中国未来电力需求与核能

本文介绍了我国未来电力需求和能源结构，阐述了核能是我国满足经济发达地区电力需求的合理选择，并提出了我国“九五”核电计划和中期目标，以及发展核电中面临的问题和基本对策。     

核电对我国电力供应的影响分析

随着我国核电装机规模的不断增长,核电在我国能源生产和供应的地位和作用越来越重要,研究核电对我国电力供应的贡献对促进核电高效发展具有重要意义。文章结合电力资源优化模型,定量计算了当前如果没有核电,在总发电成本最小化、碳排放约束的情况下,由其他能源替代核电引起的电力结构变化;以及2020年、2030年核电装机规模持续增长对优化电力供应结构和减少温室气体排放的贡献;提出了保持核电开工建设速度、给予核电与清洁能源同等发电权和调度权等政策建议。     

建立工程经验反馈体系促进核电建设科学发展

结合我国能源结构和电力需求状况,国家做出了积极发展核电的能源发展战略部署。面临核电大发展的重大机遇,以方家山核电工程为例,提出建立核电工程经验总结和反馈体系是促进核电建设科学发展的当务之需这一观点,并从其必要性、可行陛和具体举措等几方面进行了论证。     

核能在中国长期能源供应中的作用和地位

回顾了世界核能发展史及各国发展核能政策,展望了世界核能发展前景。在对国外核电经济性进行分析的基础上,指出国外核发电成本都低于煤电,估计未来核电在经济上将仍有竞争力。根据中国能源工业发展现状,对中国长期能源供求前景进行预测,估计能源缺口将越来越大;指出在远离煤炭基地的东南沿海地区发展核电,可弥补经济发达地区的能源短缺。预测了中国电力长期需求,评估了中国电力资源,表明发展核电可优化中国电力构成。对中国核电经济性作了评价,并指出实现国产化、系列化生产后,核电将比煤电经济。在分析中国交通运输和环境污染情况后,指出发展核电可减轻对运输的压力,改善环境质量。最后展望了核供热发展前景,并对中国铀资源的保证程度作了分析。     

核能在中国长期能源供应中的作用和地位

回顾了世界核能发展史及各国发展核能政策,展望了世界核能发展前景。在对国外核电经济性进行分析的基础上,指出国外核发电成本都低于煤电,估计未来核电在经济上将仍有竞争力。根据中国能源工业发展现状,对中国长期能源供求前景进行预测,估计能源缺口将越来越大;指出在远离煤炭基地的东南沿海地区发展核电,可弥补经济发达地区的能源短缺。预测了中国电力长期需求,评估了中国电力资源,表明发展核电可优化中国电力构成。对中国核电经济性作了评价,并指出实现国产化、系列化生产后,核电将比煤电经济。在分析中国交通运输和环境污染情况后,指出发展核电可减轻对运输的压力,改善环境质量。最后展望了核供热发展前景,并对中国铀资源的保证程度作了分析。     

核电工程经济数据库

核电工程经济数据库由核电厂经济数据库、核燃料循环经济数据库和核电规划与环境经济数据库三部分组成，用ＯＲＡＣＬＥ Ｖ６．０实现。核电厂经济数据库包括公共经济数据、电厂技术参数、工程投资数据、经济效益数据等内容。核燃料循环经济数据库燃料技术参数和价格数据。核电规划与环境经济数据库由历史经济、预测经济、能源平衡、电力、能源设施等数据组成。     

瑞典将在两年内取消核电税负

正【世界核新闻网站2016年6月10日报道】由于认识到核电有助于实现100%可再生能源发电的电力能源结构发展目标,瑞典国会2016年6月9日决定在两年内取消核电税负。根据社会民主党、温和党、绿党、中间党和基督教民主党公布的框架协议,核电税负将在未来两年内逐步取消。该协议还允许在     

IAEA报告预测核增长

国际原子能机构（IAEA）在其一份名为“2030年之前的能源、电力和核电”的最新报告中对世界未来的核电发展情况进行了预测。该报告表示，到2030年，全球核电装机容量将由现在的370GWe增长至447-679GWe。     

