白内障术前预防性用药效果及舒适性评价

目的了解白内障术前预防性用抗生素的效果及舒适性。方法108例、108眼白内障患者,术前随机使用氧氟沙星(泰利必妥)、左氧氟沙星(海伦)、妥布霉素(信妥明)滴眼液,按每1h滴药1次×1d及每1d用药4次×3d两种方式用药。分别于用药后5,15min,1d或3d询问患者干涩、异物、烧灼、眼痒、眼疼、畏光等感觉并评分以了解用药的舒适性。用裂隙灯显微镜观察结膜充血、结膜水肿、结膜乳头与滤泡、角膜荧光素染色情况以了解药物的毒性作用。用药1d或3d后结膜囊取材作细菌培养了解药物的疗效。结果滴用妥布霉素滴眼液5,15min后,各项舒适性指标积分总和均升高(P<0.01)。滴用左氧氟沙星及氧氟沙星滴眼液仅在滴药5min后,各项舒适性指标积分总和轻微升高(P<0.05),滴药15min后消失(P>0.05)。各项不适症状中以眼痛及烧灼感发生频率最高,程度最重。滴用妥布霉素滴眼液5,15min后,各项毒性作用指标积分总和均较滴用前增加(P<0.05),用左氧氟沙星及氧氟沙星滴眼液仅在用药后5min上述指标积分总和较用药前增高(P<0.05),其余时间与用药前比较无差异(P>0.05)。其毒性作用主要表现为结膜充血。用药组结膜囊细菌培养均为阴性。结论妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星滴眼液采用每1h1次×1d及每1d4次×3d给药均有良好的预防性用药的效果,左氧氟沙星及氧氟沙星的舒适性更好,毒性更小。     

苦荞总黄酮对酒精性脂肪肝细胞的作用

为研究苦荞总黄酮（total flavonoids of tartary buckwheat,TFTB）对体外诱导的酒精性脂肪肝（alcoholic fatty liver,AFL）L-02细胞的影响。采用细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒（cell counting kit-8,CCK-8）筛选AFL细胞模型乙醇诱导浓度、TFTB作用浓度,油红O染色观察AFL细胞模型构建情况,用试剂盒方法检测TFTB作用前后细胞上清液中甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（aspartate transaminase,AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、游离脂肪酸（nonestesterified fatty acid,NEFA）、总超氧化物歧化酶（total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）水平,酶联免疫吸附法（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）检测 TFTB 作用前后细胞上清液白介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）、白介素-8（interleukin-8,IL-8）和肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）的水平变化。用含 0.9%乙醇和 0.01%FeSO4的RPMI-1640培养液诱导L-02细胞,诱导至第4代,与空白对照组及阴性对照组相比,模型组经油红O染色后胞浆内出现大量橘红色脂滴且产生明显的TG、AST、ALT堆积。与模型组相比,80 μg/mL TFTB处理组细胞上清液中的TG、AST、ALT、MDA、NEFA水平分别降低 15.00%、61.50%、68.71%、13.83%和47.51%,而 T-SOD、GSH-Px水平分别升高17.44%、101.57%。此外,TFTB处理后体外诱导的AFL细胞上清液中IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α水平分别降低8.31%、32.61%、27.85%,表明TFTB不仅可以抑制肝细胞脂肪积累与变性、减轻乙醇对肝细胞膜及肝细胞的氧化损伤,还可以缓解由于AFL细胞损伤所引起的炎症反应。     

