浅谈动态冰浆蓄冷系统设计要点

一．冰蓄冷系统概述 冰蓄冷系统的核心就是制冰系统,传统的冰蓄冷技术主包括冰球式和盘管式两种,这两种冰蓄冷技术的制冰过程都是在相对静止的状态下由低温不冻液把冷量传递给水而结冰,因此统称为静态冰蓄冷,目前是国内主应用的冰蓄冷技术。但是静态冰蓄冷由于冰的制备和融化在同一设备进行,以及其自身纳冰特性的限制,随着管外冰层厚度的增加,管外热阻同时增加,     

直接蒸发式管外结冰过程的数值求解和实验研究

本文就直接蒸发式管外结冰蓄冰槽结冰过程进行数值模拟求解，并经过实验研究进行验证，证明模拟结果比较理想，对蓄冰槽的蓄冰性能研究和系统的设计选用提供了可靠的理论依据。     

基于液化天然气低温冷藏车的相变蓄冷实验

针对以水为相变工质通过铜质圆管壁与低温氮气换热发生固液相变问题,通过测温和可视化测量手段模拟研究固液相变贮存LNG冷量过程,获得管内低温气体、管外液相区温度分布及冰层图相,分析了管内换热和液相区自然对流综合影响下的冰层变化和分布特性,结果表明:该换热问题具有典型的变壁温变热流密度的热边界条件;冰层厚度在有限时间内近似线性增长,且沿管长锥状分布、冰层锥度随时问呈对数增长趋势;由于液相区水的密度反转效应使自然对流主流向发生改变,导致上下壁面冰层厚度发生反转.     

盘管式蓄冰槽盘管排列方式的传热特性

分析了顺排和叉排方式排列的盘管式蓄冰槽的传热过程,提出了相应的简化假设,并在此基础上建立了九管管束模型。通过对不同管径下不同排列方式的蓄冰槽内的传热特性的ANSYS模拟研究,得出管径对传热的蓄冰槽影响相对较小,盘管管顺排既可以简化布置方式,且顺排的传热特性更优于叉排,同时又满足温度场均匀的要求,因此采用顺排的布置方式比叉排更有利。     

竖直管蓄冰多孔介质局部自然对流的实验研究

根据目前缺乏对多孔介质局部非热平衡的自然对流传热实验研究现象,设计了对竖直管外蓄冰过程中多孔介质局部自然对流传热的实验装置,并对实验装置进行了验证。结果也证实了本实验装置的可行性及实验数据的准确性。     

结冰厚度对盘管、普通冰球及蕊心冰球热阻的影响

蓄冷设备在制冰过程中,随着结冰厚度的增加,热阻增大。为了分析结冰厚度对蓄冰装置的影响,以传热理论为基础,通过结冰末期的热阻与结冰一半时热阻的对比,分析了三种蓄冰装置受结冰厚度的影响程度,并对这三种蓄冰装置做出了评价。     

水平管外结冰特性的理论与实验研究

本文对单根水平管外结冰特性进行了理论和实验研究,在简化的数学模型的基础上,采用有限差分法进行数值求解,并利用实验加以验证,数值计算结果与实验结果相符,为蓄冰系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

水平管外结冰特性的理论与实验研究

本文对单根水平管外结冰特性进行了理论和实验研究.在简化的数学模型的基础上,采用有限差分法进行数值求解,并利用实验加以验证,数值计算结果与实验结果相符,为蓄冰系统的设计提供了理论依据.     

流体脉动对新型弹性管束传热特性影响的实验研究

建立了恒热流传热实验台,对新型弹性管束管外传热特性进行实验研究,得到了不同Re数下弹性管束的整体及局部换热性能。设计了电机驱动流体脉动装置,得到了不同脉动参数下弹性管束的传热及阻力特性,并拟合得到了各工况下的实验准则关联式。实验结果表明,在文中讨论参数范围内弹性管束的管外平均表面传热系数可以达到固定管束的3倍以上,强化传热效果显著,且中间两根弹性管的表面传热系数要明显高于边缘两管。通过对比不同实验工况可以得出当流体脉动频率为15Hz时弹性管束的PEC值最高,综合换热性能最好。     

