Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

Research Trends of Ecosystem Services From the Perspective of Landscape Planning—Summary on the 10th Ecosystem Services Partnership World Conference

The Ecosystem Services Partnership (ESP) Conference is one of the highest-level global academic conferences on ecosystem service (ES) research. Focusing on the research and practice of ES worldwide, ESP Conference offers an important way to grasp the cutting-edge knowledge for scholars and professionals. Currently, ES evaluation indicators and evaluation methods have been integrated the research and practice of landscape planning and design. This paper sorted out the break-out session themes at the 10th ESP Conference related to landscape planning and summarized the research presented in each session. It analyzed and summarized the research and practice hot spots from 3 perspectives: multiple landscape types, the application of ES in planning and management, and ES mapping and modeling. Finally, the paper offers insights on future interests of the application of ES research into landscape planning, including 1) exploring ES evaluation for multiple landscape types; 2) exploring the theoretical and practical frameworks for integrating ES Science into landscape planning; and 3) exploring integrated ES modeling and mapping tools for landscape planning and management.     

生态系统服务制图单元如何更好地支持风景园林规划设计？

若对生态系统服务（Ecosystem Services,简称ESs）制图单元没有清晰的认识,将有碍于ESs制图结果在风景园林实践中的应用水平。通过系统性评述,综述近11年106篇与ESs制图相关的SCI文章,并将现有ESs制图单元归纳为4种常见类型和3种单元规模。研究发现：在3种风景园林实践的尺度上,ESs制图单元表现出不同的选择优先性,以及对风景园林实践需求回应的不足。对于ESs制图单元的选择,提出3个实践尺度上可能的解决方法以更好地支持风景园林规划设计,包括：引入更多与土地利用单元细节相关的信息参与ESs制图或在明确的地块内进行ESs评估,基于地理/生物物理特征对土地利用单元进行细分以形成具有生态意义的空间单元,以及构建与现实中已有规划管理边界相对应且支持相关生态过程并包含完整生态系统的空间单元。研究结果能够为提升ESs知识在风景园林实践中的应用水平提供新的思路和借鉴。     

城市滨水空间生态系统服务供需匹配的空间智慧

当前生态系统服务空间性研究大多在区域或城市尺度上开展,风景园林生态实践的指导性较为有限,研究聚焦场地尺度,旨在从生态系统服务供需视角看待城市滨水空间的发展与规划设计实践。在已有生态系统服务供需方面文献爬梳的基础上,提出影响需求的三大因素及其需求类型的划分方法,甄别影响城市滨水空间生态系统服务供给能力的核心指标,选取上海苏州河市区段进行实证研究,采取田野调查法、文献研究法,并基于GIS进行需求目标与供给能力的空间制图。通过拟合分析比对创新性地提出指导城市滨水空间生态实践的三大空间智慧:1)基于需求目标研判制定发展策略的空间智慧;2)分段分类型供给满足存量更新需求的空间智慧;3)生态系统服务供需平衡转向匹配的空间智慧,为城市滨水空间的生态实践提出理论依据、评价标准及技术支撑。     

漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局演变必然影响生态系统服务供给,探讨二者关系,对于实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于1986、2001、2016年3期Landsat遥感影像,提取景观类型数据,分析漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：30年来林地一直是漓江流域的优势景观,面积增加,农田和水体减少,建设用地和裸地增加,草地先减后增;研究区生态服务价值持续增加,净增7.50亿元,林地对生态服务价值贡献率最大,是生态服务价值增加的主要来源,生态系统的调节、支持等服务性功能远大于生产和文化性功能;生态系统服务价值存在明显的空间分异,中间河谷地带低、四周山林地区高;优势斑块面积扩大、斑块间保持良好自然连通性,景观类型的均匀性、异质性降低有利于生态系统服务价值的增加。研究揭示了景观格局与生态服务变化的关系,可为漓江流域景观可持续管理提供科学参考。     

生态单元制图在城乡生物多样性保护中的研究

生态单元制图是基于生态单元分类系统划分和记录不同土地使用类型或土地覆盖类型的过程。文章旨在通过分析融入植被结构因子的生态单元制图模型在城乡生物多样性保护中的研究,以期为我国以生物多样性为导向的城市绿地规划提供理论依据和实践方法。     

