高温连续干燥与干燥-通风联合对稻谷品质的影响

利用不同的干燥方式对稻谷进行干燥,降至安全水分含量12%（湿基）,测定干燥后稻谷的整精米率（head rice yield,HRY）、脂肪酸值以及RVA特征值。结果表明：对于连续干燥作业,缓苏过程中存在一个临界缓苏时间,达到临界缓苏时间能显著提高整精米率,且干燥温度越高,该临界缓苏时间的出现越明显;但干燥温度高于60 ℃,且一次降水幅度不小于9.4%,缓苏温度与干燥温度相同时,通过延长缓苏时间,整精米率难以达到70%;对于干燥-通风联合作业,干燥温度高于60 ℃,且缓苏温度不低于干燥温度时,虽能保持较高整精米率（＞72%）,但稻米的RVA特征值（峰值黏度、最低黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值）总体上随着干燥温度、缓苏温度的升高和缓苏时间的延长而增加,且存在一些波动,干燥温度、缓苏时间对其影响显著性低于缓苏温度。两种干燥方式的脂肪酸值都存在不同于恒低温干燥持续增加的变化趋势。     

基于隶属度综合分析法的稻谷干燥-缓苏工艺优化研究

干燥方式和缓苏比是影响稻谷间歇干燥效果的两个重要因素。本实验研究了热泵和远红外两种干燥方式结合不同缓苏比(1∶1,1∶2,1∶3,1∶4)对稻谷整精米率、出糙率、脂肪酸值及其蒸煮米饭质构特性(TPA)等的影响。结果表明,与热泵干燥相比,远红外干燥效率更高,其将稻谷干燥至安全水分所需的时间比热泵干燥缩短了2倍。缓苏比对干燥稻谷的品质有显著影响,特别是对脂肪酸值的影响大于干燥方式的影响。热泵干燥与远红外干燥分别在缓苏比为1∶2和1∶3时,整精米率最高。缓苏比为1:3时,两种方式干燥效果均最优,此时蒸煮米饭的硬度最低,咀嚼性最低,弹性和胶黏度与缓苏前无显著差异(P0.05),内聚性及回复性相较于未缓苏时显著提高(P0.05)。以整精米率、出糙率、脂肪酸值和TPA指标为评价指标体系的隶属度综合分析法得到的最佳稻谷干燥—缓苏工艺为:65℃远红外干燥至含水量13.5%,之后在60℃、缓苏比1∶3的条件下缓苏3 h,此时稻谷各指标的综合评分值最高。     

基于多品质指标的响应面试验优化稻谷流化床干燥工艺

为优化稻谷流化床干燥工艺,采用三因素三水平Box-Behnken响应面分析法,研究干燥温度、降水幅度、缓苏时间对稻谷流化床干燥降水速率和干燥稻谷爆腰增率、垩白粒率、脂肪酸值、硬度、黏着性等品质指标的影响。结果表明：随着干燥温度和降水幅度水平的增加,稻谷降水速率、爆腰增率、垩白粒率和米饭硬度增加,脂肪酸值和米饭黏着性降低;随着缓苏时间延长,稻谷降水速率、爆腰增率、脂肪酸值和米饭硬度降低,米饭黏着性增加。而在较低的干燥温度条件下,缓苏时间延长,稻谷的爆腰增率和垩白粒率降低并不明显。Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化的流化床最优干燥参数为降水幅度2.50%（干基）、干燥温度45 ℃、缓苏时间3 h,此时隶属度综合分达最大值0.75。验证实验结果与拟合值无显著性差异（P＜0.05）,优化结果可靠有效。     

稻谷等温干燥-缓苏过程数值模拟及优化

利用稻谷干燥热湿传递数学模型,对稻谷等温干燥-缓苏过程进行数值模拟,对比分析了缓苏条件下干燥稻谷籽粒内部水分分布变化规律。结果表明：与热风温度60?℃下单纯干燥过程相比,缓苏降低了稻谷内部的水分梯度峰值,缩短了干燥时间,同时将籽粒干燥终了水分梯度降低接近50%。通过参数研究,发现缓苏温度、缓苏比和缓苏时间是缓苏过程的重要参数,并提出干燥-缓苏过程的优化机制,即在稻谷籽粒干燥缓苏过程初期设置短时缓苏、中期单纯干燥、后期长时缓苏,可有效地降低水分梯度过程最大值和终了值,缩短缓苏时间和减少次数。本研究为稻谷干燥缓苏提供了理论和技术支持。     