高糖、高脂饮食对小鼠肠道屏障功能及炎症的影响

目的:研究高糖、高脂饮食(HSFD)对肠道屏障功能以及炎症水平的影响。方法:选取SPF级C57BL/6J鼠进行HSFD干预4周，以低糖、低脂饮食(LFD)作为对照，测定血脂相关指标、肠道通透性、炎症水平以及相关紧密连接蛋白表达变化。结果:与LFD相比，HSFD喂养下，小鼠总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)等血脂指标分别升高74%，34%，105%(P<0.05)，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量降低36%(P<0.01)，肝脏病理染色显示脂肪细胞异常聚集，表明HSFD干预造成小鼠肝脏脂质代谢紊乱。对小鼠结肠炎症症状分析显示，HSFD小鼠粪便有带血情况，疾病活动指数评分(DAI)、结肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性显著提高(P<0.05)，实时荧光定量PCR和酶联免疫(ELISA)法测得结肠组织中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)炎症因子表达显著提高(P<0.05)，说明HSFD小鼠肠道处于轻度炎症状态。对肠道屏障功能分析显示，HSFD小鼠结肠上皮组织发生炎症性细胞浸润，隐窝结构被破坏，杯状细胞减少，闭合小环蛋白(ZO-1)、咬合蛋白(Occludin)、黏液蛋白(MUC-2)等屏障相关蛋白的基因表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。免疫荧光结果显示，HSFD小鼠结肠组织中ZO-1、Occludin表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。异硫氰酸荧光素标记葡聚糖(FITC-Dextran)分析显示HSFD小鼠肠道通透性显著增加。结论:HSFD会导致小鼠脂质代谢紊乱，破坏肠道屏障功能，促使肠道处于炎症状态，从而可能引起肠道慢性病变。     

别克参多糖对哮喘小鼠氧化应激的影响

目的 探究别克参多糖（ESBP）对哮喘的影响及作用机制。方法 50只雌性Balb/c小鼠随机分为阴性对照组、哮喘模型组、地塞米松阳性给药组、ESBP高剂量组和ESBP低剂量组。除阴性对照组外,均以鸡卵清蛋白（OVA）致敏激发以建立哮喘模型。采用全自动血液分析仪对肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中的炎性细胞进行分类及计数;苏木素-伊红（HE）、过碘酸希夫（PAS）和马松（Masson）染色观察哮喘小鼠肺组织病理情况;比色法检测血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性;免疫组化和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测小鼠肺组织核因子E2相关因子2 （Nrf2）、血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的蛋白表达量及mRNA丰度。结果 与阴性对照组比较,模型组BALF中炎性细胞总数、中性粒细胞数、单核细胞数量及嗜酸性粒细胞数量均显著上升（P<0.05）,肺部炎性浸润明显,胶原沉积增多,黏液分泌增多,杯状细胞明显增生,同时模型组小鼠血清中MDA含量上升（P<0.05）,SOD活性下降（P<0.05）,肺组织中Nrf2、HO-1和VEGF的蛋白表达和mRNA丰度均有所增加（P<0.05）。与哮喘模型组比较,ESBP高剂量组BALF中的炎性细胞总数、中性粒细胞、单核细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞数量均显著降低（P<0.05）,ESBP高、低剂量组肺部病理状况均有所改善,肺组织中Nrf2和HO-1的蛋白表达量和mRNA丰度均增加（P<0.05）,VEGF的蛋白表达量和mRNA丰度被显著下调（P<0.05）。结论 别克参多糖可减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症并缓解气道重塑,其机制可能是通过干预体内氧化应激,激活Nrf2/HO-1通路和抑制VEGF表达实现。     