城市化背景下的小城市景观格局变化分析——以浙江省乐清市为例

中小城市是今后吸纳城市化人口的重要组分,理解其格局与过程对城市可持续发展至关重要。景观格局的时空变化是探索城市化驱动力、城市化对环境—经济—社会影响的基础。研究基于景观生态学原理,利用长三角小城市——乐清市2005年—2009年连续五年的土地利用类型矢量数据,分析各年份土地利用变化,并运用Arc GIS内嵌Patch Analysis软件进行景观格局指数计算,从斑块类型水平和景观水平对景观格局变化进行了分析。结果显示,在斑块类型水平上,五年间建设用地面积大幅增加,其他用地类型破碎化程度加剧,?本连通度较高的林地越来越分散。在景观水平上,景观结构趋于破碎化,斑块形状更加复杂,将此结果与全球多个中小城市进行比较,这为研究城市化驱动下生态系统功能变化提供基础信息与依据。     

基于区域生态系统健康评估的土地利用 规划研究——以北京市为例

健康的区域生态系统能持续提供生态系统服务,是实现城市可持续发展的基础。同时,城市土地利用直接影响区域生态系统的健康状态,因此如何在健康视角下合理规划与协调城市土地利用方式,成为风景园林与城市规划领域的重点研究课题。以北京市为例,基于2007和2017年的土地利用类型,采用CA-Markov模型对2027年自然发展、快速发展、多目标保护和森林建设4种土地利用情景进行预测,统筹生态系统的物理健康与功能健康评价,构建区域生态系统健康评估框架,探讨4种土地利用情景下更健康的城市土地利用规划新方法。结果表明,与2017年健康状态相比,北京市快速发展情景的区域生态系统健康评估结果呈现负值,其他情景下均呈现良好的增长趋势,森林建设情景下增长最为明显。坚持生态优先、绿色发展、集约化发展建设用地和加强森林建设,可大幅提升区域生态系统的健康状态。     

景观生态网络规划：由空间结构优先转向生态系统服务提升的生态空间体系构建

城市扩张带来的生境破坏及生态系统服务水平下降导致城市生态风险加剧。景观生态网络规划成为解决这一矛盾并响应国家生态文明政策的主要途径。基于对现有景观生态网络规划方法及其不足的梳理,提出构建以生态系统服务绩效提升为目标,基于融合功能与结构空间优先级的景观生态网络整体优化的概念与方法框架。该框架回应了国土空间规划体系下对生态空间体系规划的新需求,并强调了4个核心策略：基于城市生态问题的关键生态系统服务诊断、整合生态资源供给与人类社会需求的生态源识别、遵循生态系统服务交付过程并结合城市发展规划的廊道提取与网络结构修正、兼顾网络功能与结构价值最大化的生态用地多情景开发,以探索适应城市扩张、提高生态系统服务绩效的生态网络规划路径。     

The role of the spatial dimension within the framework of sustainable landscapes and natural capital

A new paradigm of Natural Capital and Sustainable Landscapes has been suggested. It implies the integration of economic, environmental and social-cultural qualities in a physical setting while focusing on functions in terms of goods and services for people. Due to its anthropocentric perspective it pays less attention to landscape structure and spatial arrangement compared to the widely applied patch-matrix concept. The matrix of land use elements provides the key to understanding land use systems and land use changes and it can play an important role in understanding land use pattern and their dynamics. But one of the remaining constraints for a direct application of landscape ecological concepts in practice is the lack of agreed ways to combine environmental, socio-economic and societal/cultural views. This paper examines both paradigms, asking: does the spatial arrangement of land use types add specific qualities beyond statistical measures of their existence and quantity? For instance, can a landscape be sustainable, as long as 20% of the land use is extensive, 10% is protection area, etc., no matter where the respective patches are, which typical size and shape they have, how connected patches are and how often incompatible land use types are adjacent? This paper elucidates spatial concepts for sustainable landscapes with an emphasis on the role of GIS.     

