Environment Adaptive Localization Method Using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based fingerprinting techniques for indoor positioning can be readily implemented via a wireless access point. These methods have therefore been widely studied in the field of positioning. However, fingerprinting suffers low accuracy of positioning on account of high noise occurrences which are caused by other wireless communication signals and environmental factors when the RSSI is received, and by relatively high errors on account of low position resolution compared to other methods such as time of flight and inertial navigation technology. In this paper, a modified fingerprint algorithm based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth low energy applied to the log-distance path loss model is proposed to remove unnecessary Wi-Fi data, and produce the AP database that can be updated depending on the changes of the ambient environment as the indoor area is increasingly complicated and extended. Instead of using the existing fingerprinting techniques of consulting signal strengths as factors that are stored in a database, the proposed algorithm employs environmental variables to which the log-distance path loss model is applied. Therefore, the proposed algorithm has higher position resolution than existing fingerprint and can improve the accuracy of positioning because of its low dependence on reference points. To minimize database and eliminate inaccurate AP signals, the Hausdorff distance algorithm and median filter are applied. Using a database in which environment variables are stored, the results are inversely transformed into the log-distance path loss model for expression as coordinates. The proposed algorithm was compared with existing fingerprinting methods. The experimental results demonstrated the reduction of positioning improvement by 0.695 m from 2.758 to 2.063 m.     

基于多元高斯混合模型的离线指纹数据库

针对室内环境下单次采样测量值的波动变化及信号间的相互干扰,该文提出一种基于分区多元高斯混合模型(MVGMM)的室内定位系统。根据信号接入点(AP)铺设位置与空间结构,系统采用一对多支持向量机算法对目标区域做分区操作,以精确信号变化的区域范围。利用狭小分区内信号间的耦合关系,建立基于信号间相互干扰的多元高斯混合模型,以改善信号波动所造成的定位精度下降。当室内环境发生变化时,基于分区多元高斯混合模型的自适应更新算法可对各分区指纹数据的可信度做出判断,并以自适应算法更新信号波动较大分区的模型参数,提高模型与现有环境间的耦合程度。实验结果表明,该文算法可利用相对少量样本数据,构建稳定可维护的室内信号分布模型,相较于其他算法,其定位精度也有一定程度提高。     

基于指纹匹配的无蜂窝大规模MIMO三维定位方法

本文研究了无蜂窝大规模多输入多输出（Multiple input multiple output, MIMO）系统中基于指纹匹配的无线定位方法。假设服务区域内布设大量接入点（Access point, AP）,每个AP配置水平均匀线性阵列天线（Uniform linear array, ULA）或垂直ULA。利用相互正交的线性阵列天线（Orthogonal uniform linear array, O-ULA）对不同地理位置用户的方位角和俯仰角进行辨识,提取无线信道的角度功率谱矩阵构建方位角和俯仰角指纹库。借助谱聚类算法对指纹数据库进行预处理,然后通过两阶段指纹匹配策略计算指纹相似度并排序,在指纹库中搜索与用户指纹相似度最高的参考点,并利用加权K近邻算法（Weighted K-nearest neighbor, WKNN）估计用户位置。仿真结果表明,所提方案和单天线方案、ULA方案、均匀矩形阵列（Uniform rectangular array, URA）方案相比能够获得更高的三维定位精度。      

时间反演联合TOA测距的室内指纹定位技术

在室内指纹定位中,室内环境会影响以接收信号强度指标(Received Signal Strength Indicator,RSSI)或信道状态信息(Channel State Information,CSI)的指纹数据,使得采集指纹数据构建的数据库具有不稳定性和不可靠性的特点,从而影响定位准确率和精度.基于此,本文提出...     