Innovative bulls eye drop applicator for self-instillation of eye drops

PurposeTo report the role of Bulls eye drop applicator device in self-instillation of eye drops and in prevention of wastage of medicine.MethodsA small pocket sized device “Bulls eye drop applicator” was developed, which is a simple, handy, mirror-based attachment which can be attached to any eye drop bottle to help in accurate self-instillation of the drops in the eye. The prototype of this device was tried in ten volunteer subjects (Group 1) and 15 patients (Group 2); they were asked to use lubricating eye drops (5 ml bottle) in one eye without the device (N) and in the other eye with the device (M). The numbers of attempts for the application of eye drops were noted and the residual eye drops in the returned bottles were measured for quantitative assessment.ResultsTen volunteers and 11/15 patients completed the study. At the completion of the study, there were a total of 232 applications of eye drops in the Group 1 N (without device) and 1 M (with device). To achieve these 232 applications, there were 330 attempts without the device and 266 attempts of instillation were needed with the device (P < 0.0001). In Group 2, there were a total of 544 applications of eye drops; to achieve this, there were 879 attempts in Group 2 N and 685 attempts of instillation in Group 2 M (p < 0.0001). The cumulative quantity of residual drops in the returned bottles collected from Group 2 N was 5.1 ml and it was 19.7 ml in Group 2 M (p = 0.001).ConclusionsThe number of attempts of instillation reduced significantly with the use of the eye drop applicator device. The use of eye drops applicator device reduced the wastage of drops from 42.2% to 14.6% in Group 1 N Vs Group 1 M and saving of about 35.7 % in Group 2 M compared to Group 2 N.     

The management of allergic eye diseases in primary eye care

Allergy is an over-reaction of the body's immune system to innocuous foreign substances or allergens that the body perceives as a potential threat or undesirable. It is estimated to affect approximately 20% of the population. Of this subset at least 20% suffer from ocular allergy. It has a significant impact on the quality of life of the individual. Allergic diseases are those conditions in which an antibody- and/or T-cell mediated mechanisms are involved.Allergic eye diseases are characterized by IgE-mast cell mediated, as seen in allergic conjunctivitis; chronic mast cell activation and eosinophil/T-lymphocyte-mediated response, as seen in giant papillary conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis; or a T-lymphocyte-mediated response in contact ocular allergy.The management of allergic eye disease is aimed at preventing the release of mediators of allergy, controlling the allergic inflammatory cascade and preventing ocular surface damage secondary to the allergic response. In the management of ocular allergic disease, the clinician is advised to recommend non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic regimens that address the acute presentation of ocular allergy and provide prophylaxis aimed at providing long-term maintenance therapy. This approach to the management of allergic eye diseases aims to minimize the impact of the allergic reaction on the individual's quality of life.To achieve success in the management of allergic eye diseases, the clinician requires a considerable understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical features and differential diagnosis of the different types of ocular allergy, as well as an adequate knowledge of their pharmacotherapy.     

论桂圆可可的研制和生产

简述了桂圆可可的研制和生产工艺路线及所用原料、操作过程及其营养和保健作用.     

Effect of lipid-based dry eye supplements on the tear film in wearers of eye cosmetics

Purpose

To compare the effects on tear film parameters and contamination in cosmetic eyeliner wearers, after single application of two lipid-based dry eye treatments: a lipid-containing lubricant eye drop and a phospholipid liposomal spray.

匠心独运

泰国纤维板公司(Siam Fibreboard)是马来西亚长荣集团(Evergreen group)旗下的一个子公司,最近该公司已经启动了它在合艾(Hat Yai)地区的第3条中密度纤维板生产线。正如《国际人造板》(WBPI)编辑Mike Botting报告中所说,在过去的1年里,迅速发展壮大的泰国纤维板公司取得了骄人的业绩。     

The epidemiology of dry eye disease in the UK: The Aston dry eye study

PurposeCross-sectional studies on dry eye disease (DED) have relied on different diagnoses hindering conclusions about the disease epidemiology. This study offers an insight into DED epidemiology in the UK using prior and recent diagnostic recommendations.MethodsStudy participants comprised 282 volunteers from Birmingham, UK (median 40 years, range 18–88 years, 56% females). DED was defined by the Tear Film Ocular Surface Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II) criteria, based on a positive symptom score with the Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and one of the following homeostasis markers: non-invasive tear break-up time of < 10 s (Oculus Keratograph 5M); the highest osmolarity value of ≥ 308 mOsm/L among eyes or an interocular osmolarity difference of > 8 mOsm/L (TearLab Osmolarity System); or > 5 corneal spots, >9 conjunctival spots or lower/upper lid-wiper-epitheliopathy staining of ≥ 2 mm length and ≥ 25% width (Oculus Keratograph 5 M). In addition, the Women’s Health Study (WHS) criteria, based on symptoms or a prior dry eye diagnosis, was assessed. DED risk factors were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire.ResultsDED prevalence by the TFOS DEWS II criteria was 32.1% (95% confidence interval 25.5–37.7% and 29.5% (95% confidence interval 24.4–35.1% by the WHS criteria. Female sex, systemic and/or ocular health conditions, short sleep duration and prolonged outdoor leisure time spent were significant DED risk factors (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionsApproximately one-third of the adult UK population have DED, aligning with the prevalence reported in multiple counties globally. Female sex, systemic/ocular health conditions, short sleep duration and prolonged outdoor leisure time are positive predictors of DED.     