稻谷分程干燥工艺优化

为了得出最佳稻谷分程干燥工艺条件,实验选取Ⅰ阶段热风温度、Ⅰ阶段终了含水率、Ⅱ阶段暂存时间和Ⅲ阶段热风温度4个因素,首先进行单因素试验确定优化区间,后通过主成分分析法对多个稻谷干燥品质指标综合建立稻谷干燥品质评价模型,再以综合指标作为评价标准进行响应面试验得出稻谷分程干燥最佳工艺条件。最终优化结果:Ⅰ阶段热风温度为76.30℃,Ⅰ阶段终了含水率为19.99%,Ⅱ阶段暂存时间为11.34 d,Ⅲ阶段热风温度为35.53℃,验证得到综合F值为1.284,其中爆腰率为51%、整精米率为64%,计算平均干燥速率为1.21%/h。     

基于响应面试验优化稻谷品质深层干燥工艺研究

为优化稻谷深层干燥工艺,采用正交试验分析干燥温度、干燥风速、缓苏时间、粮层厚度因素对稻谷干燥并利用响应面分析干燥温度、干燥风速、缓苏时间3因素对稻谷深层干燥后稻谷爆腰率、脂肪酸值、干燥效率指标的影响。结果表明:影响稻谷爆腰率的主要因素是干燥温度>缓苏时间>干燥风速。优化工艺参数为干燥温度40.0℃、干燥风速0.30 m/s、缓苏时间130 min。干燥后稻谷爆腰率30.1%、脂肪酸值20.12 mg/g、干燥效率0.022%/min。以最优工艺进行稻谷干燥,与回归模型预测无显著性差异(P>0.05),优化结果可靠有效。     

探究变温干燥对稻谷特性与干燥品质的影响

为提高稻谷干燥速率和改善干燥后品质,将玻璃化转变理论应用于稻谷变温干燥工艺,分析变温和恒温干燥工艺中初始含水率、变温幅度和热风风速对稻谷干燥速率和干燥后品质（爆腰增率和整精米率）的影响。结果表明：相比于恒温干燥工艺,橡胶态变温干燥工艺的干燥速率高,稻谷干燥后品质明显改善;玻璃态变温工艺干燥速率最慢,其干燥后品质优于稻谷橡胶态变温干燥和恒温干燥的。综合考虑稻谷干燥速率和干燥后品质变化,橡胶态变温干燥工艺可有效提高稻谷干燥速率,改善稻谷干燥后品质。     

稻谷变温干燥工艺研究

在分批循环式稻谷干燥机上试验了低恒温干燥和变温干燥两种干燥工艺.试验表明,采用变温干燥工艺,稻谷含水率高于21%时,采用60～70℃的介质,降水速率可每小时大于1个百分点.当稻谷含水率低于18%时,介质温度应低于60℃,降水速率每小时小于1个百分点.采用变温干燥工艺,对稻谷进行3～4次烘干缓苏,稻谷烘后的累计爆腰率降低0.85个百分点,能耗降低15%.     

真空干燥-常压缓苏后稻米品质指标的相关性研究

以不同干燥温度、相对真空度为因素对稻谷进行真空干燥-常压缓苏实验,研究其干燥后稻米爆腰增率、整精米率及蒸煮质构品质变化,分析其相关性,并通过扫描电镜观察不同干燥条件对稻谷籽粒显微形态的影响。结果表明:干燥温度和真空度对稻谷干燥后爆腰增率及整精米率影响极显著(p0.01)。干燥温度、真空度且二者交互作用对米饭质构特性有极显著影响(p0.01)。经过对稻谷干燥后各品质相关性分析,得出稻谷爆腰增率与其蒸煮硬度、胶黏性及胶着性呈极显著的正相关性(p0.01),稻谷整精米率与硬度、胶黏性、胶着性呈极显著负相关性(p0.01),且二者均与弹性、咀嚼性及内聚性没有相关性。干燥温度越高,相对真空度越大,干燥速率越大,淀粉粒与蛋白质的结合度越小,结构越稀松,干燥裂纹越粗大,数量越多。     

基于主成分分析法对不同稻谷变温干燥工艺的加工和食味品质研究

以新收获的高水分稻谷为原料,探讨不同变温干燥工艺对稻谷干燥速率、加工品质、食用品质的影响.结果表明,变温干燥工艺中三段温度和越高,总用时越短,干燥速率越快,食味值越低;烘后出糙率、整精米率、出米率、食味值比烘前高;升温组比降温组干燥用时短、干燥速率快、出糙率高、整精米率低、食味值高、直链淀粉含量低,升温组和降温组烘后的...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the