基于多方法优选预报因子的天山西部山区融雪径流中长期水文预报

为实现天山西部山区喀什河流域冰川融雪区域的水资源可持续开发利用,更好地支撑所在区域工农业生产发展,有必要开展融雪径流中长期水文预报研究。基于相关系数法、主成分分析法及两种方法相结合的综合方法优选预报因子,采用BP神经网络模型和组合小波BP神经网络模型预报径流。结果表明,采用综合方法筛选出的预报因子集合可以得到更好的预报结果;组合小波BP神经网络模型在3个不同方案中的预测效果均优于BP神经网络模型的预测结果,其预报精度更高。研究成果可为该区域融雪径流模拟研究及洪水预报提供参考。     

结合均生函数的神经网络在中长期水文预报中的应用

针对中长期径流预报在水库中长期运行方案制定及调度决策形成中的作用,基于传统和智能预报方法各自的优势,利用均生函数模型记忆时间序列的内在规律,采用偏最小二乘方法对预报因子进行降维处理,建立了结合均生函数的神经网络预报模型,并利用神经网络模型修正预报结果。实例计算表明,该模型不仅可提取径流序列的特征,且预报精度也较单一的均生函数模型和神经网络模型有所提高。     

DGA SVR日径流非线性预报模型及应用

实时而准确的日径流量预报在防洪减灾、优化调度等方面起到了巨大作用。将遗传算法(GA)与支持向量回归(SVR)改进模型耦合,同时对SVR三个重要参数(C,σ,ε)进行动态寻优,构建了动态三参数优化GA-SVR日径流非线性预报模型(DGA-SVR)用于黑水河流域日径流预报,通过与BP神经网络和多元线性回归预测结果进行对比分析,DGA-SVR模型预测精度明显优于BP神经网络和多元回归模型。     

基于BP神经网络的贝叶斯概率枯季径流预报研究

根据枯季径流的特点,采用多元线性回归模型模拟了先验分布和似然函数,建立了基于BP神经网络的贝叶斯概率枯季径流预报模型.与传统枯季径流预报方法相比,该方法预报精度高,能以概率分布形式定量描述预报的不确定性,为水量调度提供了科学的决策依据,实例应用表明,效果理想.     

基于广义回归神经网络模型的径流预测研究

为提高径流预报精度,构建了基于广义回归神经网络模型的径流预测模型并将其应用于浙江丽水小溪流域中,对白岩测站50年月平均径流资料进行模拟研究,并与BP神经网络模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,广义回归神经网络预测精度较BP神经网络模型高,更接近径流监测实测值,平均相对误差为11.06%,且预报结果比较稳定,为径流时间序列模拟提供了一种更优的建模方法。     

GFS预报信息在水电站运行中的应用研究

针对水电站水库的中长期优化调度中若能充分有效地利用预报信息将可获得更大经济效益的问题,利用GFS发布的10~14 d降雨数值预报信息,构建了其信息的统计方法,并以预报降雨为主因子建立了二滩水电站汛期旬径流的枯、平、丰三级预报模型,基于已建立的二滩水电站有、无预报信息相结合的发电调度模型,针对汛期无径流预报的时段,利用径流定性预报结果修正改进了其调度决策。模拟调度结果表明,改进方案可行、优越。     

基于支持向量机的水电站中长期径流组合预报

中长期径流预报是充分利用水资源、实现水电站优化运行的重要环节。以金沙江中游龙盘电站为研究对象,分别采用自回归滑动平均模型、最近邻抽样回归模型、BP神经网络建立了该水电站月径流预报模型,在分析三种模型预报结果具有一定互补性的基础上进一步建立了支持向量机分月组合预报模型。统计结果表明,与单一预报模型相比,该组合预报模型具有更高的精度和稳定性,为寻求水电站径流预报规律和制定中长期调度计划提供了技术支持。     

基于气象因子的汛期径流预报模型

针对现有汛期径流预报方法的缺陷,从物理成因出发,采用投影寻踪方法从74项大气环流因子中筛选出影响汛期总径流量的主因子,结合汛期前期降雨量进行相似分析获取相似年份,构建基于气象因子的汛期径流预报模型。以长江流域关键断面汛期来水预报为例开展了模型的实例研究,结果表明,该模型考虑了气象因子对长期径流变化的影响,对汛期总径流量的预报以及汛期月径流预报的精度均高于门限回归模型,是汛期径流预报的一种行之有效的方法。     

基于MI-KPCA与高斯回归过程的北汝河中长期径流预测

针对径流预测因子筛选常用的线性分析方法无法识别与径流存在非线性关系因子的局限性,基于互信息与核主成分分析,提出一种能同时遴选与径流存在线性与非线性关系的因子识别方法,来筛选径流预测因子,且将高斯回归过程拓展应用于北汝河的中长期径流预测。结果表明,构建的MI-KPCA因子筛选质量优于相关分析法与互信息法,不但能提高预测精度,还能简化模型结构、缩短运行时间;同时,高斯回归过程适用于径流预测、可作为其他水文预测模型推广使用。     

基于小波分析的两种神经网络耦合模型在月径流预测中的应用

为提高河川径流的中长期预报精度并延长其预见期,采用小波分析充分提取有用信息,基于BP神经网络和GRNN神经网络,构建了两种小波神经网络耦合模型,测试了Daubechies族中9种母波函数对模型模拟效果的影响,并采用合格率(Q_(QR))、平均相对误差(M_(MPRE))、均方根误差(R_(RMSE))和确定性系数(N_(NSE))等指标评价了模型精度。将该模型应用于金沙江流域向家坝水文站未来1~5个月的径流预报,结果显示,相比于传统BP和GRNN模型,耦合模型具有明显优势,且基于小波分析的BP模型预报结果更接近实测值,预报精度更高,其未来4个月的平均相对误差在±20%以内。表明小波分析方法能充分挖掘隐藏在原始数据中的有用信息,可有效提高耦合模型的预报精度延长预见期,在径流预测方面有明显的优越性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.