拉伸对电缆接头双层介质中空间电荷的影响

为了研制冷收缩预制式电缆接头并改善其介电性能,研究了拉伸对乙丙橡胶和交联聚乙烯所组成的双层介质中空间电荷的影响。将不同拉伸状态下的乙丙橡胶试样分别和交联聚乙烯试样组成双层介质试样,测量了不同双层介质在加压和短路后的空间电荷分布。实验结果表明,从空间电荷的角度看,一定的拉伸有利于减少聚合物中空间电荷量;分析了实验现象和机理以及在电缆中的应用价值。     

直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法综述

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)因其优异的介电、理化性能而被广泛应用于电缆绝缘领域。在电缆的服役过程中,电缆绝缘内部会积聚空间电荷,严重时可引发电场畸变,导致电缆击穿事故发生。对于直流XLPE电缆,空间电荷的积聚及影响更加不容忽视。针对直流XLPE电缆绝缘中产生的空间电荷积聚效应,目前学界主要采用共混改性、聚合物链段接枝极性基团、纳米掺杂改性及制备高纯净绝缘料等方法来进行控制,改性后的直流XLPE电缆绝缘对空间电荷产生的抑制效果均有所提升。文中首先对上述直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法进行综述,介绍其抑制原理以及相应的抑制效果,然后对比总结不同抑制空间电荷方法的优缺点,最后对未来直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷抑制方法的研究发展作出展望。     

半导电材料对纳米MgO/XLPE复合介质空间电荷影响的研究

聚合物纳米复合介质中空间电荷的注入与半导电电极材料密切相关,文中采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量了预压-60 kV/mm电场1 h后,对比研究了六种不同半导电电极材料下交联聚乙烯(XLPE)和MgO/XLPE复合介质中的空间电荷分布;并对不同半导电电极材料下MgO/XLPE复合介质中的平均电荷密度进行了计算。对比实验表明:配方不同的半导电电极材料确实对试样中空间电荷的分布以及空间电荷量影响很大;以乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)为基础材料、添加30wt%炭黑的第二种半导电材料对MgO/XLPE复合介质中空间电荷的抑制效果最好。     

Study of space charge accumulation in polyolefins submitted to acstress

The aim of the present study was to follow space charge formation under ac field (50 Hz) in polyolefins. The thermal step method was used, and charge accumulation was observed in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), isotactic polypropylene (PP) and a PE /PP copolymer, the temperature varying from 45 to 90°C. It was found that the amount of charge accumulated under ac conditions may reach a maximum value at a given temperature, while the highest space charge was found in the polyolefin with the lowest crystallinity ratio. The conduction current characteristics of XLPE specimens show the existence of traps in the polymer at a level deeper than the potential barrier electrode/dielectric, explaining the accumulation of injected charge in the material. The injection and conduction mechanisms observed were interpreted by Schottky and Poole-Frenkel processes and used to explain the maximum accumulation of charge occurring at certain temperatures     

Factors of hetero space charge generation in XLPE under dc electric field of 20 kV/mm

This report deals with the mechanism of space charge accumulation in cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) under dc electric field. Space charge was measured by the pulsed‐electroacoustic method with applying dc stress of 20 kV/mm. A large amount of hetero space charge accumulated in fresh XLPE samples. Factors influencing the space charge accumulation were analyzed in regard to cross‐linking by‐products and antioxidant. No space charge was seen when the fresh sample was degassed to remove cross‐linking by‐products. Introducing acetophenone, one of the cross‐linking by‐products, in a degassed sample produces no space charge, suggesting that acetophenone itself could not be the direct factor of space charge formation. However, heating this sample up to 150 °C results in formation of hetero space charges as in virgin samples. Hence, it is concluded that hetero space charges may be formed when impurities, such as an antioxidant, dissociate thermally with the help of acetophenone and that the dissociated products are attracted toward both electrodes under a dc field to form the hetero space charges. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(2): 13–21, 1999     

空间电荷与直流电导联合测试技术用于纳米MgO抑制XLPE中空间电荷的研究

粒径70nm的MgO以不同浓度与交联聚乙烯(XLPE)共混制成聚合物纳米复合介质。采用自主研发的四电极系统同时测量复合介质的高场电导特性和空间电荷分布。通过强场电导实验发现,在室温下,XLPE及纳米MgO/XLPE复合介质的电导机理不是单纯的空间电荷限制电流(SCLC)。此外,添加纳米MgO可以明显地提高空间电荷的注入阈值,并且在低于空间电荷注入阈值的电场下,复合介质的电导电流密度随纳米MgO浓度的增加,先减小后增大。最后从空间电荷的实验数据验证了纳米MgO能有效抑制XLPE中空间电荷,并进一步定性地认为纳米Mgo的添加提高了电子注入的电场强度阈值。     