IAEA发布核电发展预测报告

2021年9月16日,国际原子能机构(IAEA)发布2021年版年度报告《直至2050年能源、电力和核电预测》。这是该系列的第41版预测报告,概述了截至2020年底原子能机构各成员国的核电发展状况。同时,根据国际能源署(IEA)发布的《2020年世界能源展望》和美国能源信息管理局(EIA)《2020年国际能源展望》等研究报告,原子能机构在其报告中对全球以及各地区直至2050年的能源、电力和核电发展情况作出预测。     

发展核电同能源长远战略规划的关系

本文分析了我国能源的紧张状况,论述了核电发展在我国电力发展中的重要性和迫切性,指出了核电发展缓慢的原因,及今后的对策。     

Economics of nuclear power stations in Russia: Increasing the market competitiveness of producers of electrical power

An analysis is made of the role and the place of Russian nuclear power stations on the federal (all-Russia) wholesale market for electrical energy and power, the structure of the costs of producing electricity at these stations, the competitiveness of nuclear energy sources with other producers of electricity. Possible ways are discussed for reducing the cost of producing electricity at nuclear power stations. Journal version of the plenary paper “From the first nuclear power station in the world to the power engineering of the twenty first century” (Annual Conference of Nuclear Society, Obninsk, June 28 to July 2, 1999). Rosénergoatm Concern. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 92–101, August, 1999.     

低温供热堆推荐动力循环

分析了低温供热堆热电联供所提供的热源和冷源的特点，根据５ＭＷ、２００ＭＷ、５００ＭＷ低温供热堆的设计工况，针对氨水朗肯循环、水蒸汽朗肯循环、水蒸汽扩容循环、卡林那循环和氦气循环等动力循环方式，进行了详细计算、分析、比较。结果表明，氨水朗肯循环具有相对较高的发电效率，是一种很有潜力的低温动力循环；水蒸汽朗肯循环对于堆芯进、出口温度差较小的堆型具有明显的优势；而水蒸汽扩容循环却是堆芯进、出口温度差较大堆型的首选循环。     

世界铀资源概况

随着核电技术的逐步成熟和完善,核电作为一种清洁、高效、绿色的能源已为人们所接受。新一轮核电建设热潮已经掀起,未来25 a内,全球将新建100～300座核电站。随之而来,对核电站燃料天然铀已引起足够的重视。世界各大铀矿业公司加紧了对铀资源的勘探和开发力度。铀资源已经成为世界核领域的焦点之一。简要介绍了世界铀资源、铀勘查、铀生产、铀需求、铀价格,以及分析了近年铀价走势原因。     

Speech of B. Estève “EPR deployment shifting into high gear”

Economics of nuclear power has been assessed by various European studies. Of particular interest in the Finnish study which supported the decision to build Finland's 5th nuclear power unit.Sensitivity studies, as well as the 2005 update of this study, demonstrate the robustness of nuclear competitiveness compared to other electricity generation means.EPR is AREVA's generation 3+ reactor: a large evolutionary power reactor with improved safety. EPR is being built at the Finnish site of Olkiluoto. It is being launched in France at Flamanville and it is licensed in the USA in view of its deployment on that market. It has also been offered to China in response to the Generation 3 international invitation to bid.     

Regulatory policies and the future of nuclear power

This paper reviews some of the national policies and regulatory decisions that have the potential to affect the production of electricity from nuclear power. It is shown that many policies and regulatory initiatives are introduced to meet objectives other than determining the mix of electricity supply resources, such as reducing the cost of electricity or protecting public health and safety. Nevertheless, such policies and requirements can have a substantial effect on the competitiveness of present nuclear power plants, as well as on prospects for future nuclear power plants. Because electricity from nuclear power can substitute for electricity from fossil fuels, policies and regulations which affect the competitiveness of nuclear power can have an effect of the production of carbon emissions, and therefore can compete with, or complement, national environmental objectives.     

