有色量测噪声下的HCKF及其应用

针对高阶容积卡尔曼滤波（HCKF）算法在有色量测噪声条件下滤波精度下降的问题,提出了有色量测噪声下的HCKF算法。通过一阶马尔科夫模型将有色量测噪声进行白化,将带有色量测噪声的非线性离散随机系统转化为白噪声下的非线性时滞系统,并给出高斯域内针对非线性时滞系统的贝叶斯滤波框架。利用高阶容积准则对该滤波框架进行近似计算,进而得到有色量测噪声下的HCKF算法。将所提算法应用到机动目标跟踪系统中,仿真实验结果表明,量测噪声为白噪声时,所提算法与标准HCKF算法具有相同的估计性能;在量测噪声为有色噪声时,所提算法相比于标准HCKF具有更优的估计精度和鲁棒性。     

考虑随机量测时滞和同步相关噪声的改进高斯滤波算法

经典高斯滤波算法存在量测信息实时获取,以及过程噪声和量测噪声相互独立的假设条件.然而,在工程实际应用中该假设条件有时难以满足.本文针对一类具有随机量测时滞和同步相关噪声的高斯系统的状态估计问题,设计了一种高斯滤波框架形式的最优估计算法,并给出了所设计算法的三阶球径容积法则的次优实现形式-考虑随机量测时滞和同步相关噪声的容积卡尔曼滤波器(CKF–RDSCN).其借助Bernoulli随机序列,来描述系统中可能存在的量测时滞现象,并利用高斯条件分布性质来解决噪声相关问题,在此基础上构建所提出的最优估计算法.仿真结果表明,相比于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF),无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)以及容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF),在含有随机量测时滞和噪声同步相关的状态估计问题中,CKF–RDSCN具有更高的精度和更好的数值稳定性.     

带有色量测噪声的非线性系统 Unscented 卡尔曼滤波器

传统Unscented卡尔曼滤波器(Unscented Kalman filter, UKF)要求噪声必须为高斯白噪声, 无法解 决带有色噪声的非线性系统滤波问题. 为此, 本文提出了一种带有色量测噪声的UKF滤 波新算法. 首先,基于量测信息增广和最小方差估计, 推导出一类带有色量测噪声的非 线性离散系统状态的最优滤波框架, 接着采用Unscented变换(Unscented transformation, UT)来计算最优框架中的 非线性状态后验均值和协方差, 进而得到有色量测噪声下UKF滤波递推公式. 所设 计的UKF新方法能有效地解决传统UKF在量测噪声有色情况下非线性滤波失效的问题, 数 值仿真实例验证了其可行性和有效性.     

基于MCC的鲁棒高阶CKF在组合导航中的应用

针对高阶容积卡尔曼滤波器在非高斯噪声情况下滤波精度下降的问题,提出了一种新的基于Maximum Correntropy Criterion（MCC）的鲁棒高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法。考虑到高阶容积规则可以较好地解决非线性问题,在高阶容积滤波的基础上,结合统计线性回归模型对量测更新过程进行重构,利用MCC估计算法实现状态的量测更新,同时解决了系统的非线性和非高斯问题。将所提算法应用到SINS/GPS组合导航系统中,仿真结果表明,核宽的选取对算法的滤波性能有较大的影响,在高斯混合噪声条件下,所提算法相比传统高阶容积卡尔曼滤波算法具有更强的鲁棒性和更高的滤波精度。     

H∞次优滤波在速度姿态匹配传递对准中的应用

针对速度+姿态匹配传递对准中量测中的不确定性干扰,采用H∞滤波方法进行速度+姿态匹配传递对准。并与卡尔曼滤波进行了比较,仿真结果表明,当系统噪声和量测噪声为白噪声时,卡尔曼滤波器和H∞滤波器均有效,而且卡尔曼滤波器优于H∞滤波器。但是,当系统噪声与量测噪声为有色噪声并且存在建模误差时,卡尔曼滤波收敛速度明显低于H∞滤波的收敛速度。H∞滤波更符合工程应用的实际情况,因而H∞滤波是一种非常有效的估计方法。     

