主编寄语

Through his recent visits to three cities facing severe and challenging living environment, the author had a deeper insight into the symbiosis between human and nature. In Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, urban construction practices against floods and for water supply encroach on natural ecological infrastructure, resulting in the exhaustion of local water resource, city sinking, and erased indigenous cultural landscape of floating gardens. In Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, where water bodies are heavily polluted, scarce urban parks become the only refuge for citizens. Finally in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, estuary gates built to block floods invade the once prosperous canals, accelerating the decline of floating communities and markets and exacerbating traffic congestion and air pollution. Learning from these cases, cities must become better at territorial spatial planning and have the foresight to develop and grow while preserving and improving existing ecosystems. Essentially, territorial spatial planning and ecological restoration is to work with and by nature that would provide generous ecosystem services for humans, and, eventually, to increase people’s well-being and enhance cities’ development of sustainability.     

国土空间规划体系中 景观设计学科与行业的困惑及机遇

A true understanding of Ecological Civilization Construction is key to comprehend the connotation and goals of China’s territorial spatial planning, which echoes the ideological keynote of the country’s upgrade of socio-economic development mode. Missioned as a means to public policy making, territorial spatial planning develops roadmaps for Ecological Civilization Construction by addressing macro spatial governance problems such as the shortage of resources, severe environmental pollution, and ecosystem degradation. Furthermore, the author interprets the relationship between ecological restoration and territorial spatial planning system, and argues that the territorial spatial planning system should employ a macro-medium-micro hierarchy in scale while focusing on life-circle ecological restoration planning and implementation. In addition to the necessity of developing crossadministrative border plans, the author emphasizes the importance of multi-disciplinary cooperation. Then, he points out that "The Two Assessment Standards" should value regional characteristics and avoid to indiscriminately apply planning and design patterns in different cases. Finally, the author puts forward suggestions to practitioners in Landscape Architecture and other allied professions to prepare themselves by selfretraining with new concepts, methodologies, and technologies to be more competent for the contemporary needs of territorial spatial planning.     

LA PKU’S RESEARCH ON CHINA’S TRADITIONAL ECO-WISDOM AND RELATED APPLICATION IN CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGN

Since 1997, LA PKU has conducted a series of studies on China’s traditional ecological wisdom and related application in contemporary landscape planning and design. This paper first reviews the background and the course of LA PKU’s research: In early years, they studied on Feng-shui and vernacular landscapes that stemmed from their understanding and response to local natural and human processes in planning and design practice; In 2006, Kongjian Yu proposed the concept that Landscape Architecture is a discipline concentrating on the art of survival, which has greatly promoted the study and revival of traditional eco-wisdom, not only providing a historical base for the modern development of Landscape Architecture, but also applying the research results in responding to contemporary environmental and ecological problems; In 2014, developed upon the achievement on the art of survival, LA PKU further explored the deep form of China’s traditional landscapes by studying local spatial forms and design strategies on micro- and site-scales and translating such ecological solutions into China’s contemporary landscape design. The paper also reviews on LA PKU’s important research results over the past two decades, including traditional agricultural landscapes, vernacular settlements, and traditional water-adaptive landscapes.     

THOUGHTS ON ECOLOGICAL WATERSHED PLANNING UNDER THE TERRITORIAL SPATIAL PLANNING

The author firstly points out several problems that commonly exist in China’s watersheds and the urgent need for multidisciplinary collaboration in ecological planning. The theories and practices on watershed ecological planning are reviewed respectively from the aspects of waterway planning, natural river and wetland protection, ecological baseflow recovery, nonpoint source pollution reduction, and biodiversity protection. The author suggests that if we could reserve multi-functional ecological zone in the new territorial spatial planning by multidisciplinary collaboration, ecological goals including flood control, water quality improvement, ecological base flow provision, and biodiversity protection could be achieved. In this comprehensive solution, only when water bodies and associated habitats such as the ground and underground, upstream and downstream, and rivers and banks are coordinated as a whole, it will generate multiple ecological benefits. Finally, the author believes that planners and designers have the ability to solve ecological problems. To fulfill this vision, we must call for collaboration between land planning and ecological watershed planning in the process of territorial spatial planning.     

