DESIGNING A RESILIENT WATERSCAPE USING A LIVING LAB AND CATALYZING POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE

The both polycentric governance and Living Labs concepts are based on decentralized participatory planning, co-design, and decisionmaking. While the concept of Living Lab is still emerging, the Isar-Plan (2000 ~ 2011) pioneered the approach for selecting, co-designing, and implementing nature-based solutions along the Isar River in Munich, Germany. Despite multiple governing authorities involved in the decisionmaking process of the Isar-Plan, the polycentric governance that led to the success of the project has to date not been analyzed. This paper presents the results of an ex-post-analysis of the Isar-Plan restoration planning process based on stakeholder interviews and a literature review. The contribution describes the evolution of Isar-Plan governance arrangements and discusses the Living Lab approaches to cooperative governance. The analysis demonstrates how polycentricity facilitated trust, learning, and the co-design of a resilient waterscape. The paper concludes that Living Labs can be a way of applying polycentric governance when autonomous and multi-scale decision-makers are collaboratively involved in the design of policy solutions, and vice-versa.     

城市道路绿化建设中的问题思考和建议—— 以杭州为例

以城市道路绿化建设为研究对象,调查研究杭州城市道路绿化,并思考绿化建设中的问题,分析由于道路断面设计、市政设施排布不合理等而影响道路绿化种植和良好道路绿化景观形成的原因,并提出相应对策;同时提出重视道路绿化与周边环境的融合、树种选择及配置、提升园林人的专业素养等问题,尽量减少道路工程中影响道路绿化的不利因素,为道路绿化植物创造合理的生长空间,更好地服务于道路功能,以期为今后城市道路绿化建设提供借鉴参考。     

谈城市的道路绿化

分析了乔木、地被植物、灌木等绿色植物在绿化建设中如何进行选择,阐述了行道树种植的设计形式及城市干道上植物的配置形式,以期对园林工作提供指导,促进城市道路绿化工作的不断发展。     

STAyING ALIVE: STREET TREE SURVIVAL IN THE INNER-CITy1

A study was conducted from 1978 to late 1984 of the survival of inner-city street trees planted by the Oakland, California urban forestry program. The tree survival rate of approximately 60 to 70 percent from the trees planted in neighborhood parkways through urban forestry sponsored block parties contrasted sharply with less than one percent survival of trees planted earlier by the Model Cities program without community participation or ceremonial plantings. Explanations for the high tree survival were tested using participant observation, interviews with residents, and a small panel. Tree survival was not found to be related to the explanations provided by urban forestry ideology; namely, that residents had been educated to hold both instrumental and expressive values toward trees. Rather, the explanation appeared to be the function of an unintended solution to the issue of parkway ownership. The tree planting process which included species selection meetings and tree planting ceremonies tended to define the parkway trees as a resident's property, thus decreasing the significance of the parkway-property barrier. The generality of the Oakland illustration is discussed.     

迈向绿色大都会

香港特别行政区在市区绿化方面,有扮演着绿肺角色的市区公园、新发展的新市镇公园及经过复修的新市镇绿化景观、以"密植法"大量种植开花植物于主要道路两旁、采用可移动花盆等种植方法及在人造斜坡的美化工作等;在新界绿化方面则主要包括作为康乐、保育、教育及游憩活动用途的郊野公园和湿地公园;在教育及社区参与方面,则有各项的学校及社区绿化活动.为了加强现有的市区树木的管理,正在建立一套比较完善的树木资料库.     