强跟踪求积分卡尔曼滤波算法

在非线性系统滤波问题中,可能出现真实系统和滤波模型不匹配的现象,而标准形式的求积分卡尔曼滤波器对于这种具有模型不确定性系统的鲁棒性较差、滤波精度降低的问题。针对该问题,结合强跟踪滤波器的思想,提出了强跟踪求积分卡尔曼滤波算法。通过引入衰减因子对当前时刻的状态预测协方差矩阵进行修正,使得不同时刻的残差序列保持正交,减弱先前滤波结果对当前滤波过程的影响,增强量测值的作用,减弱模型的作用,克服模型的不确定性对滤波结果的影响。仿真结果表明,在具有模型不确定性情况的非线性滤波问题中,该算法与标准形式的求积分卡尔曼滤波算法相比,能够获得更高的滤波精度。     

欠观测条件下的增量容积卡尔曼滤波

在工程实践中,由于环境影响、量测设备不稳定等因素,非线性滤波系统中的量测方程可能会出现较大的系统误差,而标准的非线性滤波算法不能消除这类系统误差。针对该问题,假定过程噪声和量测噪声服从高斯分布,利用相邻量测时刻的量测值之差建立增量量测方程,采用3阶球面径向规则获得容积点及其权值。使用容积点对贝叶斯滤波过程中的积分进行数值近似,从而提出增量容积卡尔曼滤波算法。仿真实验结果表明,增量容积卡尔曼滤波算法滤波精度优于标准容积卡尔曼滤波算法与增量卡尔曼滤波算法,能够成功消除量测方程中的系统误差。     

基于转换量测容积卡尔曼滤波器带多普勒量测的目标跟踪算法

针对带多普勒量测的目标跟踪问题,提出一种基于转换量测容积卡尔曼滤波器的序贯滤波目标跟踪算法.对具有量测误差相关性的距离和多普勒量测进行解相关处理,构造出新的解相关量测方程,进而基于贝叶斯方法提出带多普勒量测的序贯处理算法的统一理论框架,实现对位置量测和多普勒量测的序贯滤波.在该理论框架下,提出基于转换量测容积卡尔曼滤波器的序贯滤波目标跟踪算法.该算法先采用转换量测容积卡尔曼滤波器和位置量测对目标状态进行估计,再利用经典容积卡尔曼滤波器对新构造的伪多普勒量测进行量测更新以实现目标跟踪.通过对所提算法的性能分析验证该算法的一致性和收敛性.仿真结果表明,该算法与其他跟踪算法相比,具有更高的跟踪精度.     

基于不确定模型误差系统的变分贝叶斯STCKF

强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波器在对含有模型误差和时变噪声的非线性系统进行滤波时, 容易出现性能降低甚至发散. 鉴于此, 提出一种基于变分贝叶斯的强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波算法. 该算法运用虚拟噪声法补偿模型误差, 假设虚拟噪声均值非零, 且满足高斯分布, 虚拟噪声方差服从逆gamma分布, 在强跟踪容积卡尔曼滤波器估计状态的同时, 采用变分贝叶斯推理估计虚拟噪声参数. 仿真结果表明, 所提出算法对含模型误差与时变噪声的非线性系统具有较好的估计精度, 相比于自适应算法具有更强的鲁棒性.     

基于距离参数化的混合坐标系下平方根容积卡尔曼滤波纯方位目标跟踪

针对纯方位单站目标跟踪中观测方程非线性且易受滤波初值影响的问题,提出了一种距离参数化混合坐标系下的平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SRCKF)算法.该滤波算法首先将平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法应用于混合坐标系,比直角坐标系下的平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法能得到更好的跟踪效果;接着将距离参数化思想和混合坐标系下的平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法结合,消除了距离信息不可测对跟踪效果的影响.仿真结果表明,该滤波算法虽略微提升了计算复杂度,但其鲁棒性和滤波精度均有大幅度的提高.     

一种考虑非高斯L´evy 量测噪声下的改进分数阶卡尔曼滤波

针对量测噪声模型为非高斯L´evy 噪声, 研究离散线性随机分数阶系统的卡尔曼滤波设计问题. 通过剔除极大值的方法得到近似高斯白噪声的L´evy 噪声, 基于最小二乘原理, 提出一种考虑非高斯L´evy 量测噪声下的改进分数阶卡尔曼滤波算法. 与传统的分数阶卡尔曼滤波相比, 改进的分数阶卡尔曼滤波对非高斯L´evy 噪声具有更好的滤波效果. 最后, 通过模拟仿真验证了所提出算法的正确性和有效性.