冰浆贮存的均匀性研究

在自行搭建的冰浆蓄冷实验台基础上,以从冰浆开始输入蓄冰槽到输冰结束为止的冰浆堆积贮存过程为研究对象,观察形成的"富冰层"发展变化特性,研究冰浆贮存的均匀性。通过改变冰浆入口含冰率、冰浆入口流量和蓄冰槽初始液面高度控制参数,采用正交实验方差分析法分析上述参数对冰浆贮存均匀性的影响显著性和影响规律。     

充冷过程中冷板内特性研究

针对机械冷板冷藏车冷板充冷时间长的问题,根据热量守恒原理建立了冷板内共晶冰冻结过程的数学模型,并对影响冷板充冷过程的关键因素进行了讨论,用准静态方法对蒸发盘管外共晶冰的形成过程进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,随着盘管周围共晶冰厚度的增加,共晶冰冻结缓慢;降低蒸发温度,减少冷板外热负荷,可以明显减少共晶冰的冻结时间;冻结过程中,冷板内的逐时蓄冷量基本不变.     

基于ANSYS分析内融冰蓄冰槽的蓄冰模型

对内融冰的蓄冰槽蓄冰的相变传热提出了简化假设，并在此基础上用ANSYS有限元分析软件对其建立模型。改变蓄冷槽换热管的排序、管间距及不同的初始温度情况下，分析了蓄冷槽结构和工况对蓄冰性能的影响。     

Study on continuous ice slurry formation using functional fluid for ice storage – Discussion of optimal operating conditions

A functional fluid was made by adding a small amount of additive to a water–silicone-oil mixture with 90 vol% water content, and the functional fluid was transformed into an ice slurry by cooling while stirring. The new ice formation system, which authors proposed for ice storage based on the results of previous studies, demonstrated that the ice slurry could be formed continuously for 10 h. In the current paper, experiments were carried out, varying operating conditions, and an optimal operating condition was determined to improve performance of the present system still more. From the experimental results, the conditions necessary to increase the amount of recovery ice were clarified. The time-dependencies of the shape and size of formed ice particles were also shown. Moreover, the reason why the freezing temperature of the functional fluid rose due to repetition of ice formation was clarified, and its measure was discussed. The present study then found that it was possible to form and recover a larger amount of ice than in previous attempts, given the rise in freezing temperature.     

The influence of ice formation on vaporization of LNG on water surfaces

The spillage of LNG on water surfaces can lead, under certain circumstances, to a decrease in the surface temperature of water and subsequent freezing. A model for heat transfer from water to LNG is proposed and used to calculate the surface temperature of water and examine its influence on the vaporization rate of LNG. For this purpose LNG was modeled based on the properties of pure methane. It was concluded that when LNG spills on a confined, shallow-water surface the surface temperature of water will decrease rapidly leading to ice formation. The formation of an ice layer, that will continue to grow for the duration of the spill, will have a profound effect upon the vaporization rate. The decreasing surface temperature of ice will decrease the temperature differential between LNG and ice that drives the heat transfer and will lead to a change of the boiling regime. The overall effect would be that the vaporization flux would first decrease during the film boiling; followed by an increase during the transition boiling and a steady decrease during the nucleate boiling.     

Solidification of phase change material on vertical cylindrical surface in holdup air bubbles

Solidification of phase change material around a vertical cylindrical surface was studied to investigate the performance of ice storage system and stored thermal energy. Air bubbles were generated in the phase change material at various air flow rate as a gas holdup to enhance the heat transfer rate and accelerate the ice layer growth at the solid–liquid interface. The test tube surface was cooled by ethylene glycol–water solution at a flow rate of 40% concentration by weight. The ice layer growth and solidification front velocity at solid–liquid interface were estimated from the temperature–time recorded data of a set of thermocouples fixed in a radial position perpendicular to cooled surface. The ice layer growth at the first instants of solidification process is much higher. Thereafter it decreased gradually according to the increasing of thermal resistance of ice layer. The increasing of ethylene glycol–water solution mass flow rate seems to accelerate the solidification process with small rate. The effect of air bubbles agitation was found to increase the ice layer growth rate and solidification front velocity by about of 20–45%. As a consequence the stored thermal energy was increased by about 55–115% with increasing air bubbles flow according to the attribute of generates turbulence at the solid–liquid interface. The measured data showed that with stirring the bulk water in energy storage tank, the storage time can be reduced by 10–35% of that without stirring.     

