授权的频谱共享技术

随着无线频谱资源需求的不断增加,如何更有效地利用稀缺的频谱资源成为了各国关注的重点问题。授权的频谱共享技术作为一种新兴的频谱资源管理方式,允许获得共享授权的用户在不影响原频谱所有者服务的情况下共享使用该频段。目前,美国和欧洲正在大力推动授权的频谱共享技术的应用,这种方式可以为我国频谱管理工作带来新的启发。     

频谱效率、认知技术:频管改革的动力与挑战(上)

实际测量发现,目前频谱使用中存在着效率低下的问题。为了解决频谱物理资源匮乏与低利用效率之间的矛盾,迫切需要一种动态接入频谱的方式,认知技术由此应运而生。这种免授权频谱使用方式与现有频管部门的固定频率划分机制完全不同,因此,认知技术的出现对当前频管部门提出了严峻的挑战。本文首先介绍了国内外几次著名的实测活动,在此基础上,对动态频谱接入(Dynamic Spectrum Access,DSA)技术以及认知技术的发展过程进行介绍,最后重点从频谱管理层面和工程技术层面上分析了认知技术为频谱管理带来的机遇与挑战。     

认知无线电研究与最新进展

随着信息技术的发展,无线通信得到广泛的应用,但同时人们面对频谱资源越来越匮乏的挑战。对授权用户而言,其频谱利用率极低,而对非授权用户而言,却找不到可以使用的频谱,这是导致频谱匮乏的重要原因之一。认知无线电作为无线通信的热点研究领域,它为提高频谱利用效率、解决频谱匮乏问题提供了技术支持,使研究人员看到了希望。文中分析认知无线电研究现状,讨论认知无线电研究的主要技术难题和最新进展,并提出新的发展方向。     

一种基于认知无线电的动态频谱接入MAC方案

在传统的无线通信系统中,频谱的分配是固定的。但是由于通信过程的突发性,这些频谱的使用率很低。另一方面,随着无线通信和多媒体的高速发展和广泛应用,无线频谱资源日趋紧张。如何提高频谱利用率已经成为迫切需要解决的问题。一种可行的思路是把这些授权频谱向未授权用户开放,未授权用户采用动态频谱接入技术,在不对授权用户造成干扰的前提下使用频谱。本文以认知无线电技术(Cognitive Radio,CR)为基础,提出了一种基于CR的动态频谱接入MAC方案(CR-Ad Hoc-MAC)。该方案允许未授权用户自适应地选取可用带宽,实现了动态频谱接入,有效地提高了频谱利用率。     

浅析认知无线电在军事通信中的应用

认知无线电在无需专门授权的情况下,能够借助频谱感知等技术接入已授权频段,实现对无线频谱资源的动态共享,极大地提高频谱利用效率和通信系统性能,必将对无线通信,尤其是军事通信产生深远的影响.文中首先简要叙述了认知无线电产生的背景,尔后对频谱感知、位置感知、链路保持、频谱池共享等关键技术进行了简要叙述.重点分析了认知无线电在军事通信中的应用及其优势.最后对军用认知无线电面临的机遇和挑战做了简要展望.     

认知无线电中基于感知门限的频谱预测研究

频谱感知为未获得频谱授权的次用户提供频谱空穴,并监测主用户以防止对其造成干扰。然而频谱感知会带来时间和能量消耗,采用准确、主动的频谱预测技术可以改善频谱感知过程。文中通过研究感知门限对平均感知时间和频谱利用率的影响,提出了基于感知门限的频谱预测-感知机制,并利用频谱预测结果按照空闲概率从大到小的顺序进行感知。仿真结果表明,文中所提出的机制能够减少感知时间并提高频谱利用率。     

动态频谱接入MAC协议研究

机会频谱接入（OSA,Opportunistic Spectrum Access）允许未授权用户在空间域和时域上共享授权频谱,但仅当授权用户没有占用这些频谱时认知用户才能接入。特别地,频谱环境的动态性使MAC协议设计面临着几个重要的问题,即认知用户需要确定何时以什么方式接入哪一个信道发送／接收数据而不影响主用户的通信。从OSA-MAC设计面临的技术挑战出发,对近年来国内外在该方向的研究成果做了总结和分析,并阐述了OSA-MAC设计亟待解决的问题和今后的研究方向。     

动态频谱接入MAC协议研究

机会频谱接入（OSA,opportunistic spectrum access）允许未授权用户在空间域和时域上共享授权频谱,但仅当授权用户没有占用这些频谱时认知用户才能接入。另外频谱环境的动态性使MAC协议设计面临着几个重要的问题,即认知用户需要确定何时以什么方式接入哪一个信道发送/接收数据而不影响主用户的通信。从OSA-MAC设计面临的技术挑战出发,对近年来国内外在该方向的研究成果做了总结和分析,并阐述了OSA-MAC设计亟待解决的问题和今后的研究方向。     

