无调控小水库群对寿昌江流域洪水预报的影响

为研究小型水库群对流域洪水过程的影响程度,在三水源新安江模型的基础上,引入自溢式虚拟水库对产汇流环节进行改进,构建了受无调控小水库群影响的流域洪水预报模型。将改进的新安江模型应用于流域模拟中,对比分析改进、无改进新安江模型模拟结果表明,改进的新安江模型对于寿昌江流域具有良好的适应性,并能显著提高洪水模拟精度。研究成果可为无调控小水库群影响的流域洪水预报提供参考。     

考虑人类活动影响的改进新安江模型水文预报

为定量描述小水库和小塘坝等人造水利工程对流域产汇流过程的影响,以白山流域为例,引入自由虚拟水库的概念,建立了改进的三水源新安江模型,并应用于八场洪水的预报模拟,对原始和改进的新安江模型的模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,小水库和小塘坝对洪峰流量具有滞后作用,改进的新安江模型对白山流域产汇流的模拟较原始三水源新安江模型效果好。     

受水利水电工程影响流域产流预报方法的探论

本文从研究流域上大中型水库及小水库群(包括据堰)在防洪、灌溉、发电中的调蓄作用及运用基本规律出发。在天然流域产汇流预报原理基础上。提出了一套考虑上游水利水电工程影响的产流预报方法。该法应用于广东枫树坝流域,使产流预报方案的合格率从85.1％提高到91.7％,并克服了原方案在汛初及久旱后预报洪水的产流量远远偏大的问题。     

考虑人类活动影响的丰满水库洪水预报方案

在新安江三水源产流模型和纳西及地下线性水库汇流模型的基础上,提出了考虑水利工程和土地利用对产汇流机制影响的洪水预报方案,并引入参数优化和实时校正技术,丰满水库流域应用结果表明,文中所提方案要优于现有的预报方案能显著地提高洪水预报精度。     

洋河流域非线性产汇流实时预报模型研究

考虑到流域降雨时空变化和流域地形、河道特征时流域产汇流的非线性影响，建立流域非线性产流、汇流模趔以及流域洪水实时预报校正方法，该方法应用于洋河水库流域洪水预报，取得较为满意的效果。     

玉石水库影响下的碧流河水库洪水预报方法

流域内水利工程的建立可能会改变原有的产汇流机制,以碧流河水库为例,结合日模型和日供水,利用水量平衡估算水利工程的拦蓄作用,提出一种产流模型计算改进方法;并结合降雨、蒸发、前期土壤含水率、遥感等资料验证模型预报结果的合理性。模型计算结果表明,改进后的模型能有效提高碧流河水库的洪水预报精度,对该水库的防洪调度具有重要意义。     

流域分散入流非线性汇流模型及其应用

考虑到流域降雨的时空变化和流域地形、河道特征对流域汇流的非线性影响，建立了以并联水库模式为基础的流域分散入流非线性汇流模型。将模型应用于洋河水库洪水预报，取得较为满意的效果。     

新安江模型在董铺水库洪水预报中的应用研究

针对大中型水库的水位观测资料较丰富,库区存在着难以观测的直接入库径流及主要入库河道径流观测资料缺乏的现状,以安徽省合肥市董铺水库流域为例,将水库流域划分为陆面和水面两部分,水面按直接产流计算,通过水库水位和水库泄水、用水资料反推入库径流过程,采用实码加速遗传算法对日模型和次洪模型的参数进行率定,构建了基于三水源新安江模型的董铺水库洪水预报模型。对董铺水库坝址以上所控制流域进行了模拟计算,日模型率定期14年中,径流深合格率为92.9%,确定性系数为0.94;日模型验证期18年中,径流深合格率为100%,确定性系数为0.93;次洪模型率定期34场洪水中,径流深合格率为88.2%;次洪模型验证期26场洪水中,径流深合格率为92.3%;60场洪水时水库水位推算合格率90%;方案整体预报精度达到甲级。研究结果表明考虑大中型水库流域产汇流特点和水文观测资料的现状,将水库流域的产流分为陆面和水库水面两部分,反推入库径流过程,基于三水源新安江模型进行大中型水库的洪水预报是可行的,其预报精度达到水库洪水调度的要求。     

地貌瞬时单位线在滦河中小流域的应用

针对中小流域防洪能力薄弱、水文资料缺乏、洪水预报预警难度大的问题,选取滦河两个中小流域,分别采用经验公式法和地形地貌参数法确定流域平均汇流速度,推求相应的地貌瞬时单位线,采用清华大学GBHM产流模型,对该地区2017、2018年暴雨洪水进行模拟分析。结果表明,经验公式法推求的瞬时地貌瞬时单位线模拟精度较高,应用效果较好,可推广应用于无资料中小水库洪水预警预报工作中。     

对龙羊峡水库实施动态汛限水位的思考

在对黄河上游龙羊峡以上流域产汇流特性和洪水规律分析的基础上,结合水文预报开展情况,论述了三方面的内容:分期划分汛限水位;利用洪水规律,提高汛后期洪水落水段汛限水位;充分利用多年调节水库较大的调节库容,处理好小概率洪水与常见洪水的防洪问题。尤其是第三个问题,应引起重视。结果表明,在龙羊峡水库实施动态汛限水位是可行的,实施动态汛限水位在水资源短缺的黄河流域显得更为重要。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.