Nuclear energy strategy in the environment of utility business deregulation

Nuclear power has contributed to the reduction and stabilization of electricity rate in Japan. However, its economic competitiveness has been eroding since mid 80's. Deregulation is hitting nuclear power just at the time its competitiveness is declining, and it poses a threat to drive short-sighted market orientation and precludes long term focus on achieving a balance between “environmental agenda” and “competitiveness in market”. Lowering the electricity rate is one of the important agenda to improve the nation's industrial competitiveness in the global market. However, it will be very difficult to win the competition of gas and oil prices with other developed countries in Europe and North America due to a handicap of long transportation distance. Only nuclear power and natural energy have no relation to such a handicap of economic distance from resources. Without securing economic superiority of those energy sources, Japan will not be able to clear the handicap of energy costs. The Japanese utilities are trying hard to regain the competitive edge of nuclear power. We have established short-term strategies for both existing and new LWRs as well as a long-term strategy for technological development. With these strategies we will be able to regain the competitiveness of nuclear power.     

Present status of nuclear containments and ISI in Korea

Since the first nuclear power plant started in commercial service in 1978 in Korea, 20 units have been operated and maintained, and most recently several units were under construction and planned to be constructed in order to meet the demand of more electricity. The importance of nuclear containments always has been one of the hottest issues for the safety and protection of nuclear power plants. From 1970s to present year, various types of nuclear containments have been constructed until now. With the changes of times, nuclear containment systems have undergone a remarkable change, and finally a Korea standard nuclear power plant was defined. For those reasons, various regulatory issues, inspection technologies, technical requirements for periodic inspection have been applied differently depending on the specific nuclear containment types. In this study, overall status of nuclear power plants, development stages of nuclear containment systems, and inservice inspections in Korea were researched.     

Nuclear Power Plant Compliance with the Principle of Power-System Indepedence from Safety Systems Operation

The purpose of this paper is to show that during the operation of safety systems at nuclear power plants the principle of independence from the power system, which is one of the basic principles inocrporated in the design of safety systems, is not satisfied and the power system, especially if it is deficient, cannot guarantee the required electricity and protection for safety systems from general failures. To satisfy the independence principle, guarantee the required quality of electricity, and protect the safety systems in nuclear power plants from general failures, it is proposed that the presently operative algorithm for starting up diesel generators be reexamined. When the safety systems at nuclear power plants perform their required functions, they should operate from autonomous diesel generators at the nuclear power plant, which are equipped with electricity quality regulators (frequency and voltage), and not from the power system. It is also suggested that the variant of the algorithm where diesel generators are started up as a preventative measure when the quality of the electricity in the power system drops below admissable limits be reexamined.     

Nuclear energy option for energy security and sustainable development in India

India is facing great challenges in its economic development due to the impact on climate change. Energy is the important driver of economy. At present Indian energy sector is dominated by fossil fuel. Due to international pressure for green house gas reduction in atmosphere there is a need of clean energy supply for energy security and sustainable development. The nuclear energy is a sustainable solution in this context to overcome the environmental problem due to fossil fuel electricity generation. This paper examines the implications of penetration of nuclear energy in Indian power sector. Four scenarios, including base case scenario, have been developed using MARKAL energy modeling software for Indian power sector. The least-cost solution of energy mix has been measured. The result shows that more than 50% of the electricity market will be captured by nuclear energy in the year 2045. This ambitious goal can be expected to be achieved due to Indo-US nuclear deal. The advanced nuclear energy with conservation potential scenario shows that huge amounts of CO₂ can be reduced in the year 2045 with respect to the business as usual scenario.     

Trends in nuclear power reactor design and technology

The continuing worldwide growth in energy consumption, in particular for electricity generation, coupled with increasing concerns regarding the environmental impact of the burning of fossil fuels, demands that nuclear power continue to be available as an option for generation electricity.However, nuclear power has not attained previously expected levels of deployment due to its own set of concerns including, primarily, poor performance and public acceptance of adequate safety. The lessons learned from the past experience are being carefully considered in the ongoing development programmes leading to advanced nuclear power systems for deployment in the late 1990's and in the next century.An overview of these developments and the key characteristics of these evolving advanced nuclear power plants are given in the paper.