国土空间规划体系中 控制性规划的生态拓展——以北京市门头沟区为例

The current reform of China’s territorial spatial planning system is with profound expectation. Key to the implementation of spatial plans, regulatory detailed planning needs an improvement in preparation methods, indicator systems, coordination, and feasibility, etc. More work is urgently needed to make up the deficiencies of land use regulation and ecological restoration of territorial spaces. This paper devises methods for the ecological extension of regulatory planning with the theory of ecological security pattern. With Mentougou District in Beijing as a case study, this paper demonstrates the methods and roadmaps for ecological extension through land use control and community control and management. By analyzing the conflicts of ecological security and construction activities with a balancing mechanism, this study improves ecological control zoning and formulates regulatory principles and indicators. A thoughtful paradigm of preparation methods for the ecological extension of regulatory planning thus comes into being, which would offer references for the implementation and precise regulation of territorial spatial planning in China’s era of Ecological Civilization.     

Thoughts on Synergetic Development of Watershed Management and Regional Economy

Zhu Qingping, the interviewee, is a prominent expert in China’s watershed management. Starting with the modes of China’s watershed management and the changes of water management philosophy, Zhu emphasizes that watershed management often involves various factors, including public resources, infrastructure construction, ecosystems, historical and cultural traditions, and population, all of which shall be taken into consideration as a whole. The interview then goes to the management of the Yellow River Basin, where Zhu explains the impacts between river flows and urban development, suggests a great opportunity for development the cities in the lower reaches of Yellow River Basin have, and proposes an idea of building a national ecological and cultural belt along the river. He further argues that watershed management requires collaborations across industries, disciplines, and administrative regions and divisions. He also believes that public engagement and maintenance plays an important role in watershed management and an intelligent water / watershed management system needs to be established by networking integrated big-data platforms to facilitate a more intelligent and coordinated water resource management while better ensuring water security at varied scales.     

德国景观规划的价值逻辑、法律框架及启示

German landscape planning has gathered many experiences and become an outstandingly working system of the nation’s territorial spatial planning. By reviewing its history, values, and legal framework, this paper summarizes the experience of German landscape planning and draws conclusions for its success into four logics: 1) the normative basis for the evaluation and deduction of objectives is transparent and stems primarily from ethical and cultural values; 2) social development needs are considered in the overall spatial planning and local participation processes; 3) planning methods include ways to effective implementation; and 4) the principle of subsidiary and the scale effect of landscape processes are considered. These logics are reflected and guaranteed by the German legislation. With a profound understanding of China’s reality, the authors argue that China needs more efforts to further separate the right to use and the revenues from the ownership of the spatial resources, and build a balancing mechanism for public-private interest negotiation to ensure the fairness of planning; In addition to enriching the evaluation standards and methodological standards for territorial spatial planning, a greater attention should be given to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of public participation at lower planning levels by establishing respective routines of bottom up initiatives and processes; Within the “Five- Level and Three-Type Framework,” China should introduce cross-level and cross-regional planning coordination mechanism that facilitates the paid supply and compensation mechanism of ecological public goods like ecosystem services.     

城市需要怎样的儿童基础设施—儿童权利导向型城市空间建设

This article reviews the concepts of child rights and Child Friendly City at first and underlines that essentially Child Friendly City construction is to protect and guarantee child rights. By examining China’s reality of the design practice for children, the author points out that to build a Child Friendly City, two challenges must be addressed: interpreting child rights in different societal and cultural contexts, and mitigating interest conflicts between the protection of child rights with the current urban construction. In response, the author emphasizes the importance to build child’s infrastructure that is devised to serve varied scenarios, purposes, and childhoods, as well as the fact that this is not a once-forall investment but requires an evolving planning mechanism. Finally, the article states that children’s participation is the key to Child Friendly City construction and the greatest challenge to local implementation, which asks for long-term capacity building for children’s participation and strong support by a top-down management system.     

