Behaviour of Rare Earths in Low Sulphur Steel

In steels 16Mn and X60 with low S content (0. 003～0. 005%), rare earth metals (REM) still show ef-fects on purifying the molten steel and controlling the sulphide morphology. The optimum ratio ofRE/S is about 2. 0, which causes lower content of oxygen and inclusions and higher impacttoughness. The amount of REM in solid solution in the steel was determined by means of inductivecoupling plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. The dissolved REM in low S steel could decrease the propor-tion of pearlite and increase the strength of the steel.     

钢中MnS对BN析出行为的影响

采用α粒子径迹法和电子显微镜研究了含微量硼的低碳钢中MnS对BN析出行为的影响。结果表明,当加热温度低于1150℃时,BN多以球状的MnS为结晶核心在其周围析出,呈MnS+BN复合体形态;当加热温度超过1150℃时,未固溶的MnS大部分由球形变成多面体形,这种形状的MnS已失去BN结晶核心的作用。除了呈MnS+BN复合体存在的BN外,也有单体的BN,随着温度的提高和保温时间的延长,其尺寸变大,形貌各异。     

Effect of rare-earth treatment on the banded microstructure and fracture properties of a 16 Mn steel

The two treatments, namely rare-earth (RE) additions to the mould and Ca-Si injection into the ladle, were used to control the MnS inclusion shape in a 16 Mn steel. The critical crack opening displacement, δ_c, method and tensile testing were used to determine the fracture properties of the steel sheets. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractography of the fracture surface of tensile specimens tested at room temperature clearly showed the banded structure of the steel sheets in all, even modified, steels. The RE treatment improved the fracture properties both by sulphide inclusion shape control and by reducing microstructural heterogeneity.     

高锰奥氏体低温钢拉伸断口开裂原因分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学试验的方法,分析了高锰奥氏体低温钢拉伸断口开裂的原因,结果表明,Mn、S元素存在严重偏析,生成的MnS夹杂物在轧制过程中形成MnS偏析带,MnS偏析带与基体的结合力较弱,在颈缩过程中形成的三向应力作用下,拉伸断口开裂。     

Mechanisms of inclusion formation in low alloy steels deoxidised with titanium

Abstract

In the present investigation, the conditions for inclusion formation in two Ti deoxidised steels and one Al–Ca deoxidised steel have been examined by means of optical and electron microscopy, in combination with a thermo dynamic analysis of the phase relations involved. It is concluded that the Ti containing inclusions form as a result of a series of reactions occurring in the ladle, during solidification and in the solid state. The important solid state reaction products are MnS, TiN, and MnOTiO₂ . The presence of Mn rich compounds at the surface of the inclusions is consistent with the observation of a Mn depleted zone in the surrounding steel matrix. In contrast, the primary inclusions in the Al–Ca deoxidised steel are complex oxysulphides, which are thermodynamically more stable and can therefore form in the liquid state.     

无取向硅钢中第二相的析出行为

使用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等手段并结合热力学和动力学计算,研究了无取向硅钢900～1000℃常化处理过程第二相的析出行为。结果表明,无取向硅钢中的第二相主要为AlN和少量MnS。AlN和MnS在不同基体相(α相、γ相及(α+γ)两相）中有三种析出形核机制(均匀形核、晶界形核和位错形核),其临界形核半径(d*)都随常化温度的提高而增大。在同一温度下,相对于其他基体相AlN在(α+γ)两相区中晶界形核的临界形核功最小,相对形核率最大,因此以晶界形核为主;而MnS在α相中位错线上临界形核半径最小,相对形核率大,开始析出温度低,因此以位错形核为主。     

Cu含量和烧结温度对Fe-Cu基粉末冶金复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了铜含量和烧结温度对Fe-Cu基粉末冶金复合材料摩擦磨损性能影响。结果表明,Cu含量为20%~60%,随着Cu含量的提高耐磨性能先随之提高,Cu含量为40%时耐磨性能达到最优值,平均摩擦系数最小为0.172,磨损量为0.007 g;随着Cu含量的进一步提高耐磨性能反而降低。烧结温度为1096~1296℃时,随着烧结温度的提高耐磨性能随之提高,温度达到1196℃时耐磨性能达到最优,平均摩擦系数最小为0.123,磨损量为0.0018 g;烧结温度再提高耐磨性能反而降低。在最优工艺烧结过程中液相Al分别与Fe和Cu基体生成固溶体,使材料的密度和强度提高。MnS分解后,Mn与Fe基体生成固溶体,部分C也与Fe基体生成固溶体,两者促进了合金的固溶强化。其余的单质C,使合金的润滑性能提高。烧结后,Cu晶粒组织变得均匀细小,在Fe基中以网状形式存在。以上各组元的特殊作用使Fe-Cu基复合耐磨材料具有优异的耐磨性能。     

Low-energy high-current electron beam heating of target with second-phase microinclusions

The temperature field generated by microsecond pulsed low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) in the surface layer of a stainless-steel target containing second-phase (manganese sulfide, MnS) microinclusions has been numerically simulated. The results of calculations show that the temperature is nonuniformly distributed over the target surface. By the end of the LEHCEB pulse, the temperature in the regions of MnS inclusions significantly exceeds that of the steel matrix. This nonuniformity is related to (i) markedly greater thermal conductivity of steel compared to that of MnS and (ii) the pulsed character of the electron-beam-induced heating of the target surface. It is also established that LEHCEB-induced melting begins at the inclusion-steel interface and then involves the inclusion and spreads over the entire irradiated surface. The dependence of the characteristics of the irradiation-induced temperature field on the parameters of the pulsed electron beam has been studied.     

Effects of rare earth elements on inclusions and impact toughness of high-carbon chromium bearing steel

High-carbon chromium bearing steels with different rare earth (RE) contents were prepared to investigate the effects of RE on inclusions and impact toughness by different techniques. The results showed that RE addition could modify irregular Al₂O₃ and MnS into regular RE inclusions. With the increase of RE content, the reaction sequence of RE and potential inclusion forming elements should be O, S, As, P and C successively. RE inclusions containing C might precipitate in molten steel and solid state, but the precipitation temperature was significantly higher than that of carbides in high-carbon chromium bearing steel. For experimental bearing steels, the volume fraction of inclusions increased steadily with the increase of RE content, but smaller and more dispersed inclusions could be obtained by 0.018% RE content compared with bearing steel without RE, whereas the continuous increase of RE content led to an increasing trend for inclusion size and a gradual deterioration for inclusion distribution. RE addition could improve the transverse impact toughness and isotropy of bearing steel, and for modified high-carbon chromium bearing steel by RE alloying, the increase of RE content continuously increased both transverse and longitudinal impact toughness until excessive RE addition.     

Influence of precursor molar concentration on the electrical and magnetic properties of synthesized MnS nanocrystals

MnS Nanocrystals have been synthesized with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 molar ratio of precursors using wet chemical method. The electrical and magnetic properties of as-synthesized MnS nanocrystals have been investigated using the impedance spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer respectively. An increase in dielectric constant from 68.5 to 87.9 with increasing Mn content and decrease to 54.1 with increase in the sulfur content was observed. Both the dielectric constant and the loss factor increased with temperature due to the Maxwell–Wagner type interfacial space-charge polarization. The Cole–Cole plot confirmed that the conduction in as-synthesized samples are through the grain and grain boundaries. The resistance and capacitance of grain and grain boundaries have been calculated. The grain resistance varies from 248 to 199 Ω whereas the grain boundary resistance varies from 16 to 6.7 KΩ over the temperature ranges of 323–473 K for 1:1 sample. It endorsed the NTCR type behavior in all the samples. The electric modulus representation revealed the well-defined relaxation peaks. The relaxation time versus temperature behavior revealed that the relaxation time decreases with increase in temperature. AC-conductivity (σ_ac) increases with increasing frequency and temperature. σ_ac increases from 1.58 × 10^?5 to 1.51 × 10^?3 S cm^?1 with the increase of Mn content and then decreases to 1.22 × 10^?8 S cm^?1 with increase of sulfur content. The activation energy is found to be 0.35 eV (1:1), 0.64 eV (1:2) and 0.28 eV (2:1) at 3 kHz. The chemically modified MnS nanocrystals exhibit paramagnetic behavior. A typical saturation magnetization of 0.56, 0.38, and 0.57 emu/g and coercivity of 2.31, 8.42, and 5.57 Oe at room temperature for 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 sample respectively.     

微量Ce元素对0.23C-0.36Si-0.56Mn钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

为研究Ce元素对钢筋力学性能的作用机制,用中频感应熔炼炉制备含不同微量Ce的0.23C-0.36Si-0.56Mn钢样.通过OM、SEM及EDS等分析测试手段,研究微量Ce对钢材微观组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:当钢液中Ce含量在0~0.010%时,钢液洁净度提高;铁素体晶粒尺寸由19.65μm减小到9.65μm;夹杂物面积由0.058%减小到0.028%,10μm左右带尖角的Al2O3和长条状Mn S的夹杂物变为1μm左右球形86.72%Al2O3-13.28%Ce2O3和Ce固溶Mn S复合夹杂物;试样力学性能随微Ce量的增加而明显改善,当Ce含量为0.01%时,钢材的抗拉强度、屈服强度和冲击功比不加Ce时分别提高了16.95%、20.81%和91.94%,断后延伸率(21.85%)超过HRB400国标要求(17%).     

Influence of chemical composition and processing conditions on interstitial content of cold rolled ferritic steels

Abstract

Determining the content of solute elements in cold rolled ferritic steels constitutes an important aspect in metallurgy, since the interstitial elements have a harmful effect on the anisotropy properties (i.e. texture) of the final product, usually steel sheets for automotive applications. Both the carbon and nitrogen contents in solid solution depend on the chemical composition and thermomechanical parameters, such as the coiling temperature (CT) and the cold reduction degree. In the present paper, thermoelectric power measurements technique has been applied to study the relationship between the process variables such as CT and cold rolling reduction, and the amount of interstitial elements in solid solution. It was shown that at high CTs the value of the thermoelectric power only depends on the carbon content in solid solution, meanwhile at low CTs, a second contribution should be considered due to the presence of nitrogen in solid solution.     

The existence of intragranular ferrite plates and nucleating inclusions in the heat affected zone of X-60 pipe steel

In order to improve the heat affected zone (HAZ) toughness of X-60 pipe steel, we have applied intragranular ferrite plate (IFP) technology. The characteristic of IFP is the appearance of fine ferrite plates inside the original austenite grains. By means of suitable Re, Zr and Ti additions at high initial oxygen potentials, and good control of the peak temperature and the cooling rate during welding simulation, one can obtain IFP contents over 50 vol% with a resultant increase in the toughness from 55–160 J. It was found that the inclusions that were most effective in nucleating the IFP were deformable complex silicates which either entrap Re, Zr and Ti oxides or contain these elements. The greater the number of the evenly distributed and effectively nucleating inclusions, the greater the IFP content, and the finer the microstructure of the HAZ, and the greater the relevant toughness. Generally, these silicates behave as fine spheres along a line. The present authors show that these fine spheres result from the remelting of the shuttle-like silicates due to heating in the process of welding simulation. These silicates contain a high sulfur capacity and thus MnS deposits are often observed on the periphery of the silicates. The IFP was shown to be directly rooted in the Mn depletion zone which is located beside the MnS deposits. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of Work-hardening for Austenitic Manganese Steel under Non-severe Impact Loading Conditions

The effect of C,Mn and heat-treatment onwork-hardening of austenitic Mn steel and thework-hardening mechanism have been investigatedunder non-severe impact loading condition.Theresults show that the ability of work-hardening in-creases with the increase of C and aging tempera-ture but decreases with Mn.The work-hardeningwith high austenitic stability results mainly fromdislocations,and that with low austenitic stabilityresults mainly from combined effects of strain-in-duced martensite and high density of dislocationsunder non-severe impact loading conditions.Thewear resistance of medium manganese steel (Mn7)is 1.64-2.46 times that of Hadfield steel (Mnl3).     

16Mn钢在空气和3.5% NaCl溶液中的疲劳行为

采用哑铃状平板试样,分别研究了16Mn钢在空气中和3.5%NaCl溶液中的疲劳行为,获得了S-N曲线,并对疲劳试样的表面和断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:3.5%NaCl溶液(与空气相比)使16Mn钢的疲劳强度有较大程度的降低,在空气中16Mn钢的疲劳极限为200 MPa,而在3.5%NaCl溶液中该钢则不存在疲劳极限;空气中的疲劳试样只有一个萌生于试样表面基体的裂纹源,而3.5%NaCl溶液中该钢的疲劳试样一般有多个裂纹源,除了极少数萌生于试样表面基体处,其余均萌生于表面的点蚀坑;空气中疲劳试样裂纹扩展区的断口形貌以疲劳辉纹为主,而3.5%NaCl溶液中的则以沿晶开裂等脆性特征为主。此外还对空气中16Mn钢的疲劳极限进行了预测,预测值与试验值基本吻合。     

65Mn钢卷断裂分析

65Mn钢卷在冷轧前剥壳时产生断裂。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析对断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：断裂是由于钢卷心部存在硬组织偏析带和较多MnS夹杂所致。     

Zn3-xMnxTeO6的晶体结构与吸收光谱和磁性研究

本工作主要研究Mn ²⁺离子掺杂的类刚玉系氧化物Zn₃TeO₆(0<x≤2.0)的晶体结构与光学性质和磁性的变化。Zn_3-xMn_xTeO₆粉末样品通过固相反应合成。Mn掺杂量的相图表明, x<1.0时保持单斜(C2/c)结构, 1.0≤x≤1.6为单斜(C2/c)和三方六面体混合相(R-3), x≥1.8时完全转变为R-3相, 且x=2.0时形成ZnMn₂TeO₆, Te-O和Mn/Zn-O键长增大, 八面体发生更大畸变。X射线粉末衍射结构精修也表明R-3相中Zn/MnO₆为畸变八面体。随着Mn ²⁺掺杂含量的增加, Zn_3-xMn_xTeO₆系列化合物不仅结构发生变化, 其颜色也由浅变深。紫外吸收光谱中随着掺杂浓度的增加, 400~550 nm处的吸收增强, 样品的光学带隙也由3.25 eV (x=0.1)逐渐减小到2.08 eV (x=2.0), 分析表明, 可见区吸收的增强是源于MnO₆八面体中Zn/MnO₆八面体中Mn ²⁺离子的d-d跃迁, 导致样品由浅黄色逐渐变为暗黄色。 磁性测试表明, 固溶体的反铁磁转变温度随着Mn ²⁺掺杂量的提高而逐渐增加, 且掺入的Mn ²⁺离子以高自旋态 存在。     

Characterization of phase development in non-isothermally annealed mould-cast and heat-treated Al–Mn–Sc–Zr alloys

The effect of Mn addition on microstructure and mechanical properties during isochronal annealing in the temperature range of 20 °C–570 °C of the mould-cast and heat-treated Al–Sc–Zr alloys with a various content of Mn and Zr was studied. The electrical resistometry together with the microhardness (HV0.3) measurements were compared to microstructure development. The microstructure development was examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Relative resistivity changes and the microhardness of the mould-cast and heat-treated Al–Mn–Sc–Zr alloys exhibit similar dependence on annealing temperature. Precipitation of the Al₃Sc particles is responsible for the peak microhardness in all these alloys. The microhardness decrease is slightly delayed during the isochronal annealing and during the high temperature heat treatment in the mould-cast alloy with the higher Zr-content due to a higher oversaturation of Zr. The decomposition sequence of the oversaturated solid solution of the studied Al–Mn–Sc–Zr alloys is compatible with the recently published decomposition sequence of the Al–Sc–Zr system and also with the formation of Mn,Fe-containing particles. It seems very probable that the addition of Mn does not influence the decomposition of solid solution of the ternary Al–Sc–Zr system.     

Controlled dissolution for elemental analysis of sample layers by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: a feasibility study

Aqueous acid mixtures at room temperature are used to partially dissolve steel samples. The dissolved elements are washed off the surface, diluted, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a magnetic sector mass analyzer. The amount of material removed is measured from the amount of Fe dissolved and increases linearly with HNO(3) concentration in the etch acid. Analyte concentrations in the solid are determined from the signal ratio of analyte ion/Fe(+). The shape of a plot of mass of element removed vs. nitric acid concentration yields information about the efficiency of the removal process and the likely chemical form of the element in the sample. For elements like Mn, Al, and W in steel, these plots have the same linear shape as that for the major element (Fe), and the measured concentrations agree well with the certified values. For problem elements like Nb and Ta, the plots have two linear regions with different slopes, and measured concentrations are lower than the certified values. Laser ablation ICP-MS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements show these elements to be associated together in the solid in refractory grains that are not dissolved to the same extent as the Fe matrix. For steel, the amount of Fe dissolved corresponds to an average depth of at least 4 microm, or 20 000 atomic layers.     

Effect of silicon and aluminium in ferrite on tensile and impact properties

Two ferritic interstitial-free steels with approximately the same amount of solid solution strengthening by addition of 2?wt-% silicon and 4?wt-% aluminium are investigated using quasi-static tensile and dynamic impact tests. The addition of 2?wt-% silicon (2Si) results in brittle fracture in V-notched Charpy impact tests at ambient temperature, whilst the 4?wt-% aluminium-containing (4Al) steel has high absorbed energy of 320?±?12?J?cm^?2. In addition, the 4Al steel has a ductile-to-brittle-transition temperature (DBTT) ～60°C lower than the 2Si steel. It is proposed that the addition of silicon suppresses dislocation cross-slip at high strain rate and is responsible for the observed cleavage fracture and high DBTT in the 2Si steel. The ease of dislocation slip in the 4Al steel increases the impact toughness.