集成数控（INC）系统模式研究及实践

本文提出了在计算机集成制造系统环境下的计算机直接数控系统的新模式一集成数控。认为数控加工技术已从单一数控编程发展为网络型ＣＡＤ／ＮＣ一体化，重点在数控模型，数控工艺，数控程序的集成管理与机床的接口技术。本文以杭州汽轮机厂集成数控系统为例，具体阐述了ＩＮＣ模式。     

基于专家系统的气缸套CAPP系统的设计

计算机辅助工艺规程设计作为设计和制造之间的桥梁在计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)中起着关键的作用。本文着重介绍了气缸套的计算机辅助工艺规程设计系统的设计思想，说明了以专家系统技术为基本方法开发的气缸套计算机辅助工艺规程的设计系统结构和设计方法，同时说明了基于专家系统的CAPP是今后的一个发展方向。     

浅谈数控机床的基本原理及未来发展趋势

数控机床上的零件加工是在程序的控制下自动完成的。在零件加工过程中,操作者只需完成装卸工件、装刀对刀、操作键盘、启动加工、加工过程监视、工件质量检验等工作,因此劳动强度低,劳动条件明显改善。数控机床是柔性自动化加工设备,是制造装备数字化的主角,是计算机辅助制造（Computer Aided Manufacturing,CAM）、柔性制造系（Flexible Manufacturing System,FMS）、计算机集成制造系统（Computer Integrated Manufacturing System,CIMS）等柔性自动化制造系统的重要底层设备。简述了数控机床的基本原理及未来发展趋势。     

先进制造系统投资项目评价方法的应用

以计算机集成制造系统 ( Computer IntegratedManufacturing System简称 CIMS)为代表的先进制造系统 ,是近年来发展起来的新型工厂自动化加工制造系统 (以下简称先进制造系统 )。通过开发和应用先进制造系统 ,增强市场应变能力 ,实现企业生产经营活动的全局动态最优化 ,已成为现代企业建立并保持竞争优势的重要途径。先进制造系统投资项目评价有着不同于一般投资项目评价的特点。首先 ,先进制造系统投资决策是战略性多目标决策 ,对先进制造系统投资项目需要在多层次、多维评价的基础上作综合评价。第二 ,先进制造系统投资项目决策问题属…     

计算机仿真技术在制造系统规划设计及运行中的应用

本文概述了计算机仿真技术在制造系统的规划设计及运行中的应用情况,介绍了制造系统中计算机仿真建模的几种方法,对国内外用于制造系统的建模与仿真软件作了简要介绍,并展望了仿真技术在我国制造业中的应用前景。     

PDM构架下的船用柴油机CAD/CAE/CAPP集成技术研究

CAD/CAE/CAP与PDM系统的集成在船用柴油机研发和制造过程中非常重要。在现有柴油机设计、制造、试验研发条件的基础上,重点开展了PDM构架下的CAD/CAE/CAPP集成技术研究。     

CIMS环境下工艺设计与过程管理集成系统的研制

结合东方汽轮机厂的CIMS工程项目网络化工艺设计与过程管理集成系统的研制，提出了CIMS环境下面向产品及管理的制造工艺集成系统的集成模型，它根据用户权限的不同，在工艺设计部门，采用C／S模式，利用PDM思想，集工艺设计、资源管理，文档民工艺管理为一体，实现工艺设计和管理的计算机和信息化，在工艺设计部门以外与工艺工作有关的所有部门，采用B／S模式，实现共享工艺信息的集成工艺信息处理系统。整个系统按功能划分成5个集成单元，对各个集成单元的关键技术进行了分析和描述成功应用于开发实践。     

基于云计算技术与智能水滴算法的冶金控制系统设计

基于云计算技术进行了金属冶炼计算机云平台控制系统设计,其以云平台系统体系框架为载体,一体化集成了生产与制造等相关数据信息。同时,还详细分析设计了系统框架、功能模块、抗干扰,提出了一种以群体为基础的自然启发优化算法,即智能水滴算法,以此实现了对金属冶炼工艺流程的改进与优化。在此基础上,利用虚拟框架构建系统仿真实验环境,以验证系统设计的可靠性与可行性。通过实验仿真证明,此系统能够在很大程度上保证金属冶炼速率,而且能够显著提高数据传输功效。     

汽车技术的发展趋势

当今汽车的设计、开发和制造不仅涉及一门高技术学科,而是与许多科学领域有关。其技术发展的趋势: 1)在汽车上电子设备的使用将不断增多,它们可改善车辆的燃料经济性和提高性能、而不降低排气污染品质,并提高安全性和舒适性。 2)将用复合材料来获得更轻的车辆而不降低耐用性。 3)发动机将使用陶瓷材料,从而提高燃料经济性。 4)无级变速装置将提高手换档变速器的效率和自动变速器的性能。 5)将用微处理机来控制整个传动系,从而在所有状态下可获得最佳的运行。 6)计算机辅助设计(CAD)和计算机辅助生产(CAM)将与计算机辅助教学(CAE)结合成集成制造系统。     