Numerical analysis of coupled water,heat and stress in saturated freezing soil

Clapeyron equation can be applied in freezing soil to describe the relationship among temperature, water pressure and ice pressure when ice and water coexist in phase equilibrium. The mathematical deduction shows that the driving force that makes the unfrozen water in soil moves from high temperature area to low temperature area is determined by gravity, temperature and pore pressure. Upon proposing the concept of separating void ratio as a judge criterion for the formation of ice lenses, adjusting the hydraulic conductivity to describe the unfrozen water gathering at the front of ice lenses and the growth of ice lens, a mathematical model of coupled water, heat and stress is established. A typical process of coupled water, heat and stress that happens in a saturated freezing soil column is simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. The amount of frost heave is calculated, and the result of simulation gives the distribution bar graph of ice lenses and distribution curves of temperature, equivalent water content and pore pressure, and shows how they change.     

Shape identification for water–ice interface within the cylindrical capsule in cold storage system by inverse heat transfer method

In this study, the inverse heat transfer method is applied to shape identification for the ice layer within the cylindrical capsule in cold storage system. The approach is constructed by combining the curvilinear grid generation scheme, the direct problem solver, the conjugate gradient optimization method, and the redistribution method. According to the practical condition of freezing ice, shape identification for the water–ice interface based on the data of the outer surface temperature is attempted. Results show that the profile of the water–ice interface is possible to be identified by using the inverse heat transfer approach and the accuracy of the ice shape identification is dependent on the uncertainty of the outer surface temperature data, the Biot number, the thickness of the ice layer, and the geometric configuration as well.     

The mechanism of repeated-segregation for the formation of thick layered ground ice

In this article, a mechanism of repeated-segregation for the formation of thick layered ground ice has been suggested. The mechanism consists of the following processes: (1) Moisture migration to the freezing front and ice lensing there as a result of upward freezing from permafrost. (2) Unequal law of migration of unfrozen water (the combined effect of the following processes: the upward migration of unfrozen water in a frozen active layer in the cold season; water migration and ice lensing in the frozen ground behind the freezing front during upward freezing; water migration and ice lensing in the still frozen ground beneath the thawing plane in the warm season). (3) Self-purification of ice. (4) Syngenetic growth of ground ice due to the addition of material onto the ground surface. (5) Annual repetition of the processes mentioned above. Thus, a new type of ground ice — repeated-segregation ice — is distinguished.     

Experimental investigation of ice slurry heat transfer in horizontal tube

Heat transfer of ice slurry flow based on ethanol–water mixture in a circular horizontal tube has been experimentally investigated. The secondary fluid was prepared by mixing ethanol and water to obtain initial alcohol concentration of 10.3% (initial freezing temperature -4.4 °C). The heat transfer tests were conducted to cover laminar and slightly turbulent flow with ice mass fraction varying from 0% to 22% depending on test performed. Measured heat transfer coefficients of ice slurry are found to be higher than those for single phase fluid, especially for laminar flow conditions and high ice mass fractions where the heat transfer is increased with a factor 2 in comparison to the single phase flow. In addition, experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients of ice slurry flow were compared to the analytical results, based on the correlation by Sieder and Tate for laminar single phase regime, by Dittus–Boelter for turbulent single phase regime and empirical correlation by Christensen and Kauffeld derived for laminar/turbulent ice slurry flow in circular horizontal tubes. It was found that the classical correlation proposed by Sieder and Tate for laminar forced convection in smooth straight circular ducts cannot be used for heat transfer prediction of ice slurry flow since it strongly underestimates measured values, while, for the turbulent flow regime the simple Dittus–Boelter relation predicts the heat transfer coefficient of ice slurry flow with high accuracy but only up to an ice mass fraction of 10% and Re_cf > 2300 regardless of imposed heat flux. For higher ice mass fractions and regardless of the flow regime, the correlation proposed by Christensen and Kauffeld gives good agreement with experimental results.