甲醇与汽柴油在汽车上的使用方式研究

我国经济的快速发展为新能源的推广开辟了广阔的前景,甲醇作为新能源的一种,在汽车上的应用越来越广泛。甲醇燃料汽车不仅环保,而且使用成本比汽油和柴油低。本文主要介绍了甲醇与汽油或柴油在汽车上的三种使用方式,并指出了这三种方式各自的特点,希望能对甲醇燃料汽车的发展有所帮助。     

Techno-economic aspects of hydrogen storage in an automobile

A comparative techno-economic evaluation of the methods of hydrogen storage in an automobile as to the overall energy consumption is presented. The effect is demonstrated of the storage vessel mass and the primary energy expenditures on the specific energy consumption of the automobile at its given fuel distance endurance. It is shown that, at present, the most expedient systems for automobiles of all types are metal hydride systems. Some aspects of thermal exchange and mass transfer in metal hydride are discussed, which allows an evaluation of the dynamic performance of storage vessels. Test results of prototype automobiles confirm that the use of metal hydride storage vessels is promising, especially if the engine operates on mixed fuel (gasoline and hydrogen).     

Car buyers and fuel economy?

This research is designed to help researchers and policy makers ground their work in the reality of how US consumers are thinking and behaving with respect to automotive fuel economy. Our data are from semi-structured interviews with 57 households across nine lifestyle “sectors.” We found no household that analyzed their fuel costs in a systematic way in their automobile or gasoline purchases. Almost none of these households track gasoline costs over time or consider them explicitly in household budgets. These households may know the cost of their last tank of gasoline and the unit price of gasoline on that day, but this accurate information is rapidly forgotten and replaced by typical information. One effect of this lack of knowledge and information is that when consumers buy a vehicle, they do not have the basic building blocks of knowledge assumed by the model of economically rational decision-making, and they make large errors estimating gasoline costs and savings over time.     

Inserting renewable fuels and technologies for transport in Mexico City Metropolitan Area

This article describes three future scenarios for the potential reduction of CO₂ emissions and associated costs when biogenic ethanol blends and oxygenates are substituted for gasoline, and hybrid, flex fuel and fuel cell technologies are introduced in passenger automobiles (including pickups and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs)) in the densely populated Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), analyzed up to the year 2030. A reference (REF) scenario is constructed in which most automobiles are driven by internal combustion engines (ICE) fuelled by gasoline. In the first alternative scenario (ALT1), hybrid electric-ICE gasoline-fuelled cars are introduced in 2006. In the same year, ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) is introduced as a replacement for methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) oxygenate for gasoline. In the second alternative scenario (ALT2), in addition to the changes introduced in ALT1, flex fuel ICE technology fuelled by E85 is introduced in 2008 and electric motor vehicles driven by direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC) fuelled by E100 in 2013. A comparison between the reference and alternate scenarios shows that while the total number of vehicles is the same in each scenario, energy consumption decreases by 9% (ALT1) and 17% (ALT2), the total non-biogenic CO₂ emissions drop by 15% (ALT1) and 34% (ALT2), CO₂ mitigation cost is 140.14 $US1997/ton CO₂ (ALT2), and ALT1 has savings and is considered a “no regrets” scenario.     

Climate policies for road transport revisited (I): Evaluation of the current framework

The global rise of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and its potentially devastating consequences require a comprehensive regulatory framework for reducing emissions, including those from the transport sector. Alternative fuels and technologies have been promoted as a means for reducing the carbon intensity of the transport sector. However, the overall transport policy framework in major world economies is geared towards the use of conventional fossil fuels. This paper evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of current climate policies for road transport that (1) target fuel producers and/or car manufacturers, and (2) influence use of alternative fuels and technologies. With diversifying fuel supply chains, carbon intensity of fuels and energy efficiency of vehicles cannot be regulated by a single instrument. We demonstrate that vehicles are best regulated across all fuels in terms of energy per distance. We conclude that price-based policies and a cap on total emissions are essential for alleviating rebound effects and perverse incentives of fuel efficiency standards and low carbon fuel standards. In tandem with existing policy tools, cap and price signal policies incentivize all emissions reduction options. Design and effects of cap and trade in the transport sector are investigated in the companion article (Flachsland et al., in this issue).     

Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel

Bio-fuels are important because they replace petroleum fuels. A number of environmental and economic benefits are claimed for bio-fuels. Bio-ethanol is by far the most widely used bio-fuel for transportation worldwide. Production of bio-ethanol from biomass is one way to reduce both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution. Using bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel for automobiles can significantly reduce petroleum use and exhaust greenhouse gas emission. Bio-ethanol can be produced from different kinds of raw materials. These raw materials are classified into three categories of agricultural raw materials: simple sugars, starch and lignocellulose. Bio-ethanol from sugar cane, produced under the proper conditions, is essentially a clean fuel and has several clear advantages over petroleum-derived gasoline in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality in metropolitan areas. Conversion technologies for producing bio-ethanol from cellulosic biomass resources such as forest materials, agricultural residues and urban wastes are under development and have not yet been demonstrated commercially.     

The 1981–1984 automobile fuel economy standards—Can they be achieved?

The current automobile fuel economy standards were established in June 1977. Several studies completed since then recommended that the Department of Transportation (DOT) modify the current schedule. However, all of the studies were completed before the 1979 gasoline shortage.This paper compares the studies performed to assess alternative schedules and identifies major differences. Major differences among the studies include the definition of‘economic practicability’, cost estimates, estimates of automobile sales losses, and the impact of EPA test procedures.The results of the comparison, along with an analysis of the mix of new cars sold and used car prices since the gasoline shortage, are used to determine if the current schedule can be achieved. Observations regarding improvements to the fuel economy programme for establishing post-1985 standards are also presented.     

小型二冲程汽油机电控汽油喷射系统的研制

在总结汽车发动机电控汽油喷射的原理的基础上，针对小排量汽油机的特点和要求，研究开发了适合小排量二冲程汽油机的进气管电控汽油喷射系统，对该系统的构成细节和特点进行了详细的描述。进行了排量为50mL的TB50型二冲程汽油机进气管喷射的试验，其结果表明电控汽油喷射系统可以改善发动机的性能。     

Mapping surrogate gasoline compositions into RON/MON space

In this paper, new experimentally determined octane numbers (RON and MON) of blends of a tri-component surrogate consisting of toluene, n-heptane, i-octane (called toluene reference fuel TRF) arranged in an augmented simplex design are used to derive a simple response surface model for the octane number of any arbitrary TRF mixture. The model is second-order in its complexity and is shown to be more accurate to the standard “linear-by-volume” (LbV) model which is often used when no other information is available. Such observations are due to the existence of both synergistic and antagonistic blending of the octane numbers between the three components. In particular, antagonistic blending of toluene and iso-octane leads to a maximum in sensitivity that lies on the toluene/iso-octane line. The model equations are inverted so as to map from RON/MON space back into composition space. Enabling one to use two simple formulae to determine, for a given fuel with known RON and MON, the volume fractions of toluene, n-heptane and iso-octane to be blended in order to emulate that fuel. HCCI engine simulations using gasoline with a RON of 98.5 and a MON of 88 were simulated using a TRF fuel, blended according to the derived equations to match the RON and MON. The simulations matched the experimentally obtained pressure profiles well, especially when compared to simulations using only PRF fuels which matched the RON or MON. This suggested that the mapping is accurate and that to emulate a refinery gasoline, it is necessary to match not only the RON but also the MON of the fuel.     

The responsiveness of fuel demand to gasoline price change in passenger transport: a case study of Saudi Arabia

Empirical estimates of fuel demand changes to price variation are based on historical consumption and prices, and can be applied as a single point estimate to a wide range of price movements. However, if fuel prices are set outside the boundaries of historical changes, policymakers may be concerned as to the validity of the empirically assessed price elasticity. We developed a transport model to provide a techno-economic estimate of the long-run price elasticity of fuel demand. It incorporates consumers’ choices as a result of several factors, including fuel substitutes, available transport modes, income, value of time and magnitude of price change. Our findings from the application of this transport model to Saudi Arabia show that policymakers can have confidence that the empirical estimates are broadly valid, even for large changes and if prices move outside historical variations. In general, gasoline demand in Saudi Arabia is price inelastic due to the lack of fuel and modal substitutes. However, our approach suggests that the response may become more pronounced when the magnitude of the change increases. The long-run cross-price elasticity of diesel is not constant. Demand for diesel will increase if gasoline price is raised significantly. The change in jet-fuel use is negligible.     