两种文明的斗争: 基于自然的解决方案

Conflicts, upon the author’s four experiences, exist between the methods, technologies, and world views of ecological and industrial civilizations. The movement against the channelization of the Shuangyuan Stream in Dali City, Yunnan Province failed to rescue the loss of natural assets that have accumulated for tens of thousands of years. Due to the indifference to the protest from environmentalists and scholars, Beijing’s river channelization projects resulted in severe damages to the city’s ecological resilience. A same conflict occurred over the anti-seepage project of Yuanmingyuan Park in Beijing, which marked a beginning of China’s “nature-based solutions.” Moreover, the heavy storm attacked Beijing on July 21, 2012, urged municipal managers to reflect on urban drainage system design, and promoted the spread of “Green Sponge,” a nature-based solution, to the problem of urban waterlogging nationwide. Only by taking the tough journey to utilize nature-based solutions can China tackle ecological and environmental problems caused by urbanization and industrialization, and contribute to the world. Natural forces, instead of the engineering approaches praised by industrial civilization, may help improve urban resilience in their ingenuity addressing environmental crises and for a greater social advance.     

街谷行道树种植对环境热舒适度的影响及适应性设计研究 进展

行道树种植通常被作为改善城市街谷 近地微气候的重要策略,如何发挥行道树对街 谷热舒适度的提升潜力受到诸多学者的广泛关 注。近年来“行道树种植与街谷热舒适度”相关 研究获得了丰硕成果，通过总结梳理可将其归 纳为行道树树木个体形态对热舒适度的调控、 行道树绿带空间配置与街谷热舒适度整体提升 的关联性、适应不同街谷空间形态的行道树种 植设计策略等三个研究主题。在深入分析既有 研究成果基础上，提出了一套改善热舒适度的 街谷行道树种植设计方案技术框架。最后，分 别从建立响应地域气候特征的街谷行道树种植 设计模式、构建街谷环境热舒适度模拟评估导 则、制定街谷环境热舒适度评价标准等方面开展深入讨论，以期为后续城市街谷绿化提升热环境的研究提供思路和借鉴。     

浅谈城市园林绿化中大树移植与养护技术

在城市园林绿化中，大树对生态环境及其园林景观效果有着重要的地位。因此，加强对城市园林绿化中大树移植和养护技术探讨有着重要的作用。本文对该技术进行了探讨，提升了大树移植的成活率，保证了城市绿化质量。     

The port–city relationships in two European inland ports: A geographical perspective on urban governance

Urban development projects involve some complex relationships between institutional public agents, who govern local territories, and economic agents, who make urban economies. These relationships between the stakeholders of the economic sectors (transport, water, housing, energy, industry…) and the territories shaped by public action thus define the type of urban governance which results from interactions. In this paper, we develop the hypothesis that the relation between these stakeholders has a major impact on the mechanisms that produce the city. In this perspective, we apply an analytical framework (sector/territory dialogues) to two river cities in order to understand how the interplay between the stakeholders modifies urban geography. Analysing the relationship between the city, the river and the port in Venlo (The Netherlands) and Strasbourg (France) provides examples of project-based urban planning that is founded on negotiation between the river stakeholders (port authorities, inland waterway managers, transport and logistics firms) and the different levels of public policies (municipal, intermunicipal, regional, national levels). Eventually, this approach allows us to consider the forms taken by the above sector-territory dialogue within the urban space in terms of tools and scales. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion about the value of a contribution from geography to an understanding of these governance issues.     

Attitudes of residents of a medium sized town in South West Scotland to street trees

This paper considers the attitudes of residents, living in currently treeless streets in a Scottish town, to street trees. Tour streets were selected for the study to provide a gradation from underprivileged to affluent. Most respondents did not see trees as important in improving the quality of their street. Trees were seen as most important in the two affluent streets, and least important in a low income street with a preponderance of elderly residents. Male respondents were significantly more likely to favour street tree planting than females. Other factors investigated, such as respondent age, and the degree of maintenance care and structural complexity demonstrated by respondents' front gardens, did not show statistically significant associations with the expressed preference for street trees.     

New York City Street Trees by Species

New York City's urban forest provides numerous environmental and social benefits. Street trees compose roughly one quarter of its canopy. This map shows the distribution and biodiversity of the city's street trees based on the most recent tree census. The map is more than a way for identifying the placement of trees: it provides a record of planting history and an important tool for planning.     

