SPAD单光子探测器的SPICE模型及其CQC淬火电路研究

在盖革模式下工作的雪崩光子二极管(APD)也称为单光子雪崩光子二极管(singlephoton avalanche photon diode, SPAD)是一种常用于激光测距成像领域的单光子探测器。本文针对SPAD探测应用中的淬火问题,设计了一种电容淬火(capacitive quenching circuit, CQC)电路。首先,根据SPAD器件的性能参数,建立了SPAD的SPICE等效模型,并通过无源淬火电路验证了该模型。其次,基于该等效模型的基础上,仿真验证了所设计的CQC淬火电路的淬火效果。仿真结果表明:所设计的CQC电路不仅具有门控有源淬火电路的优点,而且具有更稳定的偏置电压和击穿电流。本文设计的CQC淬火电路的淬火时间和恢复时间分别为16 ns和41 ns,基本可满足单光子测距的应用需求。     

一种用于自由运转SPAD的高速淬灭电路设计

针对标准CMOS工艺的单光子雪崩探测器(Single Photon Avalanche Detector,SPAD),设计了 一种可用于自由运转模式的高速淬灭电路.为了实现淬灭电路的功能设计与精准仿真,根据实测的SPAD电流-电压曲线拟合得到了电流与电压间的多段式函数解析式,进一步建立了 SPAD器件的Verilog-A行为级模型并与淬灭电路进行集成仿真与验证.淬灭电路采用基于电容感应的主被动淬灭结构,利用可变MOS电容的延迟电路实现了关断时间(Hold-off Time)的灵活调节.仿真结果表明,所设计淬灭电路的淬灭时间和恢复时间分别为1.0和1.2 ns,关断时间调节范围为1.02～3.55 μs,可以满足自由运转CMOS SPAD的应用需求.     

一种完全集成的单光子雪崩二极管探测器

针对单光子雪崩二极管探测器,提出了一种紧凑的主动淬灭电路和读出电路,能够快速控制雪崩电流淬灭,对光子雪崩脉冲进行线性和对数方式的模拟计数。该电路能够最大限度地减少淬灭时间,缩短死区时间,扩大读数的动态范围,大幅度减小每个像素单元的面积,提高像素密度。采用SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺进行仿真,得到输入雪崩脉冲宽度约为8 ns,线性计数达到10³次,而对数计数可以达到10⁵次,像素单元占空比得到显著提高。     

用于单光子TOF测量的时间-幅度变换器

基于新型共源共栅电流源的积分方法,设计了一种用于单光子飞行时间(TOF)测量的时间-幅度变换器(TAC).该方法有效简化了 TAC电路结构,减小了 TAC占用面积,显著提高了TOF的满量程范围(FSR).采用0.18 μm标准CMOS工艺设计.集成TAC的单光子探测器像素单元的填充因子可达到26.8％.后仿真结果表明,...     

基于混合宏模型的无电容型LDO设计

模拟集成电路的"自顶向下"设计方法能大大提高电路设计效率.提出了一种"混合宏模型",能高效、简便地完成模拟集成电路的建模,进而指导器件级电路设计.基于"混合宏模型"的设计方法,完成了一款基于HHNEC 0.25 μm标准CMOS工艺的无电容型LDO设计.     

一种频率合成器的建模优化与电路设计

根据数模混合集成电路系统级和行为级快速验证的需求,设计了一种卫星导航系统射频接收机前端的频率合成器。传统行为级模型一般是基于理想环路进行参数提取,误差较大。为此,首先,分别利用MATLAB和Verilog-AMS对频率合成器建立理想行为级模型与非理想行为级模型,并根据行为级模型提取与优化的环路参数,采用SMIC 180 nm CMOS工艺设计仿真电路级频率合成器;其次,建立MATLAB噪声模型,对电路级各个模块的噪声进行拟合,评估频率合成器系统的整体噪声性能。所提出的频率合成器设计方法对电路级设计具有前瞻性的指导,并有助于电路级的设计优化。     

一种面向SOC的衬底噪声宏模型

针对SOC中常见的衬底噪声耦合问题,通过将器件模拟与拟合法相结合,基于0.25 μ m CMOS工艺提取衬底结构参数建立了电阻宏模型.该模型被应用于CMOS放大器电路,利用Hspice进行仿真,仿真结果表明,该模型从时、频域角度都能较好地表征出衬底噪声对模拟电路性能的影响,对深亚微米混合信号电路设计具有重要的指导意义.     

标准CMOS工艺下单片集成光接收芯片的研究

设计了与标准CMOS工艺兼容的850 nm空间调制(Spatially Modulated,SM)结构光电探测器,在分析器件物理模型的基础上,建立了SPECTRE环境中等效电路的新模型.提出标准CMOS工艺下SM探测器与前置放大电路单片集成的电路设计.仿真结果表明,在850 nm光照下,SM探测器带宽达到400 MHz,并提供62 mA/W的响应度.整个集成芯片的工作速率为400 Mb/s,增益为0.81 kV/W,功耗为91 mW.     

低功耗64×64 CMOS快照模式焦平面读出电路新结构

介绍了一个工作于快照模式的CMOS焦平面读出电路的低功耗新结构-OESCA(Odd-Even SnapshotCharge Amplifier)结构该结构像素电路非常简单,仅用三个NMOS管;采用两个低功耗设计的电荷放大器做列读出电路,分别用于奇偶行的读出,不但可有效消除列线寄生电容的影响,而且列读出电路的功耗可降低1 5%,因此OESCA新结构特别适于要求低功耗设计的大规模、小像素阵列焦平面读出电路采用OESCA结构和1.2μm双硅双铝标准CMOS工艺设计了一个64×64规模焦平面读出电路实验芯片,其像素尺寸为50μm×50μm,读出电路的电荷处理能力达10.37pC.详细介绍了该读出电路的体系结构、像素电路、探测器模型和工作时序,并给出了精确的SPICE仿真结果和试验芯片的测试结果.     

一种基于数字灰度的微显OLEDos的片上电路设计

介绍了高分辨率硅基微显OLED的特性和时间子场的数字灰度技术,基于单晶硅CMOS成熟技术,给出了一种片上电路设计方案,方案采用2管的数字像素电路,集成了行扫描电路及列数据驱动电路,经模拟仿真满足设计要求.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks