高地温隧洞喷混凝土—围岩粘结强度及微观破坏机理

针对深埋隧洞的高地温问题,利用温湿度试验控制系统模拟高地温隧洞内的湿热环境,通过钻芯拉拔法和扫描电镜测定高湿(湿度80%~85%)和低湿(湿度20%~25%)两种环境下在温度分别为50、60、75、90℃时围岩支护结构的粘结强度和粘结面的微观结构。研究结果表明,湿度对粘结强度的影响较大,相比于低湿环境,高湿环境下的围岩支护结构的粘结强度较大,且随着温度升高和湿度越低喷混凝土水化反应中止速度越快、混凝土干缩现象越严重、粘结强度越低,相较50℃,90℃时强度降幅最大为62.7%。研究结果可为湿热环境下实际工程建设提供指导。     

高海拔寒冷地区混凝土筑坝层面结合特性试验分析

高海拔寒冷地区坝工混凝土分层浇筑时坯层层间粗糙度评价与结合质量控制一直是施工管控薄弱点，为此，尝试采用3D激光扫描并联合多指标评价主成分分析法，构建粗糙度综合评分F值，对施工坯层面粗糙度进行量化评定；并针对高海拔寒冷地区低温干燥环境特点，分析了不同浇筑坯层间歇时间和层面粗糙度的量化指标对混凝土层间结合性能的影响。结果表明，混凝土试样层面F值最大的是平均凿毛深度4.5 mm糙面，其层面粘结劈拉强度最高；低温干燥环境(温度5℃、湿度30%)明显影响层面粘结性能，劈拉强度与整浇混凝土强度同比衰减10%左右；且层面粘结劈拉强度与间歇时间呈典型负相关性。     

热力耦合作用下硬脆性岩石蠕变性质试验研究

以齐热哈塔尔水电站引水隧洞高温段的片麻状花岗岩为例,通过不同温度下的室内分级加载三轴蠕变试验,获得了热力耦合作用下岩石稳态蠕变率和强度的变化规律,揭示了考虑温度影响的蠕变破坏模式。结果表明,片麻状花岗岩稳态蠕变率与温度呈非线性正相关,经典软岩稳态蠕变率模型对片麻状花岗岩同样适用;岩石的长期强度与温度呈负相关,并获得了硬脆性岩石长期强度随温度和围压变化的三元素实用公式;随着温度升高,岩石破坏模式呈现由单斜面剪切破坏到共轭剪切破坏的转变,高温对硬岩具有显著软化作用。     

欠挖条件下导流隧洞衬砌结构应力应变分析

针对功果桥水电站导流隧洞欠挖情况,根据进口段欠挖典型断面建立了数值仿真分析模型,比较了不同欠挖程度下衬砌结构的受力特征,分析了衬砌和围岩间粘结强度对衬砌结构的影响,并采用内力法对衬砌内的配筋进行了复核。结果表明,随欠挖程度的增加,衬砌实际厚度减小;在外水压力作用下,衬砌变形逐渐增大,应力也随之增加,衬砌安全度逐渐减小;在衬砌与围岩间粘结强度为0.4MPa,且欠挖深度在衬砌厚度的40%(欠挖92cm)及其以上时,衬砌结构的安全将得不到保证;同时衬砌与围岩间粘结强度对边墙和底板的变形和应力影响较大,而对顶拱位置影响较小。     

上层恒温下层变温浇筑时碾压沥青混凝土心墙结合面劈裂抗拉试验研究

通过制作不同结合面温度的沥青混凝土试件,对结合面进行慢速法劈裂试验,观测结合层面以上25mm和层面以下10、50mm处的温度变化情况,得出结合面温度对强度的影响规律。结果表明,当沥青混凝土结合面温度降至30℃时,上层160℃热料浇筑后,结合层面以下10mm处温度可以升至70℃以上,即达到沥青软化点的1.5倍,满足《水工碾压式沥青混凝土施工规范》要求;30℃结合层面试件孔隙率满足要求,劈裂抗拉强度与母材相比下降10.6%,碾压层面结合质量可以得到保证,为低温条件下碾压沥青混凝土心墙施工提供理论依据和参考。     

表面疏水性对结冰切向粘结强度影响试验研究

通过在试样表面制备不同疏水强度的涂层,在-8 ℃及-12 ℃温度下对静态冰和冲击冰2种成冰方式的切向结冰粘结强度进行测试,获得多个工况的切向结冰粘结强度。结果表明：随着温度的升高,无论是静态冰还是冲击冰,结冰粘结强度均呈下降趋势;静态结冰时,疏水性表面能有效降低结冰粘结强度,冲击结冰时,由于接触界面出现霜冰层,疏水性涂层对降低结冰粘结强度的效能较弱。     

温度变化对小浪底水库排沙洞无粘结预应力衬砌结构应力状态的影响

小浪底排沙洞是我国第一个采用无粘结预应力混凝土衬砌结构的高压水工隧洞,结合工程运行过程中的观测数据,对温度作用下混凝土应变计的应变变化规律和基于应变监测数据的温度应力计算方法进行了探讨,分析了温度变化对预应力衬砌结构应力状态的影响。结果表明,温度变化对衬砌结构的应力状态会产生比较大的影响,当温度升高时,衬砌中的温度压应力也随之增大;且温度相同时衬砌内侧受到的影响更大。     

TBM引水隧洞衬砌管片形式研究

管片衬砌是TBM引水隧洞的主要装配构件,其管片形式是决定衬砌结构安全与TBM隧洞推进速度的关键因素。结合某TBM压力引水隧洞,采用不同的管片形式,建立三维数值计算模型,针对常用的矩形管片衬砌与新型平行四边形管片衬砌,对比分析了典型工况（运行期、检修期）下管片衬砌的应力、管片接缝状态与连接螺杆应力等。结果表明,矩形管片衬砌的环向应力沿水流向的分布更均匀且峰值较小;运行期,平行四边形管片衬砌在接缝处的张开位移和螺杆应力分布更均匀且峰值较小;检修期,平行四边形管片间的接触压力与螺杆应力均较大。由于管片接缝位置的张开位移值安全裕度较大,可优先选取整体结构稳定性较高的矩形管片,在满足衬砌应力不超过混凝土设计强度允许值时,可选择施工进度更快的平行四边形管片。研究结果为TBM隧洞衬砌施工提供了指导。     

低温环境中水工沥青混凝土动态抗压性能研究

为研究低温环境中水工沥青混凝土在地震作用下的动力特性及破坏模式,在不同温度和应变率下对水工沥青混凝土现场芯样进行了动态抗压试验,深入分析了温度和应变率对水工沥青混凝土的破坏形式、应力应变特性、峰值应力及弹性模量等力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着应变率的增加,水工沥青混凝土的破坏模式由微裂纹破坏、拉剪破坏过渡至劈裂破坏,应力应变曲线由应变硬化型向应变软化型转变,抗压强度和弹性模量也随之增大;随着温度的降低,水工沥青混凝土强度和刚度明显增大,具有明显的低温硬化效应。此外,基于试验结果建立了沥青混凝土的动态本构模型,该模型参数较少且与试验结果吻合度较高,具有一定的实用性。     

突变热环境中桌面风扇作用下的热舒适研究

为了研究温度突变工况下使用风扇对人体热舒适的影响,在人工环境实验室内,营造了不同的温度突变环境(34℃-26℃-34℃、34℃-28℃-34℃、34℃-30℃-34℃)对20名青年受试者开展了人体热反应的实验研究。实验对比分析不同工况下受试者心理和生理反应的变化。实验结果表明,温度突降时,会出现“冷感超越”现象,且温差越大,超越现象越明显,热感觉稳定时间更长。使用桌面风扇可以使热感觉更快地达到稳定。皮肤温度也随温度突变发生显著变化。同时得到受试者在三种不同温度工况下的偏好风速,发现使用风扇能显著改善热湿环境中受试者的热舒适。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.