求解多文字可满足SAT问题的置信传播算法

可满足(SAT)问题是指:是否存在一组布尔变元赋值,使得合取范式公式中每个子句至少有一个文字为真.多文字可满足SAT问题是指:是否存在一组布尔变元赋值,使得CNF公式中每个子句至少有两个文字为真.显然,此问题仍然是一个NP难问题.为了研究解决多文字可满足SAT问题的算法,引入随机实例产生模型,设计求解多文字可满足SAT问题的置信传播算法.最后,用实例模型产生了大量数据进行实验验证,结果表明:该算法求解多文字可满足SAT问题的性能优于其他启发式算法.     

基于MiniSAT的命题极小模型计算方法

计算命题公式的极小模型在人工智能推理系统中是一项必不可少的任务.然而,即使是正CNF(conjunctive normal form)公式,其极小模型的计算和验证都不是易处理的.当前,计算CNF公式极小模型的主要方法之一是将其转换为析取逻辑程序后用回答集程序(answer set programming,ASP)求解器计算其稳定模型/回答集.针对计算CNF公式的极小模型的问题,提出一种基于可满足性问题(satisfiability problem,SAT)求解器的计算极小模型的方法MMSAT;然后结合最近基于极小归约的极小模型验证算法CheckMinMR,提出了基于极小模型分解的计算极小模型方法MRSAT;最后对随机生成的大量的3CNF公式和SAT国际竞赛上的部分工业基准测试用例进行测试.实验结果表明:MMSAT和MRSAT对随机3CNF公式和SAT工业测试用例都是有效的,且计算极小模型的速度都明显快于最新版的clingo,并且在SAT工业实例上发现了 clingo有计算出错的情况,而MMSAT和MRSAT则更稳定.     

SLS算法求解平衡正则(k,2r)-CNF公式

可满足性问题的求解算法和结构性质研究是计算机科学中重要问题之一，为寻求某些CNF公式子类问题有效算法或算法改进途径，对公式的结构加以某些限制，其中限定子句长度为恒定常数和变元出现次数是常见的处理方式。研究具有正则结构且每个变元正负出现均衡的结构化公式的可满足性问题求解，其随机生成模型的构建及随机实验测试有助于观察解分布状况。并且，随机局部搜索算法在求解具有一定规则结构CNF公式实例中具有良好效率。本文集中研究平衡正则(k, 2r)-CNF公式的求解问题，即限制每个子句的长度为k，每个变元出现的次数为偶数2r,并且每个变元正负出现的次数在相等情况下的可满足性问题求解。给出BR(n,  k, 2r)模型，以此模型来生成具有特殊结构的平衡正则(k, 2r)-CNF公式实例，利用随机局部搜索算法求解问题。通过限制初始指派的0文字和1文字各占一半且均匀生成，以WalkSAT算法和NSAT算法做实验对比，发现对于平衡正则(k, 2r)-CNF公式，实例具有明显效率。     

O(m~2)时间求解SAT问题的随机算法

传统的求解 SAT问题的随机算法主要是对满足解进行搜索 ,在找不到满足解的情况下 ,则无法正确判断问题的可满足性 .该文提出了两个时间复杂度为 O( m2 )求解 SAT问题的随机算法 Sat Test1和 Sat Test2 ,这里 m为CNF公式中的子句数 .这两个随机算法是通过对不满足解数的估计来判断 SAT问题的可满足性 ,不同于传统的随机算法 .其中第二个算法 Sat Test2在搜索满足解的同时又可以对不满足解数进行估计 ,是对传统随机算法的重要改进 .试验结果表明 ,文中提出的算法对相变区域的难 SAT实例有较好的求解能力 .     