利用现有无线局域网进行室内定位算法研究

目前,多种WiFI室内定位方案被提出,但是往往需要重新部署无线AP,造成成本和复杂度上升。本文充分利用现有无线局域网的拓扑结构进行室内定位研究,提出了一种自适应网络变化的WKNN指纹算法,该算法通过实时监控无线AP的匹配数,自动根据位置适应网络变化,定位精度明显提高。在此基础上,为了减少无线信号不稳定引起的定位误差,提出了一种新的数据修正方法,该方法根据移动平均速度动态预测标准,动态调整a参数将预测坐标与实测坐标加权,从而得到最终定位坐标。最后,算法在实际环境中验证表明,利用现有无线局域网的自适应网络算法和数据修正使定位获得了33.5%的误差改善。      

融合反距离加权和矩阵填充的位置指纹库构建

为解决位置指纹定位在离线阶段构建位置指纹库时耗费的人力和时间成本较大,构建指纹库效率低和利用空间插值法构建的指纹库精度不高的问题,提出了一种融合反距离加权和矩阵填充的位置指纹库构建算法。该算法仅需人工采集定位区域内少量参考点的接收信号强度值用作信标点指纹信息,结合反距离加权算法特性计算出次信标点指纹信息,根据位置指纹库数据矩阵的低秩性,应用奇异值阈值矩阵填充算法构建出位置指纹数据库。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法有效降低了矩阵填充算法构建位置指纹库所需的人工和时间成本,构建出的位置指纹库定位性能优于反距离加权和克里金空间插值法,接近传统人工采集法,显著地提高了位置指纹库的构建效率。     

稀疏参考点下的室内定位方法

随着移动互联网的发展,人们对于室内的位置服务需求日益增加。基于Wi-Fi的指纹库室内定位算法具有成本低、定位误差小的优点,但指纹库信号采集需要消耗大量的时间和人力,本文对稀疏参考点下构建高效指纹数据库和高精度室内定位的方法进行了深入研究。本文改进了卡尔曼滤波有效解决了Wi-Fi的噪声和缺失点,设计了基于信号强度差分方差的无线接入点筛选策略来滤除信息量较低的接入点,提出了一种基于支持向量回归拟合的克里金插值算法（Kriging Interpolation Algorithm Based On Support Vector Regression, SVR-Kriging）进行指纹库的构建,最后通过接入点加权的K加权近邻法（AP weighted and Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor, AWKNN）完成定位。将该方法应用于实际的二维、三维定位场景,实验结果表明二维场景平均定位误差为1.01 m,三维场景平均定位误差为0.92 m。该方法解决了指纹数据库信号采集困难、接入点数据冗余的问题,有效地降低了定位误差。      

基于电源线和位置指纹的室内定位技术

该文提出将室内环境不可或缺的电源线作为天线,通过在电源线上注入宽带高频信号构造室内空间的位置指纹,进而实现室内空间精确定位。首先介绍了电源线上宽带高频信号注入模块的实现技术,以及室内空间位置指纹的构造方法;其次,介绍了基于朴素贝叶斯分类算法的室内定位原理;最后,通过实验分析证明在多训练样本情况下,基于朴素贝叶斯分类算法的定位算法比基于K最邻近点(KNN)分类算法的定位算法有更好的定位准确率和时间迁移适应能力。     

一种基于分布式压缩感知的矿井目标指纹数据库建立方法

针对目前国内矿井目标定位精度低和定位实时性差的现况,该文提出一种基于分布式压缩感知原理构造指纹数据库的方法,该方法在离线阶段只需采集少量巷道中的指纹信息(参考节点ID信息、基于电磁波到达时间(TOA)的距离测量值和实际距离值),便可高概率重构矿井目标指纹数据库指纹信息,从而达到减少数据采集工作量和提高工作效率的目的。后续在线阶段,只需获得某时刻参考节点ID信息和目标节点被参考节点测得的实时TOA距离测量值,根据模式匹配方法可获得该时刻目标节点距离参考节点的待估距离值,保证了定位精度和定位实时性。在此基础上,提出一种改进的压缩采样修正匹配追踪算法(CoSaMMP)进行指纹信息重构,该算法利用折半法增大裁剪力度从而有效缩短重构数据时间。仿真结果表明所提算法的可行性及有效性。     

复杂环境下基于CFSFDP的自适应室内定位方法

针对复杂环境下的WI-FI定位受限于多径效应等因素影响，提出一种基于CFSFDP（Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks）的自适应室内定位算法。该算法分为三个阶段:第一预处理阶段，采用CFSFDP方法训练原始指纹，从中挖掘出稳定且有效的指纹特征；第二离线阶段进一步构建多层覆盖的采样点策略，建立指纹地图；第三在线阶段针对提取到的RSS信号进行参数训练，建立一种自适应信号传播模型，结合离线阶段的指纹地图实现指纹匹配。指纹地图可弥补自适应传播模型测距方案精度不高的缺陷，而测距方案降低在线阶段指纹批匹配开销。仿真结果表明:本文提出ALCCE算法在复杂环境下具有明显的优势，且使用的测距模型性能较高。      