STUDY OF URBAN GREENWAY PLANNING BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL POTENTIAL AND USER BEHAVIORS — THE GREENWAY ROUTE PLANNING OF HAIDIAN DISTRICT,BEIJING

Urban greenways play a key role to a city’s nonautomobile commuting and help alleviate traffic congestion. Currently, China’s greenway planning research and practice focuses mostly on suburban areas where greenways provide ecological, historical, cultural, and recreational services, while fewer studies explore urban greenways that serve citizens’ daily non-automobile commuting and recreational needs. Compared with suburban ones, urban greenways often face more spatial limits in the built-up areas and need to respond to more challenging demands. Supported by multisource data and the rise of big data technologies, this research explores the methods of urban greenway route planning that are underpinned through GIS spatial analyses (potential evaluation on spatial construction conditions of greenways) and big-data-based user behavior analyses (of citizens’ daily use of greenways). Demonstrating the authentic planning case for Haidian District, Beijing, the research proposes a series of construction strategies to urban corridors of roads, waterways, and railways, respectively, which integrate green spaces with non-automobile system, in order to improve the services of linear spaces in cities.     

合作生产理念下的社区实践研究——伦敦和长沙案例分析

Co-production, the process where the citizens and the government co-produce the public services, is an essential innovative model on national-social resources integration in the field of Public Administration, responding to the global fiscal austerity. Since the beginning of the 21st century, co-production has become the research hotspot abroad in such fields as urban governance, community governance, and urban planning. There is an absence of studies on the application of co-production in the community planning practices in China. Thus, in-depth exploration on the co-production valuing the whole-process participation is expected. After reviewing the domestic and foreign literature, the author first introduces the connotation of co-production, reviews its key theory implications, and then discusses the roles and forms of co-production in the community planning and community governance practices based on the case study of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and the Fengquan Gujing Community in Changsha City. The research comes up with three suggestions to the current problems in China’s community planning practices: 1) fostering the self-organizations by viewing “the producers as consumers”; 2) empowering communities with “content innovations”; and 3) encouraging value integration with inclusiveness of public values and private values.     

山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准建设探析

20世纪90年代以来,我国经济持续高速增长,伴随而来的是对矿产、森林、土地、水资源等自然资源过度的开发利用,导致我国部分地区生态系统严重退化。为从根本解决生态退化问题,国家自2016年以来,在全国范围内选择25个试点省份,先后组织开展了一系列山水林田湖草生态保护修复系统治理工程,拟由原来的单项工程整治转变为以山水林田湖草等多种自然资源要素构成的自然生态恢复治理为导向的保护修复。然而,由于目前国家没有制定统一的山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准,导致在工程调查、勘查、设计、施工、监理、验收、绩效评价等多个环节出现无统一依据可循、工程预算编制不科学、项目推进迟缓、工程无法验收、绩效无法合理评价等一系列问题的出现。作者从参与该项工程的具体实践入手,对制定山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准进行深入分析,提出了尽快研制山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准的建议,以促进该工程尽快推进实施。     

A DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONAL IMPROVEMENT FOR ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION AND LANDSCAPE GOVERNANCE IN CHINA

With the development of landscape discipline and governance theories, “landscape governance” has become a new frontier of inter-disciplinary research, and is considered a sub-topic and extension of “environmental governance.” Institution is an important factor to the development of landscape governance theory and practice. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, the construction of Ecological Civilization has marked itself a new milestone for its systematic top-down design and institution-oriented efforts. At the same time, the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013 proposed to improve the contemporary national governance system and capacity, and took governance as a new means to evaluate state capacities and state-society relations. Both of them will significantly impact landscape planning, design, protection, and management in China. This article reviews the evolution of western landscape governance theories driven by 1) the emphasis on the spatial scale effect of landscape; 2) the exploration of the regional variety of cultural and collective identities of local landscapes; and 3) the emphasis on the practice of landscape governance. It also examines the opportunities in China’s landscape governance brought by the institutional improvement of Ecological Civilization, which might help: resolve the inherent conflicts that cause the existing environmental and ecological problems; enhance China’s capacity on landscape governance; establish a new land-use management system with a greater ecological security and broader ecosystem services; endow landscapes with more public benefits; cultivate a civil society and democracy in landscape governance; and, influence the education and research of Landscape Architecture in multiple dimensions. Finally, the article proposes roadmaps for China’s landscape governance at both global and national scales.     

