交流增益的测量不确定度

介绍了用四参数正弦波最小二乘拟合法评价线性测量系统交流增益的不确定度分析和评价过程。讨论了主要的不确定度来源，包括信号源误差、采集序列的谐波失真、采集序列的噪声及非谐波失真、采集序列中信号周期的抖动、软件拟合运算误差的影响等等，给出了减小不确定度的主要措施。并结合一个实例，给出了评价结果。     

三点法误差分离技术理论分析

本文通过分析和研究国内外误差分离技术有关文献,建立了三点法测量和无约束最优化方法评定工件圆度误差、圆柱度误差的数学模型,并发现在应用该技术求解工件回转误差和圆柱度误差方面尚有不足,通过对一次谐波分离方法的研究,建立了精确求解工件回转误差和圆柱度误差的数学模型。     

圆柱逼真形貌重构基准的提纯技术

本提出应用回转误差运动中的一阶谐波分量进行零件圆柱度形状误差的重构，实际应用表明这种重构基准提纯技术行之有效，对提高重构精度是有益的。     

正弦波拟合参数的不确定度评定

介绍了用4参数正弦波最小二乘拟合法拟合参数不确定度分析和评价过程。讨论了主要的不确定度来源,包括信号源误差、采集序列谐波失真、采集序列噪声及非谐波失真、采集序列中信号周期抖动、软件拟合运算误差的影响等,给出了减小不确定度的主要措施。结合一个幅度拟合实例给出了评价结果。     

通道间延迟时间差的测量不确定度

介绍了用正弦波拟合法评价测量系统通道间延迟时间差不确定度的分析和评定过程。讨论了几个主要的不确定度来源,包括信号源误差、采集序列的谐波失真、噪声及非谐波失真、抖动、软件拟合运算误差等。结合一个实例,给出了通道间延迟时间差测量不确定度的评定结果。该过程可用于相应计量标准的不确定度分析与评定。     

一种基于多步法的高精密主轴回转误差分离算法

论述了多步法回转误差分离算法的技术原理,提出了频域混合补偿法误差分离算法,通过分析采集到的误差数据中主轴回转误差、圆度误差等成分的频域特性,利用傅里叶变换得到误差的谐波分量,通过剔除、补偿等方式分离偏心误差、圆度误差,从而得到主轴回转误差,该算法能很好地解决谐波抑制问题。通过圆度仪在工作现场采集数据进行仿真分析,实验验证该方法的可行性,并用最小二乘法对结果进行评定。三、四、五步法得到的圆度误差评定值与厂家给出的圆度误差40 nm间的差分别为118 nm、113 nm、145 nm,而频域混合补偿法分离出的圆度误差评定值为54 nm,与40 nm仅相差14 nm,可以看出频域混合补偿法对误差的分离效果明显优于多步法的误差分离效果。     

波形记录仪触发延迟的测量不确定度评定

提出了使用正弦波激励评价波形记录仪触发延迟的新方法,通过一个波形在有触发延迟和无触发延迟时,采集序列间的相位差对应的时间差来最终判定触发延迟结果。讨论了影响评价结果不确定度的几个主要误差来源,包括信号源误差、采集序列的谐波失真、噪声与非谐波失真、抖动、软件拟合运算误差等,同时给出了不确定度评定结果。以一组实验结果验证了所述方法的有效性和切实可行性。     

拟合测量正弦信号频率的不确定度

介绍了用四参数最小二乘曲线拟合法评价正弦信号频率时不确定度的分析和评价.通过使用国军标GJB 3756-1999"测量不确定度的表述及评定"中推荐的方法,讨论了影响评价结果不确定度的几个主要误差来源,包括采集速率误差、采集序列的谐波失真、采集序列的噪声及非谐波失真、采集序列中信号周期的抖动、软件拟合运算误差的影响等,给出了正弦信号频率的测量不确定度及减小不确定度的主要措施.结合一个实际例证的评价结果,验证了该过程的正确性和可行性.     

机床直行部件运动误差测量的精度分析与对策

分析了经典频域三点法测量直行部件运动误差时所存在的谐波抑制，直线度误差的非周期性、非封闭性以及端点不连续而引起的高阶谐波分量失真等方法误差。为了减少上述方法误差，提出了一种新的时域两点法误差分离技术。首先对传感器拾取的数据做对称延拓，这样可以减小由于所采信号的非封闭性所引起的高阶谐波失真。利用频域三点法得到时域两点法所需要的叠代初值。采用现代控制理论研究了谐波抑制的产生机理。通过合理地配置传感器的安装位置可以优化测量系统的传递特性，减少谐波抑制的发生。该方法既可以得到机床直行部件的运动误差，又可以得到在该机床上加工零件的直线度形状误差，这些测量信息都有助于诊断机床的误差源。通过试验验证了该方法的有效性和精确性。     

水平仪测试竖直轴系倾角回转误差的数据处理

为了更加准确地评定用水平仪测量竖直轴系的倾角回转误差,利用水平仪测试数据中误差的组成成分,明确两维水平仪读数中的谐波成分与回转误差中的谐波成分的相互关系。基于已有的2种数据处理方法,提出了将测量数据转换到固定坐标系下2种新的处理方法。详细分析了4种数据处理方法的优缺点,其中一次谐振分离方法将回转误差中的一次谐振量成功分离,得到了完整的回转误差。通过改变铅垂度,对轴系回转误差进行8次测量,对比所辨识的参数,从而验证了该方法的正确性。     

Improvement of measurement accuracy in shadow moiré by considering the influence of harmonics in the moiré profile

A method for high-resolution three-dimensional shape measurement for a shadow moiré system is proposed. To increase the resolving power of the method, the problem caused by the harmonics of the moiré profile needs to be solved. It is well known that moiré fringes in a shadow moiré system have a nonsinusoidal profile caused by harmonics. The influence of the harmonics in moiré profile on the measurement accuracy of the method is discussed. The method is improved to eliminate the error caused by the harmonics in the moiré profile. Both simulation and experimental results show that the improved method can effectively reduce the influence of harmonics.     

A fast algorithm for expansion over spherical harmonics

Algorithms for expansion over spherical harmonics are often used in electrostatic field calculation, calculation of the density functions in quantum chemistry and calculation of molecular surfaces. It usually includes expansion over spherical harmonics of degrees to several dozens. The usual method is to use an integration method over some grid on the unit sphere and in fact is a multiplication of the matrix of values of spherical harmonics in the grid points by a vector of values of the expanding function in the set of points. This algorithm executes O(NL²) operations whereN is the number of the grid points andL is the maximal degree of the spherical harmonics involved. We provide an algorithm of complexity O(NLlog² L) for multiplication of the matrix of values of spherical harmonics in points of an arbitrary grid on the unit sphere. The algorithm is based on interrelation between spherical harmonics and Legendre polynomials and on a fast algorithm for expansion over Legendre polynomials.     

A wavelet-based method of measuring fluctuating harmonics for determining the filter time constant of IEC standard harmonic analyzers

Harmonic analyzers are used to test the fluctuating harmonic emissions of electrical appliances to international regulations. This paper describes a wavelet-based method of measuring level-changing harmonics (bursts) for use in the calibration of these analyzers. The method is shown to be reliable for measuring various mixtures of harmonics. The importance of calibrating harmonic analyzers under conditions of fluctuating harmonics is discussed.     

