真空膜蒸馏方法处理高盐印染中间体废水研究

采用真空蒸馏方法处理高盐度印染中间体废水.考察了进料温度、流量、浓度对处理效果的影响.结果表明:进料温度对膜渗透通量的影响较大,随温度的升高渗透通量显著增大,对于预处理后的印染废水,流速为50 L/h时,当温度从60℃提高到80℃,膜蒸馏通量从5.644 kg/(m2·h)增长到8.937 kg/(m2·h);流量对膜蒸馏通量无显著影响;膜蒸馏通量随进料浓度的增加而下降,当废水盐度高于22%时,膜蒸馏通量显著降低至2.5 kg(m2·h).经过预处理后的印染中间体废水膜蒸馏产品水COD降为400 mg/L以下,色度降为80.     

超滤法提取发酵液中核黄素

采用截留分子质量(MWCO)为1000 Da、10 kDa和30 kDa的卷式膜,探索卷式膜超滤核黄素发酵液的可行性。对比分析超滤膜的杂质截留率和膜通量,发现MWCO为10 kDa的卷式超滤膜对核黄素具有较好的分离效果。通过研究操作压力、温度、流速及浓缩倍数对膜通量的影响,确定核黄素发酵液超滤的最佳条件为:温度30℃,流速5 m/s,操作压力0.2 MPa,浓缩倍数为3.8倍。超滤后,经过氧化结晶核黄素的纯度可达98.6%,总回收率达95%。     

蛤肉预煮液反渗透膜浓缩工艺研究

以蛤肉预煮液为原料,经非热力浓缩--反渗透膜(RO膜)处理达到理想料液浓缩度.通过选择RO膜种类以及对操作压力、操作温度和进料流速三因素的L9(34)正交试验,确定二级反渗透浓缩的最佳工艺条件.结果表明:选用三醋酸纤维素RO膜效果最好;二级RO膜浓缩的最佳工艺条件为压力3.5 MPa、温度38℃、流速1.5 m/s;浓缩后料液浓缩度可达32.5°Bx.     

正交试验优化银条多糖超滤浓缩工艺

以膜通量为指标,首先探讨操作压力、超滤温度和料液pH值3个工艺参数对超滤浓缩银条多糖的影响,在此基础上通过正交试验确定超滤浓缩的最佳工艺参数,最后通过测定清洗前后膜的水通量变化确定最佳的超滤膜清洗方法。结果表明超滤浓缩效果优于常规浓缩的效果,超滤浓缩银条多糖的最佳工艺参数为操作压力0.35MPa、操作温度30℃、料液pH6.5;最佳膜清洗方法为用40℃、pH8.5的NaOH溶液清洗0.5h,此时清洗前后纯水的膜通量相差9.00L/(m2.h)。     

酱油膜澄清过滤污染机理研究

膜过滤技术正越来越多地应用到酱油等传统发酵制品的澄清过程中,但酱油原料成分复杂,膜污染较为严重,并且目前酱油澄清过滤中膜污染机理尚不清晰。该研究通过通量曲线对Hermia理论模型的线性拟合,探究酱油微滤过程中完全堵塞、中间堵塞、标准堵塞和滤饼层堵塞4种污染机制对膜污染的影响程度。结果显示酱油过滤初期较短时间内膜污染是由多种机制(完全堵塞、中间堵塞)联合控制,在此后较长时间滤饼层污染是造成通量下降的主要机制。在此基础上,进一步探究了跨膜压差、膜面流速、操作温度对滤饼层污染的影响,结果显示膜面流速从0.06 m/s上升至0.30m/s,滤饼层模型参数Kgl值从6.03×108 s/m~2下降至6.28×107 s/m~2,滤饼层污染显著降低。该研究可为酱油澄清过滤过程中膜污染的控制及清洗滤膜提供理论依据。     

GZ-2组合浆在涤棉织物上的退浆工艺试验

涤棉混纺织物经纱上浆浆料的选择,直接影响到印染工艺及产品质量。就印染工业要求而言,坯布上的浆料应该是性能稳定、退浆容易、净洗效果好、工艺适应性强、废水污染少且易处理。目前纺织厂选用的浆料大致如下: 一、天然高分子物 淀粉 纤维素衍生物; 原淀粉 羧甲基纤维素; 淀粉衍生物 甲基纤维素。 二、合成聚合物 聚乙烯醇（PVA）; 改性聚乙烯酸 皂化后的聚乙烯醇; 聚丙烯酸酯类; 改性后的皂化丙烯酸酯类。 实际上浆工艺的浆料有单独使用,也有组合使用。组合的配比根据织造工艺、操作要求以及经济效益进行选择。印染前处理工艺的设计也取决于浆料的种类及配比。一般有酶退浆（适用于淀粉及其衍生物的浆料）、碱退浆、酸退浆、酸碱退浆、氧化剂退浆等。而其中碱退浆工艺比较简单,适应性广,是常用的退浆工艺。 目前国内涤棉混纺织物上的浆料一般都以PVA为主体。虽然其退浆工艺比较简单,但是还普遍存在着下列几个问题: 1.浆料粘度高,织物必须在高温碱浴中处理,才能有较好的效果; 2.退浆后净洗必须在90℃以上的高温下进行,否则浆料会重新沾于织物,造成浆     