认知无线电网络中的频谱感知技术及面临的挑战

频谱感知作为认知无线电的关键技术之一,允许非授权用户伺机访问未使用的授权频带资源,从而大大改善了频谱利用率,并且具有较低的部署成本和较好的兼容性。文章首先介绍了认知无线电的概念和频谱感知提出的背景;然后详细探讨了频谱感知面临的技术挑战和设计权衡,并考虑了安全性问题;最后对可能威胁频谱感知的安全问题进行了说明并给出了结论。     

认知无线网络中一种新的频谱共享方法

频谱共享是认知无线网络关键技术之一。为消除认知无线网络中频率选择性信道下授权主用户与认知用户间的相互干扰,本文提出了一种新的频谱共享方法。该方法充分利用了无线通信系统中由信道的频率选择性衰落导致的不同用户信道的不相关性,通过求解矩阵方程获得预处理矩阵的通解,并在主用户和认知用户发射端分别进行预处理。从而实现认知系统中主用户与认知用户之间的相互零干扰,并使每个用户都可有效地传输数据。理论推导及系统仿真均表明,新方法可以有效地消除授权主用户与认知用户之间的双向干扰,实现不同用户平等地共享无线频谱资源。新方法可以提高频谱的利用率,一定程度上缓解无线频谱资源在当前及未来无线通信领域日益紧缺的矛盾。而且新方法也同样适用于不同认知用户之间共享频谱。      

Cooperative spectrum sharing of multiple primary users and multiple secondary users

This paper proposes a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) based cooperative dynamic spectrum access (DSA) framework that enables multiple primary users (PUs) and multiple secondary users (SUs) to cooperate in spectrum sharing. By exploiting MIMO in cooperative DSA, SUs can relay the primary traffic and send their own data at the same time, which greatly improves the performance of both PUs and SUs when compared to the non-MIMO time-division spectrum sharing schemes. Especially, we focus on the relay selection optimization problem among multiple PUs and multiple SUs. The network-wide cooperation and competition are formulated as a bargaining game, and an algorithm is developed to derive the optimal PU-SU relay assignment and resource allocation. Evaluation results show that both primary and secondary users achieve significant utility gains with the proposed framework, which gives all of them incentive for cooperation.     

Cross‐layer design of partial spectrum sharing for two licensed networks using cognitive radios

To utilize spectrum resources more efficiently, dynamic spectrum access attempts to allocate the spectrum to users in an intelligent manner. Uncoordinated sharing with cognitive radio (CR) users is a promising approach for dynamic spectrum access. In the uncoordinated sharing model, CR is an enabling technology that allows the unlicensed or secondary users to opportunistically access the licensed spectrum bands (belonging to the so‐called primary users), without any modifications or updates for the licensed systems. However, because of the limited resources for making spectrum observations, spectrum sensing for CR is bound to have errors and will degrade the grade‐of‐service performance of both primary and secondary users. In this paper, we first propose a new partial spectrum sharing policy, which achieves efficient spectrum sharing between two licensed networks. Then, a Markov chain model is devised to analyze the proposed policy considering the effects of sensing errors. We also construct a cross‐layer design framework, in which the parameters of spectrum sharing policy at the multiple‐access control layer and the spectrum sensing parameters at the physical layer are simultaneously coordinated to maximize the overall throughput of the networks, while satisfying the grade‐of‐service constraints of the users. Numerical results show that the proposed spectrum sharing policy and the cross‐layer design strategy achieve a much higher overall throughput for the two networks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hybrid model of inter-stage spectrum trading in multistage game-theoretic framework

Dynamic spectrum access(DSA),consisting of spectrum sharing and spectrum trading stage,becomes a promising approach to increase the efficiency of spectrum usage and system performance.In this paper,from the perspective of individual interest optimization,we focus on strategy adaptation of network users and their interaction in spectrum trading process.Considering adverse effects on decision-making accuracy and the fairness among network users via local information acquirement,a hybrid game model based on global information of relevant spectrum is proposed to formulate intelligent behaviors of both primary and secondary users.Specifically,by using the evolutionary game theory,a spectrum-selection approach for the evolution process of secondary users is designed to converge to the evolutionary equilibrium gradually.Moreover,competition among primary users is modeled as a non-cooperative game and an iterative algorithm is employed to achieve the Nash equilibrium.The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid game model investigates network dynamics under different network parameter settings.     