Gasoline prices,gasoline consumption,and new-vehicle fuel economy: Evidence for a large sample of countries

Countries differ considerably in terms of the price drivers pay for gasoline. This paper uses data for 132 countries for the period 1995–2008 to investigate the implications of these differences for the consumption of gasoline for road transport. To address the potential for simultaneity bias, we use both a country's oil reserves and the international crude oil price as instruments for a country's average gasoline pump price. We obtain estimates of the long-run price elasticity of gasoline demand of between − 0.2 and − 0.5. Using newly available data for a sub-sample of 43 countries, we also find that higher gasoline prices induce consumers to substitute to vehicles that are more fuel-efficient, with an estimated elasticity of + 0.2. Despite the small size of our elasticity estimates, there is considerable scope for low-price countries to achieve gasoline savings and vehicle fuel economy improvements via reducing gasoline subsidies and/or increasing gasoline taxes.     

Modelling fuel demand for different socio-economic groups

The fuel demand literature provides a range of estimates of the long and short-run price and income elasticities of gasoline demand for different countries and states. These estimates can be very useful in predicting the overall impacts of policy approaches designed to reduce fuel consumption and to address concerns of carbon emissions or energy security. However, analysis of policy options based on elasticities that are homogenous across income groups provides no information about the relative distributional burden that may be faced by different sectors of the population. Different responses to the same change in price or income are likely to occur, dependent on both travel needs and income levels. This paper estimates gasoline demand elasticities for different income quintiles in the United States to test for heterogeneity in demand response. Group wise summary consumer expenditure data for 20 years is used to derive the elasticity estimates. The results show that the elasticities do vary across groups and follow a U-pattern from the lowest to the highest income quintile. The lowest income quintile is found to have the largest price elasticity. The lowest and the highest income quintiles appear to be statistically insensitive to any changes in income. The rebound effect also follows the U-pattern, with the highest rebound observed among the wealthiest households. Rural households appear to have lower price elasticity than households in urban areas.     

Evaluation of the feasibility of ethanol and gasoline in solid oxide fuel cell vehicles in Brazil

The transport sector is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions and nowadays there are many alternatives to reduce emissions from light-duty vehicles. Currently, plug-in electric vehicles are the main alternative to reduce emissions from cars; however, this technology has some disadvantages, such as the demand for infrastructure. Another car propulsion technology to reduce emissions is the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. This technology offers interesting advantages especially for countries that produce bioethanol, for example, the possibility to use the current fuel infrastructure. Therefore, the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is a promising technology to reduce carbon emissions in Brazil. This study compared ethanol and gasoline to identify what fuel is more interesting to be used in FCEVs in Brazil. The results indicated that ethanol has more economic, environmental, and social advantages than gasoline.     

Hydrogen the fuel for 21st century

Non-Conventional Energy Sources, such as solar and hydrogen energy will remain available for infinite period. One of the reasons of great worry for all of us is reducing sources of conventional energies. The rate of fossil fuel consumption is higher than the rate of the fossil fuel production by the nature. The results will be the scarcity of automobile fuel in the world which will create lot of problems in transport sector. The other aspect is pollution added by these sources in our environment which increases with more use of these sources, resulting in the poor quality of life on this planet. There is constant search of alternate fuel to solve energy shortage which can provide us energy without pollution.Hence most frequently discussed source is hydrogen which when burnt in air produces a clean form of energy. In the last one decade hydrogen has attracted worldwide interest as a secondary energy carrier. This has generated comprehensive investigations on the technology involved and how to solve the problems of production, storage and transportation of hydrogen. The interest in hydrogen as energy of the future is due to it being a clean energy, most abundant element in the universe, the lightest fuel, richest in energy per unit mass and unlike electricity, it can be easily stored. Hydrogen gas is now considered to be the most promising fuel of the future. In future it will be used in various applications, e.g. it can generate Electricity, useful in cooking food, fuel for automobiles, hydrogen powered industries, Jet Planes, Hydrogen Village and for all our domestic energy requirements.Hydrogen as a fuel has already found applications in experimental cars and all the major car companies are in competition to build a commercial car and most probably they may market hydrogen fuel automobiles in near future but at a higher cost compared to gasoline cars but it is expected that with time the cost of hydrogen run cars will decrease with time. Long lasting, light and clean metal hydride batteries are already commercial for lap top computers. Larger capacity batteries are being developed for electrical cars. Hydrogen is already being used as the fuel of choice for space programmes around the world. It will be used to power aerospace transports to build the international space station, as well as to provide electricity and portable water for its inhabitants. Present article deals with the storage and applications of hydrogen in the present energy scenario.     