采用无机陶瓷膜超滤甘薯淀粉生产废液中的糖蛋白的工艺研究

甘薯生产淀粉的废水中含有一种具有生物活性功能的糖蛋白,文中采用无机陶瓷膜超滤设备来提取甘薯生产淀粉废水中的糖蛋白。通过研究不同料液pH值、超滤操作时间、压力、温度、切线流速对渗透通量的影响,得出最佳的超滤工艺条件为pH=65,压力035MPa,温度20℃,切线流速u=2m/s,最终可将糖蛋白溶液浓缩83倍,糖蛋白的截留率为91%,糖蛋白得率为73%(粗糖蛋白中糖蛋白/鲜甘薯糖蛋白)。     

应用酶膜反应器制备酪蛋白生物活性肽

研究酶膜反应器中超滤压力及循环流速对分离酪蛋白生物活性肽的影响.在截留相对分子质量为10 000切向流超滤酶膜反应器(EMRs)中,采用Alcalase 2.4FG在pH 8.5、温度为50℃条件下对酪蛋白进行连续水解.通过单因素实验研究了操作压力及循环流速对膜通量J、酪蛋白水解度DH、蛋白质回收率S、残余酶活AR、泄漏酶活AF及酶活损失AL等因素的影响,确定最佳的超滤工艺.研究结果表明:增大超滤压力会导致蛋白质回收率的大幅度提高,但会促使酶大量泄漏并对膜造成严重的污染;提高循环流量为140 mL/min时,酶泄漏较少,膜污染程度相对降低,并可获得较高的蛋白质回收率.     

超滤法浓缩菜籽蛋白提取液的工艺研究

以双低菜籽粕为原料,采用超声波辅助萃取,得到菜籽蛋白提取液。对提取液进行超滤浓缩,探讨了操作压力、温度、pH、流速等参数对膜通量的影响。以膜通量为评价指标,通过正交实验,对操作压力、温度和pH三个因素进行了优化。结果表明,菜籽蛋白提取液最佳超滤工艺条件为:操作压力0.1MPa,温度40℃,pH9,流速2m/s。采用超滤,可得到毒素含量低,纯度在90%以上的菜籽蛋白产品。      

乳清蛋白超滤过程中膜污染机制及监测方法研究进展

尽管乳清蛋白超滤浓缩已经实现工业化应用,但仍存在膜污染严重、生产成本高等问题。该文从pH、温度、跨膜压力、离子强度等方面综述乳清蛋白超滤过程中膜污染的形成机制;介绍了目前描述乳清蛋白超滤过程中膜污染的3种数学模型,用于预测膜污染过程中膜通量随时间变化规律;总结了乳清蛋白超滤过程中的原位监测技术的物理原理、优点和缺点,以预测和控制超滤过程中的膜污染行为,为蛋白超滤过程的实时监测提供有效的动态信息,为膜污染的控制提供理论依据。     

陶瓷膜超滤净化石灰法制糖清汁

对孔径为0.04?μm的陶瓷超滤膜进一步净化石灰法制糖的清汁进行研究,在跨膜压差0.45～0.50?MPa、膜面流速4.0～4.5?m/s、过滤温度75～97?℃的条件下过滤甘蔗汁30?h,膜渗透通量从350.6?L/（m2·h）降低至160.2?L/（m2·h）,平均通量为177.8?L/（m2·h）,能满足工业化生产的需求。甘蔗汁经陶瓷膜过滤后品质被进一步提升,简纯度可提高2.01?个单位,色素去除率为20.20%,澄清度从79.18%提升至99.98%。研究膜污染形成发现,陶瓷膜过滤甘蔗汁会在膜表面形成一层污染层,膜污染物的主要成分为有机物（多糖、蛋白质、酯类及酚类等物质）,同时还含有少量的Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、Cl、K、Ca及Fe等无机成分。污染膜依次采用工业净水、1%?NaOH-0.5%?NaClO混合溶液、0.5%?HNO3溶液清洗,膜通量恢复率均高于95.5%,重复性较好,是一种有效的膜清洗方法。     

Performance assessment of membrane distillation for skim milk and whey processing