Influence of thermal treatment and residues on space charge accumulation in XLPE for DC power cable application

The effects of cross-linking by-products (residues) quantity and thermal treatment on space charge accumulation and decay in manufacturer modified XLPEs for DC power cable application have been investigated using the pulsed electro-acoustic technique. The threshold stress for space charge generation among the modified and reference XLPEs during voltage-ramping was found to show considerable variation and to depend upon the material and the amount of residue present. However, the modified XLPE material was found to exhibit a higher threshold for space charge accumulation than the reference XLPE whatever the conditions. De-gassed samples were found to exhibit the highest threshold stress, with that of the modified de-gassed XLPE accumulating no space charge at all even after 24 h stressing at 70 kV. In general heterocharge regions were formed when the residues were present and homocharge or no charge was formed when the residues were removed by degassing. Differences were also found in the space charge decay following short-circuit (volts-off), with the decay of heterocharge being rapid, whereas that of homocharge being slow. The charge accumulations have been tentatively explained by the mechanisms of ion-pair separation when residues are present, and interfacial injection when residues are absent. Decay of the heterocharge is governed by ion-pair displacement just as the generation and will have a similar time scale. In contrast homocharge decay will be governed by charge de-trapping and extend to time scales well beyond that of injection for charge in the deepest traps     

Polarization and dielectric behavior of ac-aged polyethylene

High field polarization and dielectric relaxation behavior have been used to study the aging mechanisms of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) aged at constant alternating electrical field stress in a humid environment at room temperature. For this study, the dielectric spectroscopy data in the frequency range of 10^-5 to 10⁶ Hz and their comparative analysis, have been used to provide electrical analog models of the aging. The dielectric data in the frequency range of 10^-5 to 5×10 ^-2 Hz were calculated from the desorption current, whereas bridge measurements provide the data in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 10⁶ Hz. In addition, thermal transient current and thermally stimulated discharge current measurements have been carried out in order to determine the polarization and space charge accumulation in ac aged polyethylene. A correlation has been observed in the behavior of polarization and dielectric relaxation in the present work. The dielectric behavior of the XLPE cable samples and of the LDPE flat samples show a presence of both the inter-cluster (low frequency) charge exchange and the intra-cluster (high frequency) charge motion, the former mechanism becoming more dominant as the aging progresses. For the XLPE cable samples ac aged in a humid environment at room temperature, relaxation peaks obeying the fractional power law have been observed in addition to a quasi-dc process     

Space charge accumulation in power cable XLPE insulation

The accumulation of space charge in the crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation of a power cable sample under dc stress was investigated. The sample was held at 82°C and atmospheric pressure, and at 82°C and 0.1 Pa, for periods up to several days. Such conditioning removed pre-existing space charge, When an external dc field was applied after conditioning at atmospheric pressure and 82°C, space charge accumulated at a rate considerably faster than that observed before conditioning. However the rate of accumulation following conditioning at 82°C under reduced pressure was much slower than that observed before conditioning. The faster rate could be recovered by reconditioning the sample at atmospheric pressure after conditioning under reduced pressure. Inversion of the equilibrium space charge profile, following reversal of the applied field, was observed. This observation is consistent with a model incorporating a spatially-inhomogeneous polarization in the amorphous volume of the XLPE, and electron injection/extraction at the electrodes. The electron transfer between electrode and XLPE in either direction involves the same narrow window of combined donor and acceptor states in the insulator, centered on the Fermi level. The spatially-inhomogeneous polarization in the XLPE originates in a spatially-inhomogeneous distribution of dipole complexes. It is suggested that the dipoles are formed by a process equivalent to nonpermanent oxidation of the XLPE, requiring water as a catalyst     

From LDPE to XLPE: investigating the change of electrical properties. Part I. space charge, conduction and lifetime

This paper discusses the results of space charge, conduction current and electrical lifetime measurements performed on widely-used materials for electrical insulation, that is, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). Space charge accumulation profiles were compared in LDPE, low density polyethylene plus antioxidant (LDPE+AO) and XLPE, with consideration of thermal treatment effects in LDPE and XLPE. Significant variation (decrease) of accumulated space charge and apparent mobility, as well as slight decrease of conduction current, can be seen going from LDPE to LDPE+AO and XLPE, which may be associated with formation of deeper trap levels (or an increase of their density). On the contrary, electrical life under AC voltage does not show significant differences from LDPE to XLPE. This latter result underlines that life under high AC electrical stress is mostly determined by defects (weak points) rather than material characteristics associated with charge injection and transport.     

