水酶法提取大豆油的扩大试验研究

水酶法提取大豆油的研究已经取得了很大的进步,因此在实验室规模基础上,进行了水酶法提取大豆油的扩大试验。在10 L反应釜中,每次试验需要1.2 kg的挤压膨化大豆片。通过单因素和响应面试验对加酶量、pH、酶解温度、酶解时间和料液比进行参数优化,得出最优结果:加酶量1.92%,p H9.15,酶解时间3.09 h,酶解温度56.15℃,料液比1∶5.04,油脂提取率(69.02±0.55)%。并且,通过透射电镜和光学显微镜观察、研究,揭示出水酶法提取大豆油的释放机理,以便于提高水酶法的油脂提取率和油的品质。最后,通过比较水酶法和溶剂浸提法,结果表明:水酶法提出的大豆油品质更好,过氧化值更低。     

水酶法同时提取核桃仁油脂及水解蛋白的工艺研究

本试验主要研究了水酶法提取核桃油的酶解工艺。试验首先对α-淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、以及淀粉酶与中性蛋白酶组成的复合酶的酶解效果进行了比较,确定中性蛋白酶的酶解效果最佳。在确定中性蛋白酶的作用下,研究了酶解温度、pH、酶的添加量、固液比对油脂提取率的影响。最后通过正交试验得出水酶法提取核桃油脂的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度60℃,蛋白酶添加量为1.5%(m/m),酶解pH为6.0,料液比1∶4,核桃的油脂提取率可达到34.0%,各因素对油脂提取率的影响主次顺序为:固液比酶解pH酶解温度酶的添加量。在油脂提取的最佳工艺条件下,核桃水解蛋白的提取率可达12.37%。     

薄壳山核桃油水酶法提取工艺优化及品质分析

为优化薄壳山核桃油水酶法提取工艺,以薄壳山核桃仁为原料,采用水酶法提取油脂,筛选出水酶法提油的适宜酶制剂。在单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验研究料液比、加酶量、酶解温度、酶解时间和酶解pH对薄壳山核桃油提取率的影响,并对比了水酶法、压榨法和溶剂浸提法3种方法制取的薄壳山核桃油的品质。结果表明：蛋白酶为适宜的酶制剂;水酶法提取薄壳山核桃油的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶ 4、加酶量2.5％、酶解温度55 ℃、酶解时间2.0 h、酶解pH 8,在此条件下薄壳山核桃油提取率为68.44％;薄壳山核桃油中含有7种主要脂肪酸,分别是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生酸和顺-11-二十碳烯酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达90%以上,且以油酸和亚油酸为主,油酸含量高达70%以上,亚油酸含量在15%以上。3种制油方法中,水酶法制取的薄壳山核桃油具有较高的油酸、生育酚、总酚、β-谷甾醇和角鲨烯含量,油脂品质最好。水酶法是一种较为理想的核桃油提取方法。     

二次正交旋转组合设计优化水酶法提取牡丹籽油工艺

以牡丹籽为原料,采用水酶法提取牡丹籽油。通过单因素试验,研究酶解温度、酶解时间、酶添加量、液料比对牡丹籽油提取率的影响,在此基础上,采用二次正交旋转组合试验对提取工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,各因素对牡丹籽油提取率的影响强弱顺序依次为酶解温度、液料比、酶添加量、酶解时间,水酶法提取牡丹籽油的最优工艺条件为:酶解温度52℃、液料比3∶1、酶添加量3.6%(以牡丹籽质量计)、酶解时间4 h,在此条件下牡丹籽油提取率可达92.8%。     

酶法提取罗非鱼内脏鱼油及脂肪酸组成分析

对酶法提取罗非鱼内脏鱼油的工艺条件进行研究,并对提取鱼油的基本理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行分析。考察了酶种类、酶解温度、p H、液料比、加酶量和酶解时间对罗非鱼内脏鱼油提取率的影响,通过单因素试验和响应面法优化得到酶法提取罗非鱼内脏鱼油的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度50℃、p H 7.5、液料比5∶1、加酶量3 400 U/g、酶解时间1 h。在此条件下,鱼油提取率达到88.95%,酸价达到SC/T 3502—2000的粗鱼油一级标准。罗非鱼内脏鱼油中饱和脂肪酸相对质量分数为36.66%,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸分别占总脂肪酸质量的38.13%和25.18%,表明罗非鱼内脏鱼油是一种营养品质较高的油脂。     