LAFENTERPRISES’ ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN CONSTRUCTION OF RESILIENT URBAN WATER SYSTEMS IN CHINESE CITIES

This article focuses on enterprises’ role and responsibility in improving urban resilience of water environment of Chinese cities, starting with the research efforts of Beijing Enterprises Water Group in recent years, the application of water pollution remediation technologies, then to the current status, key tasks, and problems in China’s water environmental remediation, as well as how to change people’s awareness of grey water facilities and infrastructures and promote public engagement. Mao Jianhua, the interviewee, argues that it is important to understand that the regional situations vary in China, water environmental problems are complicated resultants of industrial structure, infrastructure construction, and social management; to deal with China’s water environmental issues, we shall develop phased roadmaps combining with social-economic development. He believes that a working water environmental remediation is guaranteed by grey infrastructures and is facilitated or improved by ecological infrastructures. He also emphasizes that public engagement plays a decisive role in improving the resilience and sustainability of urban water environment.     

Exploration on Ecological Restoration Model for the Improvement of Ecosystem Services of Yellow River Floodplains —A Case Study of Zhengzhou Yellow River Floodplain Park Planning and Design

The Yellow River Basin is one of the greatest and most important ecological barrier and economic belt in China. When the Yellow River Basin is seen as an ecosystem in whole, the floodplains in the lower reaches are critical to the basin’s health and biodiversity. However, due to the extreme complexity of the natural environment of the floodplains, current flood control policies, long-term agricultural activities, and extensive rural construction and production dikes, the river ecosystem has suffered from considerable damage and a serious decline of ecosystem services. In the planning and design project of the Zhengzhou Yellow River Floodplain Park, the characteristics of the lower, intermediate, and higher floodplains have been carefully identified, site-specific ecological restoration measures for each floodplain type were implemented, highlighting the authenticity and natural qualities and improving the overall ecosystem services. In addition, a slow traffic system and innovative industries along the Yellow River are introduced to enable high-quality cultural perception and recreational experience of the improved ecosystem services, promote green production and lifestyle. These measures help make the Yellow River a river that truly benefit the locals. In the context of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River, as a national agenda, the ecological restoration planning strategies proposed in this article provides a reference for the development of ecological management and green economy in other sections of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.     

欧洲采矿废弃地景观恢复经验及对中国的启示

采矿废弃地所造成的资源浪费、生态退化及文化遗失等突出问题已受到国内外广泛关注,在生态文明建设指引和新时期发展需求的双重背景下,如何将采矿废弃地视为一种景观资源,重新赋予其生态、经济、文化、美学价值成为全新命题.总结欧洲发达国家在该领域积累的成功经验,对解决中国同类型问题具有重要借鉴和启示意义.首先,从法律法规和运营机制...     

