退浆废水中自由基引发的聚乙烯醇交联沉淀研究

针对纺织印染工业退浆废水中含聚合度高且化学稳定性强的聚乙烯醇(PVA),是纺织工业水污染治理难点的现状,利用过硫酸盐能够引发自由基交联且氧化性强的优势,结合退浆废水高温排放的特点,使用热活化过硫酸盐体系通过自由基交联快速将PVA从废水中沉淀分离。考察了过硫酸盐投加量、反应时间、反应温度及p H值对PVA去除的影响。并利用电子顺磁共振谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等对交联沉淀物进行表征分析。结果表明:在过硫酸盐投加量为10 g/L、废水温度为70℃时,处理30 min后PVA即可有效交联沉淀,化学需氧量(COD)和PVA去除率分别可达95.1%和95.6%;过硫酸钾热活化主要产生硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基,PVA被自由基夺氢产生碳自由基,碳自由基相互结合可高效交联PVA并快速沉淀。     

生化法对聚乙烯醇退浆废水的处理研究

研究PVA相对耗氧速率及COD30的值，PVA退浆废水处理前后BOD5／CODCr比值的变化，退浆废水的生化处理效果及PVA加量和停留时间对废水生化处理的影响。     

膜蒸馏技术处理低放射性废水研究现状与应用

当前,在社会的发展过程中,作为严重缺水的国家,我国对水资源利用情况的关注度不断上升,本文介绍了低放射性废水处理现状、膜蒸馏技术以及用膜蒸馏技术处理低放射性废水的具体情况,以期通过对地方性废水进行膜蒸馏处理的方式,提升水资源利用率,希望能够给读者带来启发。     

PTFE中空纤维膜蒸馏高盐废水浓缩实验研究

文章选择工业生产中常见的含氯化钠（NaCl）高盐废水,以疏水性PTFE中空纤维膜组件为载体,采用真空膜蒸馏的方式进行浓缩处理实验研究,研究各操作条件对膜通量和截盐率的影响,并验证实验可行性。实验结果表明,膜下游侧压力增加,膜通量会逐渐降低;废水料液流量和料液温度的增加均有助于提高膜通量;废水料液浓度的增加,会抑制传质过程,降低膜通量。各操作条件对膜截盐率的影响很小,膜截盐率一直保持在99.8%以上,说明PTFE中空纤维膜蒸馏用于高盐废水浓缩具备可行性。     

酱油超滤过程的膜污染问题

本文对酱油超滤及超滤过程产生的膜污染问题进行了简要介绍。     

大豆蛋白超滤过程中膜清洗方法的研究

大豆蛋白超滤分离中膜污染主要是蛋白质、糖类、脂类和无机盐在膜面的吸附或沉淀引起的。本文对超滤法生产大豆蛋白过程中膜清洗的方法进行了研究。研究表明,关闭透过液出口,用去离子水冲洗、次氯酸钠的碱溶液清洗污染的膜;透过液出口打开,稀表面活性剂的碱溶液和稀酸液循环清洗超滤膜,能够较好的除去膜污染,恢复膜通量,膜通量恢复率在90%以上。     

大豆蛋白超滤过程中膜清洗方法的研究

大豆蛋白超滤分离中膜污染主要是蛋白质、糖类、脂类和无机盐在膜面的吸附或沉淀引起的。本文对超滤法生产大豆蛋白过程中膜清洗的方法进行了研究。研究表明,关闭透过液出口,用去离子水冲洗、次氯酸钠的碱溶液清洗污染的膜;透过液出口打开,稀表面活性剂的碱溶液和稀酸液循环清洗超滤膜,能够较好的除去膜污染,恢复膜通量,膜通量恢复率在90%以上。      

超滤设备的膜污染机理的研究

对超滤设备的膜污染进行了研究，提出了在阶段机理，并推导其数学模型，得到菠萝蛋白酶酶超滤提取的验证，和有关理论和相符合。     

含PVA退浆废水的处理技术

从物化法(包括膜分离技术和高级氧化技术)和生化法(包括高效降解菌法和厌氧好氧生化法)角度概述了含PVA退浆废水处理技术的研究现状和最新进展;介绍了各种方法处理PVA退浆废水的实例,并指出了他们的优缺点;最后展望了退浆废水处理技术的发展方向.     