超声波辅助水酶法提取大豆油的研究

以全脂大豆粉为原料,采用超声波辅助水酶法提取大豆油,并对其中的超声波处理条件和酶解条件进行研究,经单因素实验与正交实验,确定水酶法提取大豆油的适宜酶解条件为:料液比1∶ 6,酶用量2.0%,pH 9.0,酶解温度55 ℃,酶解时间4 h.在此条件下大豆油提取率为73.56%.水酶法提油前对全脂大豆粉进行超声波预处理,可有效提高大豆油提取率.在超声波温度50 ℃,超声波功率400 W下处理15 min可将大豆油提取率提高至86.13%,比未经超声波预处理的高出12.57%.     

混料设计优化复合酶水解水酶法提取大豆油工艺

利用混料优化设计对最适合水酶法提取大豆油脂的复合酶配比条件和水解条件进行优化,以总油提取率为指标,确定复合酶水解的水酶法提取大豆油脂和蛋白工艺最优条件。结果表明,料水比1:6(g/mL)、纤维素酶添加量0.84%、半纤维素酶添加量0.56%、酶解pH5、酶解温度37℃条件下水解0.75h后,再利用Alcalase碱性内切蛋白酶,加酶量1.85%、酶解温度50℃、酶解pH9.26、水解3.6h,总油提取率达到极大值即81.04%,比以往国内研究采用湿热处理工艺有很大提高。     

挤压膨化预处理水酶法提取大豆油工艺的研究

采用挤压膨化预处理水酶法提取大豆油,对酶解工艺条件进行优化,得到适宜的酶解条件为:加酶量2%,酶解温度57℃,酶解时间3 h,料水比1:6.5,酶解pH 9.5.经验证与对比实验可知,在最优酶解工艺条件下大豆油提取率达到91.67%左右,比传统湿热预处理后酶解的提取率72.54%提高了19%左右.     

酶法提取绿豆淀粉工艺研究

以绿豆为原料,对酶法提取绿豆淀粉工艺进行研究。通过单因素试验,研究酶解温度、酶解时间、蛋白酶添加量、料液比对淀粉提取率影响;通过四因素三水平正交试验确定酶法提取绿豆淀粉工艺最佳参数为:酶解温度46℃、酶解时间4.5 h、蛋白酶添加量700 U/g、料液比1∶3;在此条件下,绿豆淀粉提取率为96.97%。     

响应面法优化水酶法提取松子蛋白的研究

主要研究了水酶法提取松子蛋白的酶解工艺。选用Alcalase碱性蛋白酶作为水解酶,以总蛋白提取率为指标。通过单因素实验和响应面实验,得到影响实验的因素依次为加酶量>酶解温度>料液比>酶解pH>酶解时间。确定最佳的酶解参数为:加酶量1.9%,温度55℃,酶解时间2.2h,料液比1∶5,pH8.8,此时总蛋白提取率为87.92%。     

水酶法提取大豆油脂过程中蛋白相对分子质量变化对油脂释放的影响

分析对比4种挤压膨化工艺和4种蛋白酶对水酶法水解挤压膨化大豆的油得率、蛋白得率的影响,并分析水解过程中蛋白相对分子质量的变化与油脂释放的关系。结果表明,Alcalase 2.4L碱性蛋白酶水解膨化大豆粉3.6h后油脂已经被充分释放出来。水解过程中油脂释放率与蛋白性质变化的分析表明,油脂释放的状态与相对分子质量大于70000的蛋白质能否被水解到相对分子质量小于5000的肽有一定的联系。水解3.5h后近90%易水解的大分子蛋白被水解为相对分子质量小于5000的肽,此时油脂已经充分释放。水解前油脂受到相对分子质量大于70000的蛋白的束缚,油脂释放不够完全。     

AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF OIL AND PROTEIN FROM SOYBEAN AND LUPIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

This study compares the effects of extrusion pretreatment and protease addition during aqueous extraction processing (AEP) of soybean and lupin flakes. AEP of flakes resulted in the lowest yields of oil (56%), protein (71%) and [cream  +  free oil] (8%) for soybean, while for lupin, yields were 48, 69 and 2%, respectively. AEP protein extraction yields were decreased by extrusion pretreatment, but this pretreatment improved enzymatic action, increasing protein extractability from soybean and lupin by 47 and 26%, respectively. For both protein crops, enzyme-assisted AEP (EAEP) of extruded flakes yielded the highest oil, protein and [cream  +  free oil] yields, which were 96, 85 21%, respectively, for soybean. Yields for lupin were 81, 77 and 10%, respectively. Extrusion followed by enzyme addition positively impacted demulsification yield, the creams from EAEP of soybean and lupin extruded flakes being the less stable toward enzymatic demulsification .

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The vegetable oil industry is looking for alternatives to the traditional solvent extraction of oil-bearing seeds, and there is a need to increase the inefficient conventional aqueous extraction of protein from residual defatted meal, a by-product of the oil extraction process. The concept of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) has been successfully developed for extruded soybean material, but its efficiency on other oil-bearing seeds still needs to be demonstrated. By determining the oil and protein extraction yields recovered during EAEP of extruded lupin flakes, the feasibility of transferring this process from soybean to other oilseeds will be established.     

Low temperature dry extrusion and high-pressure processing prior to enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of full fat soybean flakes

Oil, protein and solid extraction yields obtained during aqueous extraction processing (AEP) of full fat soybean flakes (FFSF), FFSF extruded at a die temperature of 100 °C and FFSF pressurised at 200 and 500 MPa for 15 min at 25 °C, were compared to those obtained during enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) using 0.5% of protease Protex 7L. Without enzyme addition, pretreatment of the FFSF with extrusion and 500 MPa increased and decreased, respectively, the oil extraction yield while protein extraction yield was significantly decreased after both treatments. The best treatment in terms of oil and protein recovery was EAEP of extruded flakes with 90% and 82% of oil and protein extraction yield, respectively, and 17% of free oil. Addition of protease during extraction significantly decreased the yield of isolated soy protein (ISP) due to an increased solubility of the proteins at pH 4.5. ISP from extruded EAEP had higher solubility at pH 7.0 and better functionality. The DSC results, combined with the protein extraction yields, showed that a proportion of the proteins became insoluble after extrusion and 500 MPa treatment, while only those extracted from 500 MPa FFSF had a reduced native state.     

酶法制取大豆油脂过程中的蛋白酶解动力学

通过数学方法推导和对Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解大豆中蛋白实验的系统研究,得到Alcalase碱性蛋白酶酶解大豆中蛋白的动力学模型为：R＝（18.294 0E0＋0.273 4ρ0）exp（－0.256 2DH）,式中：E0为初始蛋白酶质量浓度,ρ0为初始底物质量浓度,DH为水解度。通过数学推导和对大豆蛋白酶解反应过程中Alcalase碱性蛋白酶失活的系统研究,得到膨化大豆蛋白的酶解反应过程中Alcalase碱性蛋白酶失活的动力学常数K＝4.920 4 min－1。通过拟合实验证明,建立的动力学模型与实验结果具有较好的拟合效果,证明所建立的动力学模型具有较高的实际应用价值。     

Secondary structure of proteins on oil release in aqueous enzymatic extraction of rapeseed oil as affected hydrolysis state