城市绿化珍贵树种特征与选择探讨

促进城市绿化树种的珍贵化是城市绿化高质量发展的必由之路。本文探讨了城市绿化珍贵树种的概念、内涵和特征,推荐适合上海及其周边地区绿化的珍贵树种,提出发展树种珍贵化的建议,为提升城市绿化的质量和品质提供参考。     

英国伦敦城市树木数字化及其对 中国的启示

城市树木作为绿色基础设施的重要组成部分,是低碳城市空间形态的基础,其数字化对城市市政建设与人类健康生活有着重要意义。通过研究伦敦树木数字化地图建构方法与实践,从普查集成、公众科学、公众参与、反馈渠道等方面进行分析,提出结合机器学习、多源数据、公众科学、评估和信息反馈“五位一体”的城市树木数字化模式,并对公众科学团队协作模式、i-Tree量化模型、信息反馈机制等重点内容进行全面分析,总结英国伦敦城市树木数字化模式对中国的启示,并提出相应建议,以期为我国城市树木数字化建设、智慧市政与信息协同提供借鉴与启示。     

Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?

Cities face increasing environmental, social and economic challenges that together threaten the resilience of urban areas and the residents who live and work there. These challenges include chronic stresses and acute shocks, amplified by climate change impacts. Nature-based solutions have emerged as a concept for integrating ecosystem-based approaches to address a range of societal challenges. Nature-based solutions directly address and contribute to increased urban resilience. However, implementing nature-based solutions is inherently complex, given the range of ecosystem services, their multi-functionality and the trade-offs between functions, and across temporal and spatial scales. Urban planning can play a substantial role to support the implementation of nature-based solutions and to manage trade-offs and conflicts, as well as how social equity dimensions are considered. This paper presents a framework that guides the application of urban planning to nature-based solutions’ implementation, by addressing key trade-offs across temporal, spatial, functional and social equity aspects. The framework highlights the key questions, and the supporting information required to address these questions, to underpin the inclusion of nature-based solutions for urban resilience. We find that while urban planning can contribute substantially, there are continuing gaps in how the inherently anthropocentric urban planning processes can give voice to non-human nature.     

Optimal tree design for daylighting in residential buildings

Urban reforestation is advocated as an efficient countermeasure to the intensification of urban heat islands. The greening and beautification of residential quarters is one of the main concerns of residents, while lighting and ventilation are two main energy-consuming building services. Hence, the tree layout in green space between buildings is important, and it is necessary to determine the relationships between trees and buildings. This study takes Shanghai as a case study to optimize tree design between residential buildings and meet good daylighting requirements. Models were made using software such as AutoCAD and SketchUp. The relationships between maximum tree height and building separation were determined. For the same building layout, there were different tree height limits according to crown shape; the order of decreasing height limits was cylindrical, conical, spherical, and inverted conical crowns. Three cases having different green space between building layouts were studied. Their maximum tree heights differed. Overall, our model helps us realize good daylighting of a building environment. The formula allows us to determine which trees to plant between buildings in that we can predict the effects of future tree growth on building daylighting.     

Does collaborative tree planting between nonprofits and neighborhood groups improve neighborhood community capacity?

