,进行了3组共8个GFRP肋式剪力连接件的推出试验,包括:矩形肋开孔、T形肋开孔、T形肋不开孔3组GFRP肋式剪力连接件,得到了其破坏形态、极限承载力、荷载滑移曲线及荷载应变变化规律,重点研究肋内开孔及肋的截面形式对GFRP肋式剪力连接件受力性能的影响。试验结果表明:GFRP肋式剪力连接件的破坏形态均为混凝土劈裂破坏;对比矩形肋开孔试件,T形肋开孔试件强度高、延性好;对比T形肋不开孔试件,T形肋开孔试件强度与延性均能提高。基于试验结果,建立了考虑肋内开孔及肋截面形式影响的GFRP肋式剪力连接件极限承载力计算公式,拟合得到了GFRP肋式剪力连接件的荷载滑移曲线上升段的理论模型,建立了其抗剪刚度计算公式。     

栓钉剪切连接件在SRHPC结构中的数值分析

探讨了型钢表面的栓钉与外包高强高性能混凝土之间的受力特性,基于既有的试验结果和理论计算,分析了栓钉的荷载—滑移曲线规律,研究了栓钉在三维有限元模拟中的影响因素,给出了三维受力状态下栓钉的刚度方程,建立了数值分析中每个方向的荷载—变形曲线。     

Experimental study on shear behavior of bolt connectors in steel-concrete composite beams

为研究螺栓抗剪连接件在钢-混凝土组合梁中的受剪性能,对24个采用螺栓连接件的钢-混凝土组合试件进行了推出试验,分析了螺栓直径、螺栓强度、螺栓埋置长细比和混凝土强度等参数对螺栓连接件的破坏模式、荷载-滑移特性和受剪承载力的影响。研究结果表明：螺栓抗剪连接件的破坏模式主要为螺栓周围混凝土受压破坏和螺栓栓杆的剪断破坏;当发生混凝土受压破坏时,增大混凝土强度、螺栓直径、螺栓埋置长细比可以提高螺栓连接件的受剪承载力;当发生螺栓的栓杆剪断破坏时,提高螺栓强度可以提高螺栓连接件的受剪承载力。在试验研究的基础上,给出了不同破坏模式下钢-混凝土组合梁螺栓连接件的受剪承载力的计算方法,建议公式的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

The influence of profiled sheeting thickness and shear connector’s position on strength and ductility of headed shear connector

A three-dimensional finite element model is developed, validated and used in the parametric study to investigate the influence of shear stud’s position and profiled sheeting thickness on the strength, ductility and failure modes of the headed shear stud welded to the modern profiled sheeting. A total of 240 push tests were analysed with different sheeting thicknesses, positions of the shear stud in the trough, concrete strengths and transverse spacings. The results showed that the sheeting thickness influenced the shear connector resistance of studs placed in the unfavourable position more than studs placed in favourable and central positions. The strength of the shear connector placed in the unfavourable position increased by as much as 30% when the sheeting thickness was increased. The shear connector resistance of the unfavourable stud was found to be primarily a function of the strength and the thickness of the profiled sheeting rather than the concrete strength. The strength prediction equations for unfavourable and central studs were also proposed. The results suggested that the strength of the shear connector increased as the distance of the shear stud increased from the mid-height of the deck rib in the load bearing direction of the stud. The load-slip behaviour of the studs in the unfavourable position was more ductile than the studs in the favourable position, with slip of 2-4 times higher. It was found that the increase in sheeting thickness and transverse spacing improved the ductility of the stud in unfavourable position, but had no effect on the stud in the favourable position. The failure modes suggested that the favourable and central studs failed by concrete cone failure and unfavourable studs failed by rib punching together with crushing of the narrow strip of the concrete in front of the stud.