波士顿大都会区的情景规划：探索城市未来发展的环境和社会影响

波士顿大都市区城市长期生态研究区（BMA-ULTRA-EX）项目是一个跨学科的项目,正在研究对城市生态系统有影响的社会经济和生物物理领域。波士顿地区正在经历着的城乡结合部的低密度城市扩张（郊区化）对自然资源和环境产生了一定的影响。与此同时,像波士顿这样的中心城市,伴随着商业中心和交通枢纽附近的有限的加密开发（致密）,一些低收入社区正在面临着经济的衰落。这些社会经济力量竞争过程中的郊区化、致密化和撤资也对城市生态环境系统产生影响。通过景观规划措施来解决这些问题,需要一个积极主动的做法,将目前建成的土地集中发展,而在边缘郊区保护自然资源,同时在当前高密度的城市核心区增加绿化并提高生态系统服务功能。通过这种景观规划方法,研究小组利用一个利益相关者驱动的过程,制定出一套4个情景规划方案来探索区域的未来。描述了这个利益相关者参与的规划过程,并进行初步分析,最后,为其他从事情景规划的景观规划师们总结了项目的经验。     

融合生态系统服务的城乡土地利用规划：概念框架与实施途径

土地利用变化通过影响生态格局和过程,改变生态系统服务能力并深刻影响人类的福祉。通过探讨城乡土地利用与生态系统服务的相互关系,从结合生态系统服务识别与量化的规划分析、融入生态系统服务权衡与协同的规划内容、关联社会网络的公众参与机制、提升生态系统服务的土地管制政策4个方面,尝试构建引入生态系统服务的城乡土地利用规划概念框架。通过将生态服务功能与不同尺度的城乡土地利用规划内容相结合,提出生态系统服务与传统城乡土地利用规划的融合途径。     

重庆梁平区景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局及其变化是生态系统服务价值(ESV)调控的关键因素之一,关系着区域生态安全和可持续发展.以梁平区1999、2009和2018年遥感影像为源数据,运用景观格局指数、ESV评估模型、热点分析等方法研究景观格局和ESV时空变化特征,并在此基础上探讨景观格局演变对ESV的影响.结果 表明:(1) 1999-2018年,...     

REFLECTIONS ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICE RESEARCH

Through literature review, this article introduces milestones, current situation and focuses, and trends of the ecosystem service research, which concentrates recently on classification, value evaluation, identification of bundles, balance, synergy, and flow simulation of ecosystem services, and their role in decisionmaking optimization. The research involves several disciplines related to social-ecological interactions, for which the collaboration between different disciplines may facilitate the research by comprehensive considerations on more natural and social factors. In addition, ecosystem service value evaluation provides not only basic information and data for preliminary planning and design, but also a direct evidence for decision-making in social, economic, and management affairs. As a result, more diverse estimation methods should be explored for converting physical amounts into value amounts in ecosystem service value evaluation. Finally, this article proposes that by strengthening research and application of the cascade framework of ecosystem services, landscape architects may play a more important role in ecological construction.     

Systems,habitats or places: evaluating the potential role of landscape character assessment in operationalising the ecosystem approach

A key challenge for research and practice is to understand how the ecosystem approach can be rolled out in spatial planning, management and decision-making. Any framework used to apply the ecosystem approach needs to not only be environmentally coherent but also socially meaningful. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and case studies, this paper examines the potential role of one place-based approach, landscape character assessment, as a medium to ensure socio-ecological relevance in operationalising the ecosystem approach. Our findings show that although place-based approaches have value as frameworks for distilling the ecosystem approach into a manageable form, their ecological relevance is a subject of debate. However, the potential relationship between landscape character, function and ecosystem services presented a powerful pathway for operationalising the ecosystem approach. The ecosystem approach may, in turn, complement landscape character assessment by providing a framework for exploring the functional dimension of landscape condition.     