O（m^2）时间求解SAT问题的随机算法

传统的求解SAT问题的随机算法主要是对满足解进行搜索,在找不到满足解的情况下,则无法正确判断问题的可满足性。该文提出了两个时间复杂度为O（m^2）求解SAT问题的随机算法SatTestl和SatTest2,这里m为CNF公式中的子句数。这两个随机算法是通过对不满足解数的估计来判断SAT问题的可满足性,不同于传统的随机算法。其中第二个算法SatTest2在搜索满足解的同时又可以对不满足解数进行估计,是对传统随机算法的重要改进。试验结果表明,文中提出的算法对相变区域的难SAT实例有较好的求解能力。     

基于DPLL的混合遗传算法求解SAT问题

基于"聚类排序选择"优化遗传算法求解SAT问题时,引入交叉算子和变异算子,并根据适应度函数及问题本身特性,调节阈值δ,生成新的种群聚类。这种遗传算法有效地抑制了算法的延迟收敛,从而保证了为可满足性公式能够快速找到一个可满足性指派。同时,在遗传算法中引入了DPLL算法,对部分变元进行消解,提高了算法的求解效率。相关的实验数据表明,本算法的性能明显优于同类算法。     

基于函数变换的求解SAT问题的新算法

提出了一种基于函数变换的求解SAT问题的新算法,这个新算法利用SAT问题自身的特点将判定问题转化为连续函数的求极值问题。随机选取一组初始值,利用最速下降法求解变换后的连续函数在每个初始值邻域内所能达到的局部极值,如果这个局部极值为0,则该SAT问题就是可满足的。实验结果表明：与现有的求解SAT问题的算法相比,基于函数变换的求解算法在求解速度、成功率和求解问题的规模等方面都有明显的提高。     

基于遗传和模拟退火算法求解3-SAT问题

命题逻辑公式的CNF范式的可满足性问题（sAT）是计算机科学的非常重要的核心问题,能否快速求解SAT问题是目前的研究热点之一。介绍Johnson算法、遗传算法和模拟退火算法,比较三种算法的特性,提出综合GA、SA算法优点的一种混舍遗传和模拟退火算法的思想。数值计算结果表明,相对于Johnson算法,采用启发式（SA、GA）算法可以显著地提高3-SAT问题解的质量和求解速度。     

基于寻找可满足2SAT子问题的SAT算法*

可满足问题（SAT）是一个NP-Hard问题。提出了一种求解SAT的新算法（FFSAT）。该算法将SAT问题转换为寻找一个可满足的2-SAT子问题。SAT问题虽然是NP完全问题,但是当所有子句长度不大于2时,SAT问题可以在线性时间求解。使用2-SAT算法-BinSat求解2-SAT子问题,当它不满足时,根据赋值选择新的2-SAT子问题。实验结果表明,采用本算法的结果优于UnitWalk。     

最坏情况下X3SAT最大海明距离问题最小上界

X3SAT最大海明距离问题是指对于一个X3SAT问题实例,寻找该问题的任意两组可满足赋值之间的最大海明距离。提出了一个基于DPLL的精确算法HMX来求解X3SAT最大海明距离问题,根据公式中某个变量在两组真值赋值中的不同取值进行分支。给出了多种化简规则,这些规则很好地提高了算法的时间效率。证明了该算法可以将X3SAT最大海明距离问题的最小上界由目前最好的O(1.7107n)缩小到O(1.6760n),其中n为公式中变量的数目。     

k-LSAT(k≥3)是NP-完全的(英文)

合取范式(conjunctive normal form,简称CNF)公式F是线性公式,如果F中任意两个不同子句至多有一个公共变元.如果F中的任意两个不同子句恰好含有一个公共变元,则称F是严格线性的.所有的严格线性公式均是可满足的,而对于线性公式类LCNF,对应的判定问题LSAT仍然是NP-完全的.LCNF≥k是子句长度大于或等于k的CNF公式子类,判定问题LSAT≥k的NP-完全性与LCNF≥k中是否含有不可满足公式密切相关.即LSAT≥k的NP-完全性取决于LCNF≥k是否含有不可满足公式.S.Porschen等人用超图和拉丁方的方法构造了LCNF≥3和LCNF≥4中的不可满足公式,并提出公开问题:对于k≥5,LCNF≥k是否含有不可满足公式?将极小不可满足公式应用于公式的归约,引入了一个简单的一般构造方法.证明了对于k≥3,k-LCNF含有不可满足公式,从而证明了一个更强的结果:对于k≥3,k-LSAT是NP-完全的.     

