活性炭吸附技术在工业园区污水厂深度处理中的应用

以辽宁大连某工业园区5万m³/d处理量的污水厂项目为例,采用粉末活性炭吸附技术作为污水厂出水的水质保障技术。将粉末活性炭投加至生化系统出水后,通过与不投加时深度处理出水CODcr、色度数据进行对比,结果表明：1)选择效果最好的煤质活性炭,粒径为325,碘值为≥850 mg/g;2)当活性炭投加