Future fuel cell and internal combustion engine automobile technologies: A 25-year life cycle and fleet impact assessment

Hydrogen fuel cell (FC) vehicles are receiving increasing attention as a potential powerful technology to reduce the transportation sector's dependence on petroleum and substantially decrease emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) at the same time. This paper projects energy use and GHG emissions from different FC vehicle configurations and compares these values to the projected characteristics of similarly sized and performing gasoline and diesel fueled automobiles on a life cycle, well to wheels and cradle to grave basis. Our analysis suggests that for the next 20 or more years, new internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid drive train vehicles can achieve similar levels of reduction in energy use and GHG emissions compared to hydrogen FC vehicles, if the hydrogen is derived from natural gas. The fleet impact of more fuel-efficient vehicles depends on the time it takes for new technology to (i) become competitive, (ii) increase its share of the new vehicles produced, and finally (iii) penetrate significantly into the vehicle fleet. Since the lead times for bringing improved ICE vehicle technology into production are the shortest, its impact on vehicle fleet energy use and emissions could be significant in 20–30 years, about half the time required for hydrogen FC vehicles to have a similar impact. Full emission reduction potential of FC vehicles can only be achieved when hydrogen is derived from zero or very low-carbon releasing production processes on a large scale—an option that further increases the impact leadtime. Thus, a comprehensive short- and long-term strategy for reducing automobile energy use and emissions should include both the continuous improvement of ICE vehicles and simultaneous research and development of hydrogen FC cars.     

汽油加入生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性影响的研究

将一种热带植物中的提取物作为添加剂，加入现在市场上正使用的几种辛烷值为93^#的高清洁汽油、普通汽油、已知成分汽油和乙醇汽油。通过发动机台架试验对加剂前后的汽油机燃油经济性进行了对比和分析。结果表明：在典型城市道路工况下，加入此种添加剂后对各种汽油的燃油经济性有大幅改善作用，对乙醇汽油的效果更加明显。加剂后可以使乙醇汽油的燃油经济性与普通汽油相同。     

汽油机过量空气系数的参数特性试验研究

为了充分发挥发动机的动力性和经济性,研究了定负荷和定转速下汽油机过量空气系数的进气和燃油消耗特性.研究发现,大中负荷及中高转速下过量空气系数与进气量、燃油消耗量间均呈抛物线关系;小负荷下过量空气系数与进气量、燃油消耗量间呈反比例关系.定转速时过量空气系数达到最大(小)值对应的进气管真空度远远高于定负荷下过量空气系数达到最大(小)值对应的进气管真空度.     

Potential for reducing GHG emissions and energy consumption from implementing the aluminum intensive vehicle fleet in China

The automobile industry in China has rapidly developed in recent years which resulted in an increase in gasoline usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Focus on climate change has also accelerated to grow pressure on reducing vehicle weight and improving fuel efficiency. Aluminum (Al) as a light metal has demonstrated a great potential for weight savings in applications such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, wheels, hoods, tailgates etc. However, primary Al production requires intensive energy and the cost of Al is more than traditional steel, which may affect the total benefits realized from using Al in automobiles. Therefore, it is very essential to conduct a study to quantify the life cycle GHG emissions and energy consumption if the plan is to achieve fleet-wide Al intensive vehicles.     

The analysis on energy and environmental impacts of microalgae-based fuel methanol in China

The whole life of methanol fuel, produced by microalgae biomass which is a kind of renewable energy, is evaluated by using a method of life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA has been used to identify and quantify the environment emissions and energy efficiency of the system throughout the whole life cycle, including microalgae cultivation, methanol conversion, transport, and end-use. Energy efficiency, defined as the ratio of the energy of methanol produced to the total required energy, is 1.24, the results indicate that it is plausible as an energy producing process. The environmental impact loading of microalgae-based fuel methanol is 0.187mPET₂₀₀₀ in contrast to 0.828mPET₂₀₀₀ for gasoline. The effect of photochemical ozone formation is the highest of all the calculated categorization impacts of the two fuels. Utilization of microalgae an raw material of producing methanol fuel is beneficial to both production of renewable fuels and improvement of the ecological environment. This Fuel methanol is friendly to the environment, which should take an important role in automobile industry development and gasoline fuel substitute.     

甲醇汽车燃油箱蒸发物吸附装置性能的研究

通过对甲醇汽车燃油箱蒸发物的测量,得到M85燃料与汽油的昼fq换气损失分别为6．62g和11．4g。又通过甲醇燃料箱蒸发物吸附装置性能试验,测得活性碳罐对汽油(M0)的工作能力高于对甲醇燃料(M100、M85)的工作能力。试验结果表明,在正常条件下．油箱体积相同时,汽油箱燃油蒸发物吸附装置基本上适用于甲醇汽车。如果碳罐扩容28％,就能达到与汽油相同的吸附效果。