Attitudes of eye health practitioners towards diagnostic tests and therapies for dry eye disease in Australasia

IntroductionThe diagnosis of dry eye is challenging for eye health practitioners (EHP) and recently, a variety of new diagnostic tests have emerged. This study assesses the attitudes of EHP to dry eye and testing and compares these with attitudes in 2003.MethodsAn electronic questionnaire was disseminated to EHP in Australasia between December 2020 to March 2021. Participants rated the likelihood that presenting symptoms/signs were associated with dry eye, the utility of diagnostic tests, the value of test characteristics, and their satisfaction with dry eye diagnostics. Qualitative responses were categorised into positive, negative, or neutral themes.Results144 responses were received, with 117 (81.3%) from Australia and 27 (18.7%) from New Zealand. Posterior blepharitis was significantly more likely to be associated with dry eye than other factors (p < 0.01). Clinical history, fluorescein staining and FBUT were judged significantly more useful in diagnosing dry eye compared to other tests (p < 0.01). Test validity was judged significantly more important in choosing a test than other qualities. Qualitative attitudes towards dry eye presentations and diagnostic tests were positive in 42.2% and 24.3%, negative in 32.4% and 41.9%, and neutral in 25.5% and 33.8% respectively.ConclusionsThe opinions of EHP regarding dry eye tests were variable, but most favour history and corneal staining for diagnosis. Patterns of responses were similar to that reported by Turner et al 16-years ago, however, there is a higher satisfaction with available tests and therapeutic options. There is a need to develop a consensus amongst real-world clinicians regarding an optimum diagnostic pathway for dry eye, particularly in relation to newer diagnostic tests.     

美国葡萄酒出口商瞄准中国市场

最近，加州酿酒葡萄种植者协会（California Institute for Winegrape Growers）通过一项研究发现，中国的葡萄酒市场具有非常大的发展潜力。     

Management of dry eye in UK pharmacies

PurposeTo investigate the ability of pharmacy staff in the United Kingdom (UK) to diagnose and treat dry eye.MethodsA mystery shopper technique to simulate a patient with presumed dry eye was used in 50 pharmacy practices in major towns and cities across the UK. Pharmacies were unaware of their involvement in the study. With the exception of a predetermined opening statement to initiate the consultation, no further information was volunteered. Questions asked, diagnoses given, management strategy advised and staff type was recorded immediately after the consultation.ResultsThe mean number of questions was 4.5 (SD 1.7; range 1–10). The most common question was the duration of symptoms (56%) and the least common was whether the patient had a history of headaches (2%). All pharmacy staff gave a diagnosis, but the majority were incorrect (58%), with only 42% correctly identifying dry eye. Treatment was advised by 92% of pharmacy staff, with the remaining 8% advising referral directly to the patient's GP or optometrist. Dry eye treatments involved topical ocular lubrication via eye drops (90%) and lipid based sprays (10%). However, only 10% gave administration advice, 10% gave dosage advice, 9% asked about contact lens wear, and none offered follow up although 15% also advised GP or optometrist referral.ConclusionsThere is a need for improved ophthalmological training amongst pharmacists and pharmacy staff and establishment of cross referral relationships between pharmacies and optometry practices.