基于RSS空间线性相关的WLAN位置指纹定位算法

针对RSS(接收信号强度)时变性以及不同终端信号接收能力的差异性,导致WLAN位置指纹定位不稳定的问题,基于RSS空间线性相关性提出一种新颖的位置指纹定位算法.在每个参考点分别采集多组RSS样本形成特征矩阵,并构建离线位置指纹数据库.定位时,通过计算实时RSS矩阵与指纹库参考点相关性,得到最相关的k个参考点,利用二次加权质心算法计算用户的最终位置.为了有效降低信号时变性的影响,采样时进行了滤波、排序等处理,构建离线指纹数据库时尽量增加采样次数,但需要对样本进行聚合处理以适应定位相关性计算.实验结果表明,该算法在保证较高定位准确度的同时,针对不同终端有更好的定位稳定性.     

An Adaptive AP Selection Scheme Based on RSS for Enhancing Positioning Accuracy

In recent years, the indoor positioning technologies have been recognized as core technologies for realizing smart space, a ubiquitous society, context awareness, and various location-based services. There are several approaches for positioning with radio signals, but the received signal strength (RSS)-based technology is considered a promising scheme because of its simplicity and practicality in implementation. In this paper, the positioning performance of the RSS value-based scheme is analyzed with respect to the location of access points (APs) and the number of APs in an indoor environment. An adaptive AP selection scheme and a base AP changing scheme are then proposed to enhance the positioning accuracy. In order to estimate the RSS characteristics, RSS values are measured as the distance between the AP and the receiver increases. The positioning performance is evaluated with differing AP numbers, which form a triangle or a quadrilateral. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated via experiments using wireless local area network APs. Results show that the performance of proposed schemes is enhanced compared to that of conventional scheme.     

基于改进的DBN的WLAN指纹定位数据库构建算法

提出了一种基于改进的深度置信网络(Deep Belief Network,DBN)的 WLAN指纹定位数据库构建算 法。首先,从需要实地测量的参考点中选取一部分参考点测量位置坐标和接收信号强度,并 将其作为训练数据输入改进的 DBN,经过训练不断改善DBN的性能;然后,将其他剩余参考点的位置坐标输入训练好的DBN 中,将DBN的输出数据作 为这些参考点的接收信号强度,从而对指纹定位数据库进行构建;最后,将实测的部分参考 点的数据与基于DBN预测出的 剩余参考点的数据共同组成构建后的指纹定位数据库,并使用KNN和WKNN定位算法对构建效 果进行评价。实验结果表 明,在使用相同的数据集时,改进的DBN算法训练用时更短,对指纹库的构建效果更好。     

Green wireless local area network received signal strength dimensionality reduction and indoor localization based on fingerprint algorithm

Green wireless local area network (WLAN) is an emerging technology to achieve both the purposes of power conservation and high‐speed accessing to the Internet because of the working on‐demand strategy adoption and high density access points (APs) deployment. Although it is good news to data traffic service, Green WLAN brings severe challenges to the indoor localization service based on fingerprint algorithm. Redundant APs will greatly enlarge the radio map and introduce a much heavier computation burden to the terminal for localization in the online phase. In addition, APs in Green WLAN are powered on and off to make balances between data traffic service demand and energy saving goals so that the received signal strength (RSS) sampled online and recorded in the radio map offline are rarely matched in the same detected AP number, which leads to asymmetric matching problem occurring in the fingerprint algorithm. In this paper, we propose to make a nonlinear dimensionality reduction on the RSS by local discriminant embedding algorithm to realize both the computation burden decreasing and asymmetric matching problem resolving for the fingerprint algorithm in Green WLAN. The simulation results show that our proposed methods could effectively reduce the computation burden in the online phase and make the fingerprint algorithm operate more robustly when the RSS is reduced to the intrinsic dimensionality in Green WLAN. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低指纹密度下分段式高精确度室内定位方法