Electrospinning of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanofibers Loaded with Hexadecane Nanodroplets

Abstract: The feasibility of producing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers containing fine-disperse hexadecane droplets by electrospinning a blend of hexadecane-in-water emulsions and PVA was investigated. Hexadecane oil-in-water nanoemulsions (d₁₀= 181.2 ± 0.1 nm) were mixed with PVA at pH 4.5 to yield polymer-emulsion blends containing 0.5 to 1.5 wt% oil droplets and 8-wt% PVA. The solution properties of emulsions and emulsion-PVA blends (viscosity, conductivity, surface tension) were determined. Solutions were electrospun and the morphology and thermal properties of deposited fiber mats characterized by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Fiber mats were dissolved in buffer to liberate incorporated hexadecane droplets and the buffer solutions analyzed by optical microscopy, UV-spectroscopy, and light scattering. Analysis of dry fiber mats and their solutions showed that emulsion droplets were indeed part of the electrospun fiber structures. Depending on the concentration of hexadecane in the initial emulsion-polymer blends, droplets were dispersed in the fibers as individual droplets or in form of aggregated flocs of hexadecane droplets. Nanofibers with spindle-like perturbations or nanofibers containing bead-like structures with approximately 5 times larger than the size of droplets in the original nanoemulsion were obtained. Remarkably, incorporation of hexadecane droplets in fibers did not alter size of individual droplets, that is, no coalescence occurred. The manufacture of solid matrix containing nanodroplets could be of substantial interest for manufacturers wishing to develop encapsulation system for lipophilic functional compounds such as lipid-soluble flavors, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and bioactives with tailored release kinetics. Practical Applications: The paper describes the formation of electrospun nanofibers from hydrophilic polymers that contain fine-disperse emulsion droplets. By incorporating emulsion droplets, a large variety of lipophilic ingredients can be easily loaded into the fibers’ hydrophilic polymer matrix. This is of practical importance as to date the only way to include a lipophilic ingredient in a nanofibers is by dissolving the lipophilic ingredient and polymer in an organic solvent followed by electrospinning. However, use of an organic solvent is (a) not feasible if one wants to electrospin hydrophilic polymers, and (b) use of organic solvents is generally highly undesirable in the food industry. Our results should be of interest to a number of industries such as the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and personal care industries that are generally in need of novel matrices that can serve as carrier vehicles and release functional components such as flavors, antimicrobials, antioxidants, drugs, and bioactives.     

胶原-聚乙烯醇水凝胶溶胀特性的研究

采用经化学改性的含羧基的聚乙烯醇、胶原为原料,经物理交联,即反复冻融法制备了胶原-聚乙烯醇水凝胶。研究了不同原料配比的胶原-聚乙烯醇水凝胶的溶胀动力学、pH敏感性及pH溶胀-消胀特性,并利用数学方程拟合的方法计算其平衡溶胀比,尽量减少了因样品溶胀不足或测量误差导致平衡溶胀比估算的不准确性,使所得数据更加科学准确。结果显示:制备的胶原-聚乙烯醇水凝胶具有很快的溶胀速率,如胶原含量为9.09%的4号水凝胶可在100min内达到90%的平衡溶胀率,且随着胶原含量的增加,溶胀速率随之加快;电解质可降低其平衡溶胀比;有一定的pH敏感性和pH溶胀-消胀特性,胶原含量的增加可使水凝胶的pH溶胀-消胀特性更加显著。     

水溶性聚乙烯醇纳米纤维毡的制备与表征

采用静电纺丝技术制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)纳米纤维毡,主要考察了纺丝液浓度和纺丝电压对静电纺纤维形成及其微观形貌的影响。实验结果表明:纺丝液的浓度对纤维的形成和形貌起着决定性作用,随着PVA质量分数的增加,在纺丝过程中纺丝液逐渐从液滴转变为均匀的纤维,纤维直径逐渐增加,当纺丝液的PVA质量分数为6%时,纤维形貌最佳;随着纺丝电压的提高,纤维平均直径先是有一定程度的降低,但随后降低幅度变得很小。通过实验确定了制备PVA纳米纤维毡的最佳工艺为:纺丝液的PVA质量分数6%,纺丝电压18kV,接收距离11cm,挤出速度0.5ml/h。     

部分醇解聚乙烯醇纤维的氢键结构

用不同醇解度的聚乙烯醇进行冻胶纺丝 ,得到了醇解度为 99.5 %、93%、86 %的聚乙烯醇纤维 ,研究了不同醇解度下纤维中的氢键及其对纤维力学性能的影响。结果表明 ,相对较低的醇解度可以有效控制纺丝过程中氢键的形成 ,提高易拉伸性和纤维的力学性能。     

Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐Based Film Potentially Suitable for Antimicrobial Packaging Applications

This work aimed at developing a thin and water‐resistant food‐grade poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)‐based matrix able to swell when in contact with high moisture content food products without rupturing to release antimicrobial agents onto the food surface. This film was prepared by blending PVOH and 7.20% (wt/wt of PVOH) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with citric acid as crosslinking agent. The film‐forming solution was then casted onto a flat surface and the obtained film was 60 μm in thickness and showed a good transparency (close to T = 100%) in the visible region (400 to 700 nm). After immersion in water for 72 h at room temperature, the crosslinked matrix loses only 19.2% of its original weight (the percentage includes the amount of unreacted crosslinking agent, antimicrobial in itself). Water content, degree of swelling, and crosslinking density of the film prove that the presence of PEG diminishes the hydrophilic behavior of the material. Also the mechanical properties of the wet and dry film were assessed. Alongside this, 2.5% (wt/wt of dry film) of grapefruit seed extract (GSE), an antimicrobial agent, was added to the film‐forming solution just before casting and the ability of the plastic matrix to release the additive was then evaluated in vitro against 2 GSE‐susceptible microorganisms, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria innocua. The results indicate that the developed matrix may be a promising food‐grade material for the incorporation of active substances.     

Physical and Swelling Properties of Spray‐Dried Powders made from Starch and Poly(vinyl alcohol)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) could be compatible in a powder for coating. Free films of a mixture of the polymers were produced by casting and investigated with respect to their mechanical properties and moisture uptake. The moisture uptake was substantially higher when glycerol was added and the glycerol‐containing films had a lower failure stress under tension than the corresponding glycerol‐free films. At glycerol levels of 20 wt% or above, the glycerol content resulted in a high strain to failure. Dry powders with and without glycerol were made from the starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions by spray drying. The powders were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to determine the degree of physical ageing or crystallinity. All powders showed a broad peak indicative of the melting of crystals at 100–150°C in the first scan, but this peak disappeared almost completely after rapid cooling. The glycerol‐free powder showed a small endothermic peak at about 45°C, indicating physical ageing of the powders during storage. Suspensions of the powders in a liquid plasticiser (glycerol or poly(ethylene glycol)) showed a sharp increase in storage modulus at a certain temperature, indicating the onset of swelling. The observed swelling meant that some of the powders are good candidates for plastisol coatings.     

氢键控制与聚醋酸乙烯醇解纺丝

介绍聚乙烯醇中分子间、分子内氢键定义和表征方法 ,讨论了残留的羧基与聚乙烯醇的构象及结晶度对氢键形成的影响 ,分析了聚醋酸乙烯分步醇解纺丝和直接醇解纺丝中氢键的形成与结晶度。指出 :有效控制氢键形成是制备高强高模PVA纤维的关键。     

Emerging forward osmosis and membrane distillation for liquid food concentration: A review

As emerging membrane technologies, forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD), which work with novel driving forces, show great potential for liquid food concentration, owing to their low fouling propensity and great driving force. In the last decades, they have attracted the attention of food industry scientists in global scope. However, discussions of the FO and MD in liquid food concentration advancement, membrane fouling, and economic assessment have been scant. This review aims to provide an up-to-date knowledge about liquid food concentration by FO and MD. First, we introduce the principle and applications of FO and MD in liquid food concentration, and highlight the effect of process on liquid food composition, membrane fouling mechanism, and strategies for fouling mitigation. Besides, economic assessment of FO and MD processes is reviewed. Moreover, the challenges as well as future prospects of FO and MD applied in liquid food concentration are proposed and discussed. Comparing with conventional membrane-based or thermal-based technologies, FO and MD show outstanding advantages in high concentration rate, good concentrate quality, low fouling propensity, and low cost. Future efforts for liquid food concentration by FO and MD include (1) development of novel FO draw solution (DS); (2) understanding the effects of liquid food complex compositions on membrane fouling in FO and MD concentration process; and (3) fabrication of novel membranes and innovation of membrane module and process configuration for liquid food processing.     

Transesterification by lipase entrapped in electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers and its application to a flow-through reactor

We entrapped lipase in electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers of approximately 1 mum in diameter and evaluated the transesterification activity by converting (s)-glycidol to glycidyl n-butyrate with vinyl n-butyrate. The initial transesterification rate of the entrapped lipase was 5.2-fold faster than that of non-treated lipase. The fibrous membrane could be used as a component of a flow-through reactor for continuous transesterification.