In the past decade, urban tree canopy cover goals and tree-planting initiatives have proliferated among local governments and nonprofit organizations across the globe. While research has documented many benefits new trees will provide, less has considered whether active participation of city residents in urban forestry activities might also benefit urban neighborhoods. This paper examines nonprofit tree-planting programs in four cities in the Midwestern and Eastern United States to determine whether and to what extent neighborhood participation in a nonprofit tree-planting project might increase ties between residents, social cohesion, and shared trust in that neighborhood. We leveraged a unique dataset of ecological and social information about tree-planting neighborhoods and matched comparison (non-tree planting) neighborhoods (total neighborhoods = 197; total survey respondents = 1551). The evidence for a social effect of nonprofit tree-planting programs is mixed. When asked directly, neighborhood residents reported observing positive changes. Linear regression analysis reveals significantly higher neighborhood ties reported by individuals in planting neighborhoods. However, we find no significant relationship between tree planting and social cohesion or trust. In single-city models, planting's association with neighborhood ties and social cohesion is only significant in one city, and associations with trust are not significant in any city. Models that aggregate responses at the neighborhood level find no significant association of tree planting. Findings suggest that tree planting may increase neighborhood ties, but that increases in social cohesion and/or trust are not guaranteed.     

上海市行道树土壤理化性质与树木健康的相关性研究

以上海市70条代表性道路的行道树为研究对象,开展行道树健康评价,并分析土壤理化性质与行道树健康的相关性.结果 表明:大多数行道树处于基本健康状态,20％存在较严重的健康问题;土壤物理性质与行道树健康密切相关,其中行道树健康与土壤容重、砂粒含量极显著负相关,与土壤含水量、总孔隙度、黏粒、粉粒含量等极显著正相关;多数化学性...     

“山竹”台风对广州市滨江园林树木的 影响——以临江大道及带状公园为例

临江大道及其带状公园是广州市沿江道路绿化和滨江绿地，是该城市园林景观的重要组成部分。由于2018年第22号“山竹”台风的影响，临江大道园林树木受损严重。基于临江大道行道树安全检测评估，综合“山竹”台风灾后临江大道及带状公园的树木受损情况进行了分析，结果发现不同的树种其抗风性差异较大；对6种重要的不同树种倒伏进行Logistic回归分析，发现相关的种树之间的倒伏差异极显著。从树木安全评估角度去探讨滨江园林树木受损、树种选择与种植情况，为华南地区城市滨江园林树木养护和修复提供参考和借鉴。     

精细化尺度下的城市绿地建设公众 参与途径——以柏林、伦敦“植树计划” 为例

绿地空间具有减缓城市热岛效应、调节微气候、减轻噪声、改善城市居民身心健康、增加生物多样性等诸多优点。城市绿地建设是城市可持续发展的基础,不能仅依靠“自上而下”的上层规划来进行,同时应关注社会公平性、经济效益、市民意愿等因素,从精细化尺度贯彻公众参与制度,真正实现市民共建的“人民城市”。对公众参与政策的起源与发展情况进行简要介绍,并探讨在城市绿地建设中不同阶段的公众参与方式。以柏林、伦敦的“植树计划”政策为例,从资金来源、公众参与方式、参与形式、参与层次、计划成效几方面,比较分析2个城市植树计划的公众参与模式与深度及优点与不足,以对中国绿地建设提供借鉴。最后,针对我国公众参与绿地建设存在的问题,提出精细化构建制度法规保障体系、精细化资金来源途径,以及搭建精细化参与渠道三方面的启示与建议。     

模拟道路种植环境对银杏生长的影响

城市下垫面性质的改变,压缩了行道树生长的环境空间,阻碍了土壤水分的移动与循环,增加了行道树生长的难度。探究街道种植环境对行道树生长的限制因子,是完善行道树种植设计与栽培管理技术,改善城市街道形象,提升城市绿化水平,增强城市生态系统弹性的有效途径。利用模拟道路立地环境试验站,通过对移植后的银杏生长势的评估、叶性状参数的测定、生理指标的定期观测得出,行道树生长受硬质铺装等人工覆盖面的显著影响,生长量普遍降低了50%;渗透性铺装能有效改善行道树的生存环境;为行道树提供充足的水分供给和有效的降水补充通道,是道路建设和行道树栽植所需要考虑的主要因素;在移栽初期,采取提高土壤保水力和养分水平、增大树池体积的方式对银杏行道树的生长有较好的促进作用。