Coexistence of primary users and secondary users under interference temperature and SINR limit

Spectrum sharing offers the opportunity for promising efficiency gains,and it will be a valuable tool in the era of future radios.To address this issue,we develop a multi-user cognitive radio sharing network based on opportunistic spectrum access and propose a new spectrum sharing strategy.The objective of our interest is to obtain the number of secondary users who can coexist peacefully with primary users to improve the utility of licensed spectrum,at the same time maximize the total goodput under the interference temperature and SINR constraints.Through analysis and simulation,the new strategy of spectrum sharing does improve the goodput performance as well as guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) of primary and secondary users.     

A Survey of Cooperative Games for Cognitive Radio Networks

Cooperative cognitive radio networks are new cognitive radio paradigm. Cooperative communication approaches, such as cooperative spectrum sensing and cooperative spectrum sharing, are playing key roles in the development of cognitive radio networks. To achieve the high performance, a cooperative cognitive communication framework is often used to model various cooperative spectrum sensing or sharing scenarios. However, its implementation faces numerous challenges due to the complexity of mobility and traffic models, the needs of dynamic spectrum access, the heterogeneous requirements from different users, and the distributed structure of the network. Fortunately, cooperative game theory can be used to formulate and model the interactions among licensed and unlicensed users for spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing to efficiently allocate spectrum resource in the highly dynamic and distributed radio environment. In this paper, we first present the cooperative communication technologies and describe their existing challenges, then introduce different game solutions, after that, we discuss several cooperative game strategies, and analyze the associated their applications in cognitive radio networks, at final, some open directions for future research on economic strategies in cooperative communication in cognitive radio networks are proposed.     

填充式频谱共享中的功率分配算法分析

动态频谱共享技术允许认知用户接入未授权的频谱,可以有效地提高频谱资源的利用率。在分析了频谱共享的2种接入模式的基础上,提出了填充式频谱共享的系统模型。根据认知用户的效用函数,通过注水算法得到了用户间的功率迭代公式,进而求得了认知用户的功率和载波分配结果。仿真表明,该迭代算法在有效完成用户间功率与载波分配的同时能够在较短的时间内收敛。     

A Multiagent Based Scheme for Unlicensed Spectrum Access in CR Networks

In recent wireless network domains static spectrum access is a major concern. Generally, this access leads to spectrum scarcity problem by creating empty holes or white spaces. However, the scarcity is temporary and can be alleviated if spectrum access is performed dynamically and efficiently. One important step towards dynamic spectrum access is the development of cognitive radio (CR) technology, which senses nearby spectrum portions (or bands) and tries to use them either opportunistically or by negotiating with the neighboring users. Nonetheless, dynamic spectrum access raises several challenges which need to be addressed in detail. These challenges include efficient allocation of spectrum for users in order to maximize spectrum utilization and to avoid user level conflicts both under licensed and unlicensed bands. In this paper, considering the relative rarity of solutions for unlicensed spectrum access and their inadequacy, we propose a scheme, where the CR devices (equipped with agents) interact with their neighbors to form several coalitions over the unlicensed bands. These types of coalitions can provide a less-conflicted access as the agents mutually agree for spectrum sharing and they allow other CR users to enter in their vicinity of acquired spectrum via bilateral message exchanges. Further, we present continuous time Markov chains to model the spectrum access process in continuous time and derive important performance metric as the blocking probability for without and with queuing systems. Amongst others, the important comparisons we made between analytical and simulation results in terms of blocking probability verify that our proposed model is correct. In essence, our proposed solution aims to increase dynamic spectrum usage by enabling cooperation between the users.     

异步区块链支持的安全频谱共享

针对目前频谱稀缺的困境,一个经济有效的解决方案是将未充分利用的授权频谱以机会的方式分配给未授权用户。然而,实现大规模频谱共享面临激励缺失、隐私泄露、安全威胁和时延过大等挑战。利用区块联盟链技术的安全机制,设计了由频谱接入层、区块链网络层、区块链共识层构成的区块链动态频谱接入系统。该系统采用异步实时拜占庭容错(Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance,PBFT)改善共识延时,设计基于最优匹配算法的匹配方案,提高频谱复用率。经仿真验证,该方案频谱复用率提升近6%。相比于实时拜占庭机制,所提方案减少了系统延时,提升吞吐量近129%。     

基于频谱预留的认知无线接入研究

动态频谱接入是认知无线电技术的一个重要应用,它利用通信过程中出现的频谱空洞机会式地接入频谱,能极大地提高频谱的利用率。文章基于马尔可夫理论提出了一种改进的频谱预留接入方案,即按照业务需求对用户进行用户模型改进,并根据优先级不同进行接入策略改进。仿真结果显示该方案能有效保障高优先级用户的服务质量。