基于多规合一的太湖风景区木渎景区 土地利用规划研究

风景区作为国土生态资源空间和独特的保护地类型,其土地利用规划是中国空间规划体系中的重要一环。针对古镇型风景区中自然与人文资源并重、游赏与生活功能交织、风景区与城镇用地兼具等现实问题与矛盾,基于多规合一,提出通过确定景源利用导向进行景源评价"合一"、整合风景区用地分类进行用地属性"合一"和建立多措施协同机制进行区域管理"合一",构建以木渎景区为代表的古镇型风景区的土地利用规划体系,为古镇型风景区保护和发展提供"一张蓝图"。     

“绿图”导引下的城乡结合部绿色空间保护——浅析美国城市绿图计划

“绿图”是一种图示管理城市周边自然环境资源及优质耕地,引导城市空间合理拓展的方法,在美国被广泛应用于城乡绿色空间保护计划,极具借鉴价值。文章以华盛顿州金县绿图计划为线索展开：（1）城乡结合部环境保护管控,绿图计划缘起、研究对象及空间规划核心;（2）绿图规划过程及关键环节,土地利用识别与归类——优先保护区鉴定与策略制订,生态网络构建——绿色枢纽、廊道的选择与空间模式优化,生态服务功能提升——复合功能廊道建设与退化区生态恢复;（3）绿图计划实施途径保障及多权属主体合作。结合国情,文章尝试归纳出可供借鉴的城乡结合部绿色空间保护规划思路与方法。     

美国国家公园环境解说的规划管理及启示

在国家公园还未建立时,“解说”一词就被用于描述人类对自然资源及环境的感受。随着国家公园在全世界的陆续建立,环境解说逐渐被视为游人了解公共资源的重要途径。美国国家公园管理局将环境解说定义为：通过向公众提供难忘的教育和游憩体验,在保护资源的同时通过某些方式将这些资源不经受损的保留下来,为将来世代提供同样的享用机会。美国国家公园体系的环境解说一般包括两大部分,解说规划和解说管理。综合解说规划是美国国家公园所有解说及教育服务的基础,规定解说的形式、内容等。解说管理则从能力技巧、服务要求、合作伙伴三个方面提出要求、制定实施细则和评估体系等。我国于2013年提出建立国家公园体制,并于2015年开始国家公园体制试点工作。中国国家公园的核心内涵可总结为两点：保护自然文化资源原生性及生态系统完整性、为世代公众提供享受自然感知自然的平等权利。中国国家公园环境解说应（1）以保护资源环境、激发大众自然观形成为价值准绳;（2）以环境解说的原则统领各利益相关者;（3）制定环境解说专项规划及管理计划;（4）建立多领域合作的解说规划工作模式;（5）在国家公园管理机构中设置环境解说教育专项部门;（6）建立多主体合作的网络结构。     

融合生态服务与游憩功能的城郊绿色基础设施用地系统规划 研究 ——以眉山市岷东新区非集中建设区为例

城郊绿色基础设施兼具城乡生态 服务与游憩功能,孤立或对立审视此二功能 会导致过度开发或机械被动保护,有机融合 则会促进城郊自然环境资源的高效保护与利 用。结合文献研究与案例分析,论文详细阐 释了融合生态服务与游憩功能的绿色基础设 施用地规划理念及技术方法：一、目标定位, 融合资源保护、生态服务、游憩休闲等复合目 标;二、现状分析,甄别绿色基础设施用地 保护要素与空间格局;三、功能设置环节,因 地植入维护要素系统自然生态过程的游憩功 能;四、用地组织层面,带动游憩产业发展的 同时提升其支持、供给、调节、文化四大生态 功能服务水平。     

存量发展背景下英国生态资源保护创新 借鉴研究

以英国存量更新风景园林实践为基础,运用扎根理论结合问题导向的跨学科分析,对生态资源保护进行政策、规范、技术理论研究,得出以下结论：从各级政策到工程规范,生态资源保护目标一致,主体逻辑相似重叠,层级间的结合对接紧密;存量更新项目中生态资源的特征、变化、补偿、价值是英国规划考评中风景园林与生态层面的关键;按地方生态资源发展需求建立跨学科团队,上下层级及平行联动的合作模式确保了治理目标的务实落地;空间规划体系中生态资源管控链条成熟,是政策治理走向效能落地的核心。面向中国未来空间规划治理,创新提出“政策叠合下放-地方管控升级-技术对接规划-学科阶段联动”的借鉴思路,为促进生态资源保护治理的有效落地作出贡献。