二元可满足性问题有解的充要条件

二元可满足性问题是一个多项式可解的问题．本文首先证明了该问题有解的充要条件，然后给出了判定该问题的一个新的多项式算法．如果判定某个表达式是可满足的话，那么求解算法不需要任何回溯就能准确地给出它的每个解．本文试图通过对二元可满足性的研究为研究其它问题提供一点启示．     

Simulating Circuit-Level Simplifications on CNF

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) and its extensions have become a core technology in many application domains, such as planning and formal verification, and continue finding various new application domains today. The SAT-based approach divides into three steps: encoding, preprocessing, and search. It is often argued that by encoding arbitrary Boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF), structural properties of the original problem are not reflected in the CNF. This should result in the fact that CNF-level preprocessing and SAT solver techniques have an inherent disadvantage compared to related techniques applicable on the level of more structural SAT instance representations such as Boolean circuits. Motivated by this, various simplification techniques and intricate CNF encodings for circuit-level SAT instance representations have been proposed. On the other hand, based on the highly efficient CNF-level clause learning SAT solvers, there is also strong support for the claim that CNF is sufficient as an input format for SAT solvers. In this work we study the effect of CNF-level simplification techniques, focusing on SatElite-style variable elimination (VE) and what we call blocked clause elimination (BCE). We show that BCE is surprisingly effective both in theory and in practice on CNF formulas resulting from a standard CNF encoding for circuits: without explicit knowledge of the underlying circuit structure, it achieves the same level of simplification as a combination of circuit-level simplifications and previously suggested polarity-based CNF encodings. We also show that VE can achieve many of the same effects as BCE, but not all. On the other hand, it turns out that VE and BCE are indeed partially orthogonal techniques. We also study the practical effects of combining BCE and VE for reducing the size of formulas and on the running times of state-of-the-art SAT solvers. Furthermore, we address the problem of how to construct original witnesses to satisfiable CNF formulas when applying a combination of BCE and VE.     

Easy Cases of Probabilistic Satisfiability

The Probabilistic Satisfiability problem (PSAT) can be considered as a probabilistic counterpart of the classical SAT problem. In a PSAT instance, each clause in a CNF formula is assigned a probability of being true; the problem consists in checking the consistency of the assigned probabilities. Actually, PSAT turns out to be computationally much harder than SAT, e.g., it remains difficult for some classes of formulas where SAT can be solved in polynomial time. A column generation approach has been proposed in the literature, where the pricing sub-problem reduces to a Weighted Max-SAT problem on the original formula. Here we consider some easy cases of PSAT, where it is possible to give a compact representation of the set of consistent probability assignments. We follow two different approaches, based on two different representations of CNF formulas. First we consider a representation based on directed hypergraphs. By extending a well-known integer programming formulation of SAT and Max-SAT, we solve the case in which the hypergraph does not contain cycles; a linear time algorithm is provided for this case. Then we consider the co-occurrence graph associated with a formula. We provide a solution method for the case in which the co-occurrence graph is a partial 2-tree, and we show how to extend this result to partial k-trees with k>2.     

On exact selection of minimally unsatisfiable subformulae

A minimally unsatisfiable subformula (MUS) is a subset of clauses of a given CNF formula which is unsatisfiable but becomes satisfiable as soon as any of its clauses is removed. The selection of a MUS is of great relevance in many practical applications. This expecially holds when the propositional formula encoding the application is required to have a well-defined satisfiability property (either to be satisfiable or to be unsatisfiable). While selection of a MUS is a hard problem in general, we show classes of formulae where this problem can be solved efficiently. This is done by using a variant of Farkas' lemma and solving a linear programming problem. Successful results on real-world contradiction detection problems are presented.     