景观生态评价技术在小城镇总体规划中的运用——以《广州市花都区炭步镇总体规划》为例

当前,小城镇在发展过程中存在城乡环境恶化、土地资源浪费、难以对整体生态格局进行有效控制等问题,可运用景观生态理念和评价技术,通过生态敏感性、生态安全性和用地适宜性分析,对全镇域景观生态系统进行评价论证,作为指导小城镇总体规划编制的重要依据.在<广州市花都区炭步镇总体规划>中,景观生态评价结论主要用于指导城镇空间布局、城...     

Large-scale Spatial Patterns in Species Richness of Orthoptera in the Greater London Area,United Kingdom: Relationships with Land Cover

This paper explores species richness of insects of the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) along spatial gradients defined using remotely sensed land cover data for an area of 5600?km² centred on the city of London. The number of species within grid-squares of a national atlas, controlled for recording effort, declined along composite multivariate spatial gradients representing landscapes with increasing dominance of arable and urban land uses, yet was uncorrelated with the area of an individual land cover representing cultivated land, and only weakly correlated with a second land cover representing urban development. Few orthopteran species reside directly within either arable crops or non-vegetated urban land covers. Thus, whilst the areas of the individual land covers are intuitively sensible (and simple) measures of agricultural and urban cover respectively, their areas do not capture ecologically relevant information about variation in the composition of the uncultivated and non-urban land cover matrices within which the species actually reside. The results illustrate the advantages of using multivariate data reduction techniques (such as the Principle Components Analysis applied here) to describe spatial gradients in the extent of agricultural and urban influence. Relatively few landscape scale studies have focused on insects and the present study illustrates a) the potential for using Orthoptera to explore issues of biodiversity in the landscape and to monitor impacts of land use via analysis of large-scale spatial patterns from national species distribution atlases combined with remotely sensed land cover, and b) the importance of selecting appropriate measures of land use which incorporate information on the complex mix of land cover types utilised by the species under investigation.     

德国景观规划的价值逻辑、法律框架及启示

German landscape planning has gathered many experiences and become an outstandingly working system of the nation’s territorial spatial planning. By reviewing its history, values, and legal framework, this paper summarizes the experience of German landscape planning and draws conclusions for its success into four logics: 1) the normative basis for the evaluation and deduction of objectives is transparent and stems primarily from ethical and cultural values; 2) social development needs are considered in the overall spatial planning and local participation processes; 3) planning methods include ways to effective implementation; and 4) the principle of subsidiary and the scale effect of landscape processes are considered. These logics are reflected and guaranteed by the German legislation. With a profound understanding of China’s reality, the authors argue that China needs more efforts to further separate the right to use and the revenues from the ownership of the spatial resources, and build a balancing mechanism for public-private interest negotiation to ensure the fairness of planning; In addition to enriching the evaluation standards and methodological standards for territorial spatial planning, a greater attention should be given to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of public participation at lower planning levels by establishing respective routines of bottom up initiatives and processes; Within the “Five- Level and Three-Type Framework,” China should introduce cross-level and cross-regional planning coordination mechanism that facilitates the paid supply and compensation mechanism of ecological public goods like ecosystem services.     

QUANTIFYING THE CARBON STORAGE CAPACITY AND ITS SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF GREEN SPACES IN A METROPOLITAN AREA: A CASE STUDY OF SEOUL,SOUTH KOREA

As a significant habitat type in cities, green spaces can provide various ecosystem services. Among them, the carbon storage of green spaces would effectively alleviate greenhouse effect, which is particularly important under the global warming. Due to difficulities in accessing high-resolution spatial data, previous research has summarized green spaces into different land use types to calculate carbon storage. However, since different vegetation communities have different characteristics, carbon storage capacities of green spaces vary. Focusing on the Seoul City, South Korea, this research aims at exploring the carbon storage capacities of varied green spaces and its distribution patterns. Based on the high-resolution habitat data of Seoul City in 2005 and 2015, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model is used to estimate and visualize the carbon storage capacities of 17 types of green spaces to reveal the distribution patterns of carbon storage of different communities in the city’s green spaces. This study not only provides a scientific basis for ecological protection practices and sustainable land planning and management in Seoul and other similar regions, but also offers a reference for urban ecosystem service assessment and green space renewal strategy development in China.