用于偏转线圈三维磁场计算的谐波表面磁荷法

将三维磁场计算的表面磁荷法和空间谐波展开技术相结合 ,提出了一种用于偏转线圈磁场计算的谐波表面磁荷法。利用空间谐波的正交性 ,导出了与铁芯表面感应的磁荷各次谐波一一对应的磁场谐波。根据铁芯表面的法向磁场关系 ,建立各次磁荷谐波的积分方程 ,并进行了离散化。此方法将三维问题简化为一维积分方程问题 ,可以处理铁芯磁导率为有限值及铁芯与线匝间具有任意间隙的情况 ,具有较大的普遍适用性。用此方法计算了一个偏转线圈的例子 ,取得了较好的结果。     

Anharmonic aspects of magnetomechanical damping

Nonlinear aspects of the magnetization process in vibrating iron are studied by using the harmonics of both acoustic and magnetic coil signals. The prediction of elementary hysteresis theory that the harmonics should all vary as ² is borne out to a considerable extent, and some of the exceptions appear to mark the onset of another mechanism of damping at the higher amplitudes. The prediction of only odd harmonics is less well obeyed by these data.     

Effects of the Slot Harmonics on the Unbalanced Magnetic Pull in an Induction Motor With an Eccentric Rotor

The slotting of electrical rotating machines creates slot harmonics of the air-gap magnetic flux density. These slot harmonics are the source of a nonnegligible part of the unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP). This paper presents analytical justifications for the use of a numerical impulse method to calculate the effects of the slot harmonics on the UMP. It uses the method to show that the force components due to the slot harmonics cannot be reduced easily.     

交-直-交型电力机车网侧谐波对牵引变电所的影响及改进

本文分别对比介绍了新型交-直-交型大功率电力机车和以SS4为代表的传统型交-直型电力机车的主电路拓扑结构及其网侧电流谐波特性。由测试结果表明大功率电力机车与传统电力机车相比最显著的特征是其谐波特性不同,并分析了网侧谐波对牵引变电所电气设备造成的影响和采取的相应的技术改进措施,确保牵引供电系统的正常运行。     

Representing Elongated Magnetic Sources by Prolate Spheroidal Harmonics Developed on an Optimized Coordinate System

A method is suggested for obtaining a compact and accurate representation of elongated magnetic sources by a series expansion of prolate spheroidal harmonics. While the general solution involves an infinite series of harmonics, practical measurement grids only support discrimination of a limited number of harmonics. In this paper, we present a method for minimizing the errors introduced when terminating the series expansion. In short, the coordinate system on which the harmonics are developed, is optimized for representing the main features of the source by the first few terms of the series expansion. This allows for an early termination of the series with minimal truncation errors. The improved source representation is demonstrated for both simulated and measured sources.      

二次非线性粘弹性圆板的2/1超谐解

计及材料的非线性弹性和粘性性质,研究了圆板在简谐载荷作用下的2/1超谐解,导出了相应的非线性动力方程。提出一类强非线性动力系统的叠加迭代谐波平衡法。将描述动力系统的二阶常微分方程,化为基本解为未知函数的基本微分方程;及分岔解为未知函数的增量微分方程。通过叠加迭代谐波平衡法得出了圆板的2/1超谐解。同时,对叠加迭代谐波平衡法和数值积分法的精度进行了比较。并且讨论了2/1超谐解的渐近稳定性。     

Pulse wave reflections in branching arterial networks and pulse diagnosis methods

Abstract

Wave propagation and reflection in the model of branching tree of viscoelastic cylindrical tubes filled with viscous fluid is considered when applied to pulse wave reflection in arterial networks. The dichotomous branching tree and the tree with two anastomoses between the second‐order tubes are investigated. Influence of the geometrical and mechanical properties of the tree on the pulse wave propagation and spectral properties of the total admittance of the systems are investigated. It was found out that the admittance has a set of resonant harmonics. Any changes in parameters of microcirculatory bed and in blood rheology cause noticeable alterations of the amplitudes of resonant harmonics and negligible alterations of other harmonics. The set of resonant harmonics is independent of some variations in the tree geometry. The resonant properties of the models with and without anastomoses have some differences, that makes it possible to carry out the diagnosis of the state of inner organs with different types of vasculature. The results substantiate a possibility of the pulse diagnosis of inner organs’ states by observing the amplitudes of the resonant harmonics only, without preliminary knowledge of individual structure of the real vascular bed of an inner organ.