Generalizations of matched CNF formulas

A CNF formula is called matched if its associated bipartite graph (whose vertices are clauses and variables) has a matching that covers all clauses. Matched CNF formulas are satisfiable and can be recognized efficiently by matching algorithms. We generalize this concept and cover clauses by collections of bicliques (complete bipartite graphs). It turns out that such generalization indeed gives rise to larger classes of satisfiable CNF formulas which we term biclique satisfiable. We show, however, that the recognition of biclique satisfiable CNF formulas is NP-complete, and remains NP-hard if the size of bicliques is bounded. A satisfiable CNF formula is called var-satisfiable if it remains satisfiable under arbitrary replacement of literals by their complements. Var-satisfiable CNF formulas can be viewed as the best possible generalization of matched CNF formulas as every matched CNF formula and every biclique satisfiable CNF formula is var-satisfiable. We show that recognition of var-satisfiable CNF formulas is _P ² P-complete, answering a question posed by Kleine Büning and Zhao.     

Generalizations of matched CNF formulas

A CNF formula is called matched if its associated bipartite graph (whose vertices are clauses and variables) has a matching that covers all clauses. Matched CNF formulas are satisfiable and can be recognized efficiently by matching algorithms. We generalize this concept and cover clauses by collections of bicliques (complete bipartite graphs). It turns out that such generalization indeed gives rise to larger classes of satisfiable CNF formulas which we term biclique satisfiable. We show, however, that the recognition of biclique satisfiable CNF formulas is NP-complete, and remains NP-hard if the size of bicliques is bounded. A satisfiable CNF formula is called var-satisfiable if it remains satisfiable under arbitrary replacement of literals by their complements. Var-satisfiable CNF formulas can be viewed as the best possible generalization of matched CNF formulas as every matched CNF formula and every biclique satisfiable CNF formula is var-satisfiable. We show that recognition of var-satisfiable CNF formulas is ₂ ^P-complete, answering a question posed by Kleine Büning and Zhao.     

An explicit semidefinite characterization of satisfiability for Tseitin instances on toroidal grid graphs

This paper is concerned with the application of semidefinite programming to the satisfiability problem, and in particular with using semidefinite liftings to efficiently obtain proofs of unsatisfiability. We focus on the Tseitin satisfiability instances which are known to be hard for many proof systems. For Tseitin instances based on toroidal grid graphs, we present an explicit semidefinite programming problem with dimension linear in the size of the Tseitin instance, and prove that it characterizes the satisfiability of these instances, thus providing an explicit certificate of satisfiability or unsatisfiability. Research partially supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.     

On exact selection of minimally unsatisfiable subformulae

A minimally unsatisfiable subformula (MUS) is a subset of clauses of a given CNF formula which is unsatisfiable but becomes satisfiable as soon as any of its clauses is removed. The selection of a MUS is of great relevance in many practical applications. This expecially holds when the propositional formula encoding the application is required to have a well-defined satisfiability property (either to be satisfiable or to be unsatisfiable). While selection of a MUS is a hard problem in general, we show classes of formulae where this problem can be solved efficiently. This is done by using a variant of Farkas lemma and solving a linear programming problem. Successful results on real-world contradiction detection problems are presented.     

Many hard examples in exact phase transitions

This paper analyzes the resolution complexity of two random constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) models (i.e. Model RB/RD) for which we can establish the existence of phase transitions and identify the threshold points exactly. By encoding CSPs into CNF formulas, it is proved that almost all instances of Model RB/RD have no tree-like resolution proofs of less than exponential size. Thus, we not only introduce new families of CSPs and CNF formulas hard to solve, which can be useful in the experimental evaluation of CSP and SAT algorithms, but also propose models with both many hard instances and exact phase transitions. Finally, conclusions are presented, as well as a detailed comparison of Model RB/RD with the Hamiltonian cycle problem and random 3-SAT, which, respectively, exhibit three different kinds of phase transition behavior in NP-complete problems.