     

Improved IMM Filter for Tracking a Highly Maneuvering Target with Mixed System Noises

We propose a method of improving tracking filter performance of a highly maneuvering target with mixed system noises in this paper. A case study of an off-road high speed moving target is considered. The system noises consist of white Gaussian noises generated from target motion models and additional colored noises arising from the effect of rough and uneven terrain profile. we design the colored noise first order discrete Markov dynamic system representing terrain conditions. Tracking is done by using an IMM filter with discrete white noise acceleration and horizontal coordinated turn models. The designed colored noise dynamic model is augmented with each of the motion models. We use Kalman filter for linear DWNA model while extended and unscented Kalman filters are used for nonlinear HCT model. A test scenario is setup and simulations are carried out. For filter performance comparison purposes, two more cases are considered i.e., systems with white noncorrelated system noises and the system correlated noise cases. Results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional error treatment methods in terms of robustness, small mean square error, and acceptable computation load and data processing time.     

Algorithm of Gaussian Sum Filter Based on SGQF for Nonlinear Non-Gaussian Models

To improve the filtering effect of the sparse grid quadrature filter (SGQF) under non-Gaussian conditions, the Gaussian sum technique is introduced, and the Gaussian sum sparse grid quadrature filter (GSSGQF) is developed. We present a systematic formulation of the SGQF and extend it to the discrete-time nonlinear system with the non-Gaussian noise. The proposed algorithm approximates the non-Gaussian probability densities by a finite number of weighted sums of Gaussian densities, and takes the SGQF as the Gaussian sub-filter to conduct the time and measurement update for each Gaussian component. An application in the discrete-time nonlinear system with the non-Gaussian noise has been shown to demonstrate the accuracy of the GSSGQF. It outperforms the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and the SGQF. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove that the GSSGQF provides significant performance improvement in the calculation accuracy for nonlinear non-Gaussian filtering problems.

     

Continuous‐discrete filters for bearings‐only underwater target tracking problems

In this work, we develop a continuous‐discrete shifted Rayleigh filter (CD‐SRF) and a continuous‐discrete sparse‐grid Gauss‐Hermite filter (CD‐SGHF) for a real‐life passive underwater bearings‐only target tracking problem. The stochastic difference equation describing the process model is derived from its continuous equivalent using Ito‐Taylor expansion of order 1.5. The performance of the proposed filters is compared in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), track divergence and computational time. For a fair comparison, popular filters like the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and Gauss–Hermite filter (GHF) are implemented. The effect of initial uncertainty, measurement noise covariance and sampling time on filtering accuracy is also studied. Finally, RMSEs of all the filters are evaluated in comparison with the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB). From simulation results, it was observed that CD filters performed with higher accuracy than their discrete equivalents, with CD‐SRF proving to be the most accurate among all the filters.     

A treatment of nonwhite measurement noise in discrete linear systems

A combination of pure colored and pure white measurement noise may occur in several classes of linear discrete time dynamic stochastic systems of interest. Accurate state estimation in the presence of this nonwhite measurement noise is achieved through the use of a low order least squares filter. Previously the statistical nature of this nonwhite noise has been restricted, and computationally burdensome algorithms have been developed to handle this particular type of measurement noise. In overcoming these difficulties a filter is developed, similar in form to a Kalman filter, whose order is no higher than the order of the state.     

Adaptive Gaussian filters for nonlinear state estimation with one-step randomly delayed measurements

This paper proposes new algorithms of adaptive Gaussian filters for nonlinear state estimation with maximum one-step randomly delayed measurements. The unknown random delay is modeled as a Bernoulli random variable with the latency probability known a priori. However, a contingent situation has been considered in this work when the measurement noise statistics remain partially unknown. Due to unavailability of the complete knowledge of measurement noise statistics, the unknown measurement noise covariance matrix is estimated along with states following: (i) variational Bayesian approach, (ii) maximum likelihood estimation. The adaptation algorithms are mathematically derived following both of the above approaches. Subsequently, a general framework for adaptive Gaussian filter is presented with which variants of adaptive nonlinear filters can be formulated using different rules of numerical approximation for Gaussian integrals. This paper presents a few of such filters, viz., adaptive cubature Kalman filter, adaptive cubature quadrature Kalman filter with their higher degree variants, adaptive unscented Kalman filter, and adaptive Gauss–Hermite filter, and demonstrates the comparative performance analysis with the help of a nontrivial Bearing only tracking problem in simulation. Additionally, the paper carries out relative performance comparison between maximum likelihood estimation and variational Bayesian approaches for adaptation using Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed algorithms are also validated with the help of an off-line harmonics estimation problem with real data.