内燃机行业开发CIM的设想

采用CIMS(计算机集成制造系统)是企业发展的方向。为使内燃机行业的发展从以往的速度型转变为质量效益型、从粗放经营型转为集约经营型实现CIM是必然趋势,文章对此问题进行了探讨。并叙述了CIM的组成、国外实现CIM所取得的效益、CIM的开发步骤及在CIM的开发中应注意的问题。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

具有智能化特征的安全稳定分析与控制决策技术

安全稳定预警与控制辅助决策是智能电网调度技术支持系统不可缺少的应用类功能。在分析安全稳定分析与控制决策计算工作特点的基础上,提出安全稳定分析与控制决策支持智能化的主要特征：自动化和自适应性。介绍了自动化的安全稳定分析计算技术,包括输入数据准备、任务执行和输出结果的自动化处理;阐述了自适应电网运行工况、外部环境和硬件运行状态的安全稳定分析技术,包括调整应用功能的输入数据和妥善处理安全稳定性交互影响,以及根据分析计算任务要求动态优化调度计算资源。这些技术已用于安全稳定综合防御系统,提高了分析结果的适应性和分析计算的效率,在电网运行规划、计划安全校核、超短期安全态势预测、调度操作安全校核和在线分析与控制等电网调度运行管理中发挥作用。     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications

Wettability of a material’s surface plays a significant role in how fluids interact with such surfaces. Wetting behavior is universal but can vary depending on the chemical nature of the solid and liquid phases. Plants and animals adapt to their environment by having evolved special properties. These properties are such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surface has a strong affinity to water and spreading of water on such surface is preferred. The degree of hydrophilicity of the substance can be measured by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. Hydrophobic materials are known as non-polar materials with a low affinity to water, which makes them water repelling. A contact angle of less than 90° indicates hydrophilic interaction where as an angle greater than 90° indicates a hydrophobic interaction. More recently, superwetting such as superhydrophilicity has been receiving an increased focus in the literature due to its potential significance. Superhydrophilic surface has a contact angle of less than 5°.

The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.

The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.

The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more.     

Defect and impurity diagnostics and process monitoring

The review focuses on four areas of defect and impurity diagnostics: (i) the determination of parasitic resistances, (ii) quantum efficiency analysis including light-beam-induced current measurement systems which use spectrally resolved currents to determine local recombination in solar cells, (iii) methods to determine the recombination properties in solar cell precursors and (iv) techniques suitable for the recognition of the type of impurity or defect, which is responsible for increased recombination. In general, emphasis is on those methods, which are capable of delivering spatially resolved information. The use of the specific metastability features of a defect for its identification is exemplified. In addition, carrier lifetime spectroscopy methods utilising the temperature or the injection dependence of defect recombination are outlined.     

铁道机车车辆轮轨的摩擦磨损与节能降耗

阐述了铁道机车车辆轮轨摩擦磨损的现状;研究了内燃机车车轮、闸瓦和钢轨的消耗数量及相应的维修费用;指出了采用适当的新技术之后,在节能降耗方面会产生显著的经济效益。     

Hydrogen and electricity from water and light

Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers: n-TiO₂/p-CdTe, n-TiO₂/p-GaP, n-SrTiO₃/p-CdTe and n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. the current-potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured. Cell current-density measurements versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12 h. the n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0·7 per cent. the n-TiO₂/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0·1 per cent. the stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1·5 eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers.     

能源的开发利用与节能

在节能与环保问题成为当今全球性重要研究课题的情况下,笔者对中国能源的现状、新能源开发问题和在用车辆的环保节能问题进行了研究探讨。认为我国应加大开发可再生能源、核能源的力度,开发城市生活垃圾的新能源,找出在用柴油车实现环保节能的一些新措施。     

国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

The roles of science and technology in energy and environment research and development

Countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of science and technology in relation to national development and the necessity of formulating a concise science and technology policy. The need to strengthen and orient the scientific and technological infrastructure in line with national development goals, through more effective use of an available qualified work force and the higher education system, is becoming widely recognized. Consequently, appropriate methods of assessing the impact of science and technology on national development are needed so that efforts are concentrated on areas potentially having substantial impacts. Numerous planning studies have been undertaken to this end, particularly by international organizations such as UNESCO, UNIDO, OECD and IEA. This study examines the inter‐relationships of the disciplines of science and technology with energy and environment research and development (R&D) activities, particularly for developing countries. The connections between these topics are discussed along with some basic methods that can be used to exploit the relations. Some illustrative examples are presented. It is anticipated that the present study will serve as a preliminary step for more comprehensive work by providing an example of the utilization of formal methods in formulating science and technology policy for energy and environment R&D. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂TSI安装调试及常见故障诊断和处理

火电机组TSI探头的安装与调试是一个较为复杂和精细的工作.是火电厂热控安装不可或缺的最重要的组成部分.文章对各种测量探头的原理进行了分析,理论结合实际,将原理图和现场安装图进行对照,通俗易懂.对这些TSI探头在实际安装时应注意的细节问题做了详尽的阐述,同时对试车过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了处理措施.对火电机组汽轮机本体热工仪表安装工作有一定的指导意义.