In this study, the relationship between protein hydrolysis and oil release was studied by fluorescence microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. Five commercial proteases (Flavourzyme 1000L, Neutrase 1.5MG, Protamex, Alcalase 2.4L, and Thermolysin) were evaluated for oil extraction from rapeseed, and Alcalase 2.4L was found to be the best enzyme for highest free oil yield (81.81%). When use this enzyme, the results showed that parts of proteins restricted the release of oil, and the oil released almost completely was achieved after hydrolysis for 3.0 h. To further reveal the relationship between oil release and protein hydrolysis, the effects of hydrolysis time on the degree of hydrolysis of protein, and free oil yield were studied. The results showed that the release of oil was only related to the hydrolysis of parts of proteins, and when the degree of hydrolysis of protein was more than 17.05%, the effect of protein hydrolysis on oil release was greatly reduced. The intrinsic relationship between the structural changes of proteins and the release of oil in the hydrolysis process was analyzed by comparing protein secondary structure of different hydrolysis time, and the results showed that the transition of protein structure from order to disorder was an important factor for oil release.     

酶解技术在南极磷虾油提取中的应用研究进展

南极磷虾油是提取自南极磷虾的重要产品,其作为一种新兴功能性海洋脂质,具有广阔的市场前景。首先概述了南极磷虾油的提取方法,在此基础上针对南极磷虾油酶解法提取工艺中涉及的蛋白酶种类、原料和酶解液脱脂方法进行综述,同时详述了酶解法处理过程中副产品的综合利用。酶解法提取南极磷虾油存在酶制剂价格较高、酶解后油相、水相存在乳化等问题,但该法不仅可以得到高品质的南极磷虾油,而且脱脂后的酶解副产品可进一步利用,最终实现南极磷虾的高值化利用。     

破乳方式对水酶法提取大豆油过程中的乳状液回收油品质影响和水解蛋白风味研究

为研究破乳方式对粗酶水相提取大豆油过程形成的乳状液回收油品质影响和所得水解蛋白风味,分别对等电点法、添加CaCl₂法、Alcalase酶法、加热破乳方式回收油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行分析,并以溶剂浸提油为对照样。结果表明,各破乳方式所得油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、皂化值、碘值均低于溶剂浸提油,破乳油中,等电点法破乳油酸价最高,达0.83 mg/g,其次是加热破乳油,CaCl₂和Alcalase酶法破乳油的酸价最低,仅为0.52 mg/g;加热破乳油过氧化值高于其他破乳油,达0.85 μg/g,CaCl₂和Alcalase酶法破乳油的过氧化值最低,仅为0.62 μg/g。各破乳油色泽、皂化值和碘值之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),破乳油脂肪酸组成与溶剂浸提油相同,不饱和脂肪酸总含量均在84%以上,符合国际法典委员会推荐的食用油标准。因此,破乳油的品质均优于溶剂浸提油,而CaCl₂和Alcalase酶法破乳油的品质最好。粗酶水解蛋白必需氨基酸含量与原料大豆相近,尽管仍具有苦味,但苦味值低于Alcalase酶解蛋白,因此粗酶水解蛋白仍然保持大豆蛋白的营养品质。     

酶法水解大豆膨化料提取多肽的工艺

采用挤压膨化预处理水酶法提取大豆油的同时,也有较高的多肽得率。利用水酶法应用于大豆多肽的提取,并应用响应面优化方法得出大豆挤压膨化后水酶法提取多肽的最佳工艺为加酶量1.6%、酶解温度60℃、酶解时间3h、料水比1:5、酶解pH9.6。经过验证与对比实验可知,在最优酶解工艺条件下大豆多肽得率可达到41.36%左右,比相同酶解条件下未经挤压膨化预处理大豆多肽得率有显著提高。     

提取方法对大豆油脂体组成及氧化稳定性的影响

以大豆为原料,比较缓冲溶液法、水相法和酶法3种提取方法对大豆油脂体提取率、组成、脂肪酸组成、磷脂、生育酚、ζ-电势和粒径的影响,以及对大豆油脂体氧化稳定性的影响.试验结果表明,酶法提取大豆油脂体的提取率(19.74±0.14)％显著高于缓冲溶液法(12.76±0.14)％和水相法(6.67±0.32)％的提取率(P<0...