针对室内环境中传统定位方法在大定位区域、低指纹密度下定位精确度低、计算复杂度高的问题,提出了一种基于线性插值法和分布重叠的分段式定位方法。该方法采用传统的最近邻法进行粗定位,得到可信区域;利用线性插值法更新可信区域内指纹数据库,增加指纹密度;在可信区域内,采用基于分布重叠的指纹相似度匹配法实现精定位。实验结果表明,在低指纹密度下,该定位方法定位精确度较高,算法复杂度适中,具有一定的适用性。     

基于线性内插法改进的室内定位算法

针对室内位置指纹定位技术存在的离线阶段工作量大、定位精度有限、顽健性较差的缺点,提出了一种基于线性内插法改进的指纹定位匹配算法.与传统位置指纹定位技术相比,该算法不仅降低了整体工作量,而且降低了多径效应造成的不利影响.最后搭建实验场景对该算法定位性能进行测试.实验数据显示,该算法与WKNN法相比,平均定位精度大约提高了34.25％,绝大部分待测点的定位误差在0.4 m以内,验证了所提算法在定位精度、顽健性和适应环境变化方面的优势.     

Target Positioning Algorithm Based on RSS Fingerprints of SVM of Fuzzy Kernel Clustering

The positioning technology based on receive signal strength (RSS) fingerprints has become one of the hottest research spots with its advantages of simple deployment, low cost, and single parameter. However, in the limited space, the multipath and shadowing, result in poor separability of the fingerprint data, and low accuracy of target localization. In this paper, a novel RSS fingerprints positioning algorithm that is based on fuzzy kernel clustering SVM is proposed to combat the multipath and shadowing effects. The first step of the proposed positioning algorithm is to use kernel function to map the traditional fingerprints sample data to high-dimensional feature space to generate fuzzy classes. The second step is to generate binary-class SVM of fuzzy class based on the relationship between classes and internal discrete information of each class. After that, we can use the binary fuzzy class SVM to dichotomize the classified fingerprints in the first step, and combine these dichotomous SVMs into a handstand classification binary tree. And thus, the proposed positioning algorithm achieves quick and accurate positioning. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy and locating stability of proposed positioning algorithm are improved by 38.73% and 59.26%, respectively, compared with the traditional RSS fingerprints algorithm.

     

基于GAWK-means的地铁车站指纹定位方法

针对在城市轨道交通车站内,利用iBeacon技术进行指纹定位时存在匹配效率较低、定位精度不理想的问题,文中提出了一种基于GAWK-means的地铁车站指纹定位方法.离线阶段,根据指纹数据本身的离散程度进行K-means欧式距离权重优化以便更好地体现类内相似度,再将改进的K-means结合遗传算法,优化聚类结果以减少陷入...     

基于自适应渐消记忆的蓝牙序列匹配定位算法

针对传统指纹定位算法建库耗时长和定位精度低的问题,该文提出一种基于自适应渐消记忆的蓝牙序列匹配定位算法。首先,利用行人航迹推算(PDR)和最近邻算法(NNA)对运动序列进行位置标定和接收信号强度(RSS)映射;然后,根据邻近位置的相关性,采用序列递归搜索算法构建指纹序列数据库;最后,通过自适应渐消记忆算法,并结合初始序列匹配度实现位置估计。实验结果表明,该算法在室内环境下能够获得较低的建库时间开销以及较高的定位精度。     

基于WiFi的自适应匹配预处理WKNN算法

针对基于接收信号强度（Received Signal Strength,RSS）的WiFi室内定位技术中,传统加权K邻近（Weighted K-nearest Neighbor,WKNN）算法不能自适应获取WLAN中有效接入点（Acess Point,AP）且参考点匹配准确度不高的问题,本文提出了自适应匹配预处理WKNN算法。该算法中每个实时定位点自适应地根据网络状况对AP的RSS均值由大到小排序,然后选择RSS均值较大的前M个AP,与参考点中对应的M个AP一起参与匹配预处理计算,从而优化了传统的指纹定位算法。同时将室内定位和室内地图相结合,使参考点和定位结果直观地展示在地图上,并通过使用地图数据大幅度简化了离线训练过程。此外,本文设计并实现了基于Android平台的室内定位系统,通过该系统验证了本文所提算法在单点定位和移动定位中的有效性。实验结果表明,该算法可获得30%以上的定位误差改善,有效提高了定位精度和定位稳定性。