制革污水处理工艺技术的研究

阐述制革污水处理工艺及各主要单体的改进与运作 ,简要介绍技术监控要素和有关探索试验     

制革污水处理工艺技术的研究联合国工发组织援助项目US/CPR/92/120

阐述制革污水处理工艺及各主要单体的改进与运作,简要介绍技术监控要素和有关探索试验.     

制革废水处理的研究进展

综述了国内制革废水处理的现状 ,分析了各种方法的优缺点 ,提出了进一步提高处理工艺效率的建议     

制革废水综合处理技术的探讨

制革废水预处理工艺采用串联式气浮操作单元将有效地提高制革废水预处理效果。好氧生化处理系统中选择适宜的微生物菌群可以有效地提高制革污水处理系统的整体效率 ,使制革废水经处理后做到稳定达标排放。     

反渗透膜在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

论述了采用反渗透膜浓缩葡萄汁的工艺流程、技术条件.     

反渗透膜在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

论述了采用反渗透膜浓缩葡萄汁的工艺流程、技术条件。     

Comparison of methods for assessing reverse osmosis membrane treatment of shrimp process water

Interest in reuse of process water from the food industry has reinforced the importance of controlling and monitoring the effectiveness and reliability of treatment systems regarding removal of organic matter and microorganisms. The ability of adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence, conductivity, turbidometry, absorbance, and multichannel fluorescence spectroscopy for indirectly monitoring the integrity of a reverse osmosis membrane when treating process water recovered from peeling in a shrimp processing line was evaluated. This study demonstrated that reverse osmosis was capable of removing bacteria (ca. 7 log CFU ml(-1)) to the levels required by the regulatory authorities for water recycling within the same food unit operation. Adenosine triphosphate and turbidometry showed a higher sensitivity for detecting compromising conditions at the treatment system (0.1% concentration of feed in permeate) and a better correlation with the aerobic count at lower levels than the other methods investigated. The sensitivity for assessing membrane integrity of conductivity and multichannel fluorescence was 1% of feed in permeate. Impact of feed variations was best leveled out in the permeates for turbidity measurements. Multichannel fluorescence spectroscopy may require laborious calibration procedures and expertise regarding data analysis and interpretation of results, which are not always available in food industries. Absorbance did not respond to changes in membrane integrity and was not well correlated to the aerobic count because of the poor sensitivity of this method for these purposes.     

反渗透膜支撑体的制备

经硬挺整理后的涤纶针织物可作为反渗透膜的支撑体.探讨了整理剂选择的制约因素以及整理剂组分质量比对整理效果的影响,分析了整理剂用量、预烘温度、焙烘温度和焙烘时间等因素对织物性能的影响,并得出最佳整理工艺:整理剂[m(聚醋酸乙烯酯):m(环氧树脂)=7:1]用量为500 g/L,预烘温度110℃,190℃焙烘1.5 min.通过扫描电镜观察了整理前后织物的表面形态,结果表明:整理后织物的表面形成了硬挺整理剂薄膜,且分布均匀、致密.整理后织物强力和白度有所下降,但仍符合客户要求.     

热水反渗透膜在饮料行业的应用

通过对热水反渗透膜的主要特征、膜元件的技术参数特征、配套设备定位清洗（Cleaning in Place,CIP）CIP系统、膜自身清洗等方面的介绍,阐明热水反渗透膜和热水反渗透膜配套设备的特点即耐高温、可彻底清洗、能经受各种在线CIP清洗。实验证明在饮料行业中,使用热水反渗透膜系统不仅可以保证原水预处理系统出水水质符合卫生要求,而且可以完全避免普通反渗透系统由于支路多、盲管长等因素导致的系统自身滋生细菌、无法彻底清洗的问题,也解决了反渗透系统在微生物污染后无法彻底恢复的问题。     

反渗透膜的性能研究及在造纸废水处理中的应用

本文研究了反渗透膜BW30和X-20操作压力对膜通量和脱盐率的影响、离子半径对脱盐率的影响。实验结果表明:当操作压力从0.1MPa升高到0.2MPa时,两种膜对盐溶液的通量分别从0.59 L/(m2·h)上升到1.99 L/(m2·h),从0.34 L/(m2·h)上升到1.36 L/(m2·h),而脱盐率从30%下降到20%左右,随着离子半径的增大,膜的脱盐率依次增大;并研究了反渗透膜在造纸废水处理中的应用。实验结果表明:纳滤膜对小分子有机物有很好的截留、脱盐效果明显,并且对色度、浊度有很好的去除能力。     

MBR工艺处理印染废水的研究进展

纺织是高能耗、高污染行业,印染废水对我国环境影响巨大.近几十年,众多学者对印染废水的处理技术进行了大量研究.其中,膜生物反应器(M B R)由于占地面积小、出水水质好、污泥浓度高、污泥产率低等被用作处理印染废水的首选工艺之一.梳理了MBR工艺处理印染废水的研究文献,总结亟需解决的难题.     

Interrelated effects of aeration and mixed liquor fractions on membrane fouling for submerged membrane bioreactor processes in wastewater treatment

The interactions of mixed liquor fractions and their impacts on membrane fouling were examined at different sparging aeration intensities for submerged hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors (MBR) in wastewater treatment. The mixed liquor samples were fractioned by size into MLSS, colloids quantified by colloidal TOC, and dissolved solutes. The experimental results showed that their significance in membrane fouling was strongly related to aeration intensity. In the absence of sparging aeration, both MLSS and colloids contributed to membrane fouling which was further enhanced by their interactions. For the tested membrane module operated at the vigorous aeration intensity typically employed in practice, however, the deposition of colloids was identified as the most important mechanism controlling membrane fouling rates. In contrast, much fewer effects were exerted by MLSS: the overall fouling rates were increased initially, and then reduced with increasing concentration of MLSS. Thus, the aeration-induced turbulence should be considered for properly assessing the mixed liquor fouling potential for wastewater MBR processes. Finally, little difference in fouling rates was observed with the use of cyclic aeration mode as compared to continuous aeration mode.     

有机/无机高分子絮凝剂在制革废水处理中的应用综述

概述了我国制革工业废水现状 ,对有机 /无机高分子絮凝剂的种类、性能、作用机理及在制革污水处理中的研究发展概况和应用前景等方面 ,进行了综合论述。     

臭氧及电化学氧化处理制革生化尾水比较研究

结合臭氧氧化和电化学氧化两项高级氧化处理技术对制革生化尾水进行研究。试验过程中臭氧最佳作用参数为投加量30mg／L,pH=7,时间30min;电解最佳作用参数为电流密度75A／m^2,pH=7,电解时间15min．且使用钛基Ru-Ir-Sn阳极效果最好。研究发现：二者对废水色度去除效果均可达90％以上,对COD削减则存在去除极限,削减率低于50％。臭氧氧化可将生化性由0．023调至0．180,电化学氧化则可以将生化性调至0．410。臭氧氧化对类蛋白有机物的去除效果较好,类腐殖质有机物则残留较多;电化学氧化则相反,对类腐殖质去除较为彻底,类蛋白有机物则残留较多。     

Biofilm formation characteristics of bacterial isolates retrieved from a reverse osmosis membrane

High-quality water purification systems using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane separation have faced a major challenge related to biofilm formation on the membrane surface, or biofouling. To understand this issue, the biofilm formation characteristics of four bacterial isolates previously retrieved from an RO membrane treating potable water were investigated. Biofilm formation of all four isolates occurred to different extents in microtiter plates and could be related to one or more cell properties (hydrophobicity, surface charge, and motility). For Dermacoccus sp. strain RO12 and Microbacterium sp. strain RO18, bacterial adhesion was facilitated by cell surface hydrophobicity, and for Rhodopseudomonas sp. strain RO3, adhesion was assisted by its low surface charge. Sphingomonas sp. strain RO2 possessed both twitching and swarming motilities, which could be important in mediating surface colonization. Further, strains RO2, RO3, and RO12 did not exhibit swimming motility, suggesting that they could be transported to RO membrane surfaces by other mechanisms such as convective permeate flow. The biofilm formation of RO2 was further tested on different RO membranes made of cellulose acetate, polyamide, and thin film composite in continuous flow cell systems. The resultant RO2 biofilms were independent of membrane surface properties and this was probably related to the ex-opolysaccharides secreted bythe biofilm cells. These results suggested that RO2 could colonize RO membranes effectively and could be a potential fouling organism in RO membranes for freshwater purification.     

减少制革废水中盐含量的方法

前　　言在现代工业社会 ,人们越来越重视环境保护 ,而在一些地方 ,制革的污染问题仍未得到足够的重视。但政府部门在法律上对有关废水、废气和固体废弃物的处理方法的更严格规定 ,无形中加强了人们的环保意识。必须采取相应的方法和措施 ,以达到对某些特定物质含量严格控制的目的 ,因此 ,高吸收材料的开发及在生产中不会产生对环境有害的副产品和避免浪费的方法 ,都是十分重要的 ,由此 ,制革和皮化材料行业都面临着严峻环境压力的挑战。未来的发展趋势预示着 ,制革厂必须像重视其产品质量、生产规模、企业利润一样 ,重视环境保护问题。CO…     

Performance of a sulfide-oxidizing, sulfur-producing membrane biofilm reactor treating sulfide-containing bioreactor effluent

Sulfide-containing waste streams are generated in mining, petrochemical plants, tanneries, viscose rayon manufacture, and the gasification of coal. Colorless sulfur bacteria can oxidize sulfide to elemental sulfur (S°), which can be recovered, when oxygen is their electron acceptor. This study evaluated sulfide oxidation and S° recovery in an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) treating the effluent from a sulfidogenic anaerobic baffled reactor. Sulfide oxidation efficiency (37-99%) and S° recovery (64-89% of oxidized sulfide) could be controlled by manipulating the sulfide loading, oxygen pressure to the fibers, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). For example, too-low oxygen pressure decreased S° recovery due to decreased sulfide oxidation, but too-high oxygen pressure lowered S° recovery due to its oxidation to sulfate. Most importantly, high sulfide oxidation (>98%) and conversion to S° (>75%) could be achieved together when the sulfide loading was less than 1.7 mol/m2·d and the O? pressure was sufficient to give an O? flux of at least 1.5 mol/m2·d. However, higher sulfide loading could be compensated by a higher O? pressure, and the best performance occurred when the sulfide loading was high (2 molS/m2·d), the O? pressure was high (～1 atm), and the HRT was short (1.9 h). Membrane fouling caused a low O? flux, which led to low sulfide-oxidation efficiency, but fouling could be reversed by mild acid washing.     

治理制革污水用阳离子高分子絮凝剂的制备与应用

指出彻底根治污染是今年皮革工业持续发展的必要前提 ,介绍了阳离子型高分子絮凝剂在制革污水治理中的重要作用 ,并制备了一种新型阳离子高分子絮凝剂 ,对其合成条件和应用性能也进行了研究。     

膜生物反应器处理油脂废水的研究

采用膜生物反应器对油脂废水进行强化处理.试验结果表明:膜生物反应器对油脂废水中的化学需氧量(COD)、油、总有机碳(TOC)、氨氮和生化需氧量(BOD5)的平均去除率分别为85.2％、93.8％、88.4％、51.3％和97.5％,相应的平均出水含量为233.6、310.1、95.7、3.9 mg/L和22.6 mg/L;氨氮和BOD5达到国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB 18918-2002).在考察膜通量对膜污染的潜势中发现,随着膜通量的提高,跨膜压差(TMP)增加的较快,通过将膜通量降低到8 LMH以下,TMP得以稳定,维持在2～6 kPa之间.     

Community structure analysis of reverse osmosis membrane biofilms and the significance of Rhizobiales bacteria in biofouling

The biofilm community structure of a biofouled reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was examined using a polyphasic approach, and the dominant phylotypes retrieved were related to the order Rhizobiales, a group of bacteria that is hitherto not implicated in membrane biofouling. A comparison with two other membrane biofilms using T-RFLP fingerprinting also revealed the dominance of Rhizobiales organisms. When pure culture RO biofilm isolates were cultivated aerobically in BIOLOG microplates, most Rhizobiales were metabolically versatile in their choice of carbon substrates. Nitrate reduction was observed in five RO isolates related to Castellaniella, Ochrobactrum, Stenotrophomonas, and Xanthobacter. Many of the key Rhizobiales genera including Bosea, Ochrobactrum, Shinella, and Rhodopseudomonas were detected by PCR to contain the nirK gene responsible for nitrite reductase activity. These findings suggest that Rhizobiales organisms are ecologically significant in membrane biofilm communities under both aerobic and anoxic conditions and may be responsible for biofouling in membrane separation systems.