Membrane distillation is an emerging membrane process based on evaporation of a volatile solvent. One of its often stated advantages is the low flux sensitivity toward concentration of the processed fluid, in contrast to reverse osmosis. In the present paper, we looked at 2 high-solids applications of the dairy industry: skim milk and whey. Performance was assessed under various hydrodynamic conditions to investigate the feasibility of fouling mitigation by changing the operating parameters and to compare performance to widespread membrane filtration processes. Whereas filtration processes are hydraulic pressure driven, membrane distillation uses vapor pressure from heat to drive separation and, therefore, operating parameters have a different bearing on the process. Experimental and calculated results identified factors influencing heat and mass transfer under various operating conditions using polytetrafluoroethylene flat-sheet membranes. Linear velocity was found to influence performance during skim milk processing but not during whey processing. Lower feed and higher permeate temperature was found to reduce fouling in the processing of both dairy solutions. Concentration of skim milk and whey by membrane distillation has potential, as it showed high rejection (>99%) of all dairy components and can operate using low electrical energy and pressures (<10 kPa). At higher cross-flow velocities (around 0.141 m/s), fluxes were comparable to those found with reverse osmosis, achieving a sustainable flux of approximately 12 kg/h·m² for skim milk of 20% dry matter concentration and approximately 20 kg/h·m² after 18 h of operation with whey at 20% dry matter concentration.     

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Ceramic Membranes for Apple Juice Clarification

Depectinized control (CTJ) and ascorbic acid treated (AAJ) apple juices were filtered through microfiltration (MF, 0.2 m) and ultrafiltration (UF, 0.02 m) ceramic tubular membranes. Under optimal conditions (8 m/s, 414 kPa and 50°C), the UF membrane resulted in higher steady state flux and less fouling than the MF membrane for both juices. AAJ produced by addition of AA at milling had lower flux for both MF and UF. The chemical, physical and sensory properties of apple juices from MF and UF membranes were similar and changes during storage were comparable.     

Analysis of the fouling mechanisms during cross-flow ultrafiltration of apple juice

The purpose of this work was to study the fouling mechanisms of a Carbosep^® M8 membrane during the cross-flow ultrafiltration of apple juice. A new fouling model has been developed that simultaneously considers membrane blocking within the pores, at the pore mouths and by cake formation at the membrane surface. Membrane fouling by apple juice was due to internal pore blocking as well as cake formation. When operating ultrafiltration at a transmembrane pressure of 150 kPa and a cross-flow velocity of 7 m/s, fouling was minimal with a gradual decrease of the relative contribution of cake formation; however, transmembrane pressure still exceeds critical pressure. The fouling model predicts no cake formation at a cross-flow velocity of 7.4 m/s and a transmembrane pressure of 150 kPa or at a cross-flow velocity of 7.0 m/s and a transmembrane pressure of 120 kPa. Under these conditions, internal membrane blocking would be the only mechanism responsible for the decrease of permeate flux.     

Ultrafiltration fouling of amylose solution: Behavior, characterization and mechanism

Applications of ultrafiltration membrane often deal with feed streams containing amylose starch. This paper describes a detailed investigation of amylose fouling during ultrafiltration. Commercial membranes made of polysulfone and fluoro polymer were used. Both adsorptive and ultrafiltration fouling were investigated. Experiments using different membrane characteristics, feed concentrations and trans-membrane pressures were carried out. The resulting fouling was characterized by water flux and contact angle measurements and was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results suggest that solute adsorption has occurred as noticed by significant water flux reductions as well as changes in membrane characteristics. Further, both reversible and irreversible fouling have occurred during ultrafiltration with irreversible fouling was more dominant. Apparently, cake layer formation initiated by either adsorption due to hydrophobic–hydrophobic interactions or pore blocking is the dominant fouling mechanism. However, pore narrowing instead of pore blocking was also observed for the membrane having large and relative uniform pore structure or for the ultrafiltration using low trans-membrane pressure or low solute concentration. Membrane autopsy using SEM confirmed the formation of solute layer on the membrane surface.     

Study of different fouling mechanisms during membrane clarification of red plum juice

In this study, the flux decline mechanisms were identified during membrane clarification of red plum juice at several processing parameters, including pore size, membrane type, transmembrane pressure, temperature and velocity. The results were used to investigate the effect of changes in operating conditions on the intensity of membrane fouling. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for analysing fouling‐layer morphology. These results showed that the main mechanism responsible for membrane fouling was cake formation (over 95% fitness) occurring in the first stage of the process. Intermediate, standard and complete blockings were formed during most of the runs as filtration proceeded. The results also indicated that increasing the temperature from 30 to 40 °C was the most effective factor in decreasing cake‐layer fouling, reducing it by about 66.7%. Furthermore, an increase in processing velocity of up to 0.5 m s^?1 had the greatest effect on intermediate blocking, reducing it by about 86.1%. Also, increasing pressure up to 2.9 bar completely eliminated standard blocking and complete blocking. Finally, microstructure analysis of membrane using SEM confirmed that cake formation had the greatest impact on membrane fouling.     

EFFECT of pH and ENZYMATIC TREATMENT ON MICROFILTRATION and ULTRAFILTRATION of TANGERINE JUICE

Tangerine (Citrus reticulata blanco) juice clarification by crossflow microfiltration and ultrafiltration using polysulphone flat sheet membranes with nominal molecular weight cut off of 25,000, 50,000, 100,000 and 0.1 μm, 0.2 μm pore sizes was studied. the juice was pretreated by polygalacturonase and pH adjustment. the treated juice was clarified with a laboratory scale filtration unit with effective filtration area of 14 cm². Filtration conditions were transmembrane pressure of 93 to 194 kPa, crossflow velocity of 0.96 to 3.5 m/s and 25°C. Membrane performance was evaluated in terms of volume flux and clarity (% transmittance) of the permeate. Pretreatment of the juice by polygalacturonase and adjustment to pH 2 with HCl resulted in a clearer supernatant than enzyme treatment alone. Maximum flux was obtained with the 0.1 μm microfiltration membrane. Flux increased with transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity. Flux at 194 kPa and 3.5 m/s was 69 L per square meter per hour. Permeate clarity was better at higher transmembrane pressure and lower velocity, due to the effect of the polarized/fouling layer of solute on the membrane surface, which acted as a secondary “dynamic” filter.     

Emerging forward osmosis and membrane distillation for liquid food concentration: A review

As emerging membrane technologies, forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD), which work with novel driving forces, show great potential for liquid food concentration, owing to their low fouling propensity and great driving force. In the last decades, they have attracted the attention of food industry scientists in global scope. However, discussions of the FO and MD in liquid food concentration advancement, membrane fouling, and economic assessment have been scant. This review aims to provide an up-to-date knowledge about liquid food concentration by FO and MD. First, we introduce the principle and applications of FO and MD in liquid food concentration, and highlight the effect of process on liquid food composition, membrane fouling mechanism, and strategies for fouling mitigation. Besides, economic assessment of FO and MD processes is reviewed. Moreover, the challenges as well as future prospects of FO and MD applied in liquid food concentration are proposed and discussed. Comparing with conventional membrane-based or thermal-based technologies, FO and MD show outstanding advantages in high concentration rate, good concentrate quality, low fouling propensity, and low cost. Future efforts for liquid food concentration by FO and MD include (1) development of novel FO draw solution (DS); (2) understanding the effects of liquid food complex compositions on membrane fouling in FO and MD concentration process; and (3) fabrication of novel membranes and innovation of membrane module and process configuration for liquid food processing.     

Polyelectrolyte-promoted forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid process for dye wastewater treatment

Polyelectrolytes have proven their advantages as draw solutes in forward osmosis process in terms of high water flux, minimum reverse flux, and ease of recovery. In this work, the concept of a polyelectrolyte-promoted forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system was demonstrated and applied to recycle the wastewater containing an acid dye. A poly(acrylic acid) sodium (PAA-Na) salt was used as the draw solute of the FO to dehydrate the wastewater, while the MD was employed to reconcentrate the PAA-Na draw solution. With the integration of these two processes, a continuous wastewater treatment process was established. To optimize the FO-MD hybrid process, the effects of PAA-Na concentration, experimental duration, and temperature were investigated. Almost a complete rejection of PAA-Na solute was observed by both FO and MD membranes. Under the conditions of 0.48 g mL(-1) PAA-Na and 66 °C, the wastewater was most efficiently dehydrated yet with a stabilized PAA-Na concentration around 0.48 g mL(-1). The practicality of PAA-Na-promoted FO-MD hybrid technology demonstrates not only its suitability in wastewater reclamation, but also its potential in other membrane-based separations, such as protein or pharmaceutical product enrichment. This study may provide the insights of exploring novel draw solutes and their applications in FO related processes.     

Ultrafiltration in Food Processing Industry: Review on Application,Membrane Fouling,and Fouling Control

Ultrafiltration process has been applied widely in food processing industry for the last 20 years due to its advantages over conventional separation processes such as gentle product treatment, high selectivity, and lower energy consumption. Ultrafiltration becomes an essential part in food technology as a tool for separation and concentration. However, membrane fouling compromises the benefits of ultrafiltration as fouling significantly reduces the performance and hence increases the cost of ultrafiltration. Recent advances in this area show the various intensive studies carried out to improve ultrafiltration, focusing on membrane fouling control and cleaning of fouled membranes. Thus, this paper reviews recent developments in ultrafiltration process, focusing on fouling mechanisms of ultrafiltration membranes as well as the latest techniques used to counter membrane fouling.