脱气处理对XLPE及MAH/XLPE复合介质直流电场下空间电荷分布的影响

为了研究脱气处理对XLPE及其复合介质中空间电荷的影响,采用螯合荆与线性低密度聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐(MAH)作为填料,与XLPE共混制成掺杂浓度为0.5wt%的MAH/XLPE复合介质,并用电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了XLPE及MAH/XLPE复合介质在不同脱气时间下的空间电荷分布.通过实验发现,增加脱气处理的时间可以减少...     

柔性直流输电系统用直流交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆导体最高温度提高到90℃的可行性

以实际直流交联聚乙烯(DC XLPE)电缆工程设计示例,表明将柔性直流输电(VSC)系统用DC XLPE电缆的导体的最高运行温度提高到90℃,其技术经济效果显著。按DC XLPE电缆抑制空间电荷要求,阐明DC XLPE电缆绝缘的直流恒定电流电场中空间电荷密度与绝缘温度梯度和XLPE绝缘的体积电阻率的温度系数成正比而与导体最高温度不直接相关。通过合理的DC XLPE电缆工程设计和正确选用DC XLPE电缆,可以在提高DC XLPE电缆传输功率和减小绝缘温差抑制空间电荷方面取得优化结果。320 kV及以下XLPE电缆在导体最高温度90℃下运行,绝缘损耗远低于导体损耗,DC XLPE电缆发生热不稳定的可能性很低。对VSC系统用DC XLPE电缆导体运行温度提高到90℃的可行性表示肯定的意见,对实现目标提出具体的措施建议。     

Space charge accumulation in two power cable grades of XLPE

The accumulation of space charge in XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene), cross-linked using DCP (dicumyl peroxide) or a silane-based grafting process, was studied via the LIPP (laser-induced-pressure-pulse) technique. Planar samples 0.5 mm thick were obtained from the XLPE insulation of power distribution cables. DC fields to 10 kV/mm were applied at temperatures in the range 20 to 90°C. Usually the DCP samples developed heterocharge, and the silane samples homocharge. However, the observed space charge densities were not very different. Nearly all of the charge accumulated within 100 μm of each electrode, with very little in the remainder of the volume. Both sample types showed a near-perfect inversion of the equilibrium space charge profiles on reversing the applied voltage polarity. This observation is explained in terms of charge injection at the electrodes, electron transfer between electrode and XLPE in either direction involving the same narrow `window' of combined donor and acceptor states in the insulator, centered on the Fermi level     

Correlation between space charge distribution and water-treelocation in aged XLPE cable

The correlation between charge distribution in an aged crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cable and the location of water trees has been studied. The space charge radial distributions at different angle in the insulating wall of a service-aged XLPE coaxial cable, induced by application of a DC stress, were measured using the pulsed electroacoustic method. Furthermore, a cross section of sliced insulating wall was observed with an optical microscope to compare with the radial space charge distribution. The cable under investigation was electrically aged in service at 6.6 kV AC for 25 years in wet conditions. Water trees were found at the position in which space charge was observed. On the other hand, no water tree was found at the position in which the space charge was not observed. Judging from these results, the space charge measurement seems to be useful for the diagnosis of water trees in aged cables     

Heat treatment of cross-linked polyethylene and its effect on morphology and space charge evolution

It is believed that space charge build-up in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation is the main cause of premature failure of underground power cables. The space charge activities in XLPE depend on many factors such as additives, material treatment, ambient temperature, insulator/electrode interface, etc. Degassing is the process of subjecting the XLPE to a moderately high temperature, thereby removing volatile residual by-products and additives that are commonly employed in cable manufacturing to improve insulation performance. While there have been reports comparing space charge activities (as-received) un-degassed and degassed samples, little attention has been placed on degassing conditions effect on space charge. In this paper, investigations of morphology and space charge distribution of planar XLPE samples was carried out as parameters such as degassing temperature, degassing duration and sample thickness were adjusted. Changes in the morphological structure of the material were probed with the differential scanning calorimeter and the transmission electron microscopy, whereas space charge distribution of the samples subjected to DC electric stress was monitored for 24 h using the laser induced pressure pulsed technique. It was revealed that degassing temperature, duration and the thickness of the degassed sample has a direct effect on the morphological structure and space charge distributions of the samples. It is believed that the presence and amount of by-products takes precedence over the morphology of the material as far as space charge evolution is concerned.     

Practical Application of ±250‐kV DC‐XLPE Cable for Hokkaido–Honshu HVDC Link

The long‐term dc properties of DC‐XLPE insulation materials, which have been developed for dc use, were investigated. It was found that the lifetime of DC‐XLPE under dc voltage application is extended by the addition of nano‐sized filler. The time dependence of the space charge distribution at 50 kV/mm was observed for 7 days. Almost no accumulation of space charge in DC‐XLPE was found. The 250‐kV DC‐XLPE cables and accessories were manufactured and subjected to a type test and PQ test for use in the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link facility owned by the Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. These tests were performed under conditions that included a polarity reversal test for line commutated converter (LCC) systems as recommended in CIGRE TB 219. The test temperature was 90 °C. The type test and PQ test were successfully completed. The DC‐XLPE cable and accessories were installed in summer 2012 for the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link. After the installation of the dc extruded cable system, a dc high‐voltage test at 362.5 kV (=1.45 PU) for 15 min was successfully completed in accordance with CIGRE TB 219. This dc extruded cable system was put into operation in December 2012 as the world's highest‐voltage extruded dc cable in service and the world's first dc extruded cable for a LCC system including polarity reversal operation.     

采用温差法的10kV交联聚乙烯电缆水树老化评估

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆在运行过程中受到电场、温度、水分等因素的共同影响而发生老化,引发事故,给电网的安全运行带来隐患.为此,选取水树老化10 kV XLPE电缆为研究对象,采用温差法研究了温差电流与试样老化时间的关系.实验结果表明,温差电流幅值随着试样老化时间的增加而增大;温差电流与直流电压的幅值正相关;随着电...     

电声脉冲法研究热老化对160kV直流电缆绝缘材料陷阱特性的影响

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)老化会引起内部陷阱特性的变化,进而造成空间电荷分布的变化,威胁直流电缆的安全运行。对160k V直流电缆切片进行了90℃和135℃不同程度的热老化试验,并利用电声脉冲法(PEA)探究了热老化对直流电缆空间电荷分布的影响。通过分析空间电荷的衰减规律并结合等温松弛理论,提出了利用PEA法分析绝缘材料陷阱特性的方法,并对老化前后试样内的陷阱特性进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,90℃热老化前期由于后交联反应,试样部分深陷阱转为浅陷阱,直流电缆内部空间电荷消散特性变好;但随着老化时间的进一步增加,试样内的陷阱深度及密度均有一定程度的增长,空间电荷积累量也随之增加。试样在135℃高温热老化情况下,内部发生强烈的热氧反应,结晶形态遭到严重破坏,陷阱能级及密度均大大增加。     

退役高压XLPE电缆绝缘空间电荷行为研究

文中对两回110 k V退役高压交联电缆进行180 a预鉴定试验,目的在于研究不同运行年限的退役高压交联电缆老化前后的空间电荷行为差异,并评估电缆重新投入实际运行的可靠性。通过电声脉冲(PEA)法测量试验前后绝缘层交联聚乙烯(XLPE)试样的空间电荷分布,结合傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)实验、X射线衍射(XRD)实验揭示试样的微观结构、聚集态结构状态变化与空间电荷的迁移、积聚和消散过程的潜在关系。实验结果表明:实际运行16 a的电缆绝缘由于存在大量杂质使得空间电荷的积聚严重,老化试验后,杂质的减少和淬火反应使得空间电荷的积聚降低且消散过程加快;实际运行32 a的电缆绝缘空间电荷的积聚和消散过程缓和,老化试验后,由于绝缘降解作用和晶态结构的破坏使得空间电荷的积聚加剧且消散过程变得缓慢。     

Properties of Space Charge Distributions and Conduction Current in XLPE and LDPE under DC High Electric Field

Space charge behavior and conduction current in polyethylene under dc stress were investigated. One of the reasons for the different breakdown property in cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) from that in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) may be based on the existence of cross‐linking by‐products in XLPE. Furthermore, a thermal history in cross‐linking process for XLPE may also cause of the difference. It is generally accepted that the existence of the cross‐linking by‐products increase the conduction current in XLPE under dc stress. It is also said that an anneal treatment in air atmosphere may affect to the electrical properties under dc stress. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the cross‐linking by‐products and the anneal treatment on space charge behavior and conduction current in polyethylene under dc stress. In our research, it is thought that the increasing dissipation power in XLPE is the cause of the breakdown in it under dc stress. Therefore, to calculate the dissipation power in the bulk of test sample, we measured the space charge distribution and the external circuit current simultaneously. Based on the results, we discussed the reason of the difference of the space charge properties in XLPE and LDPE focusing on the cross‐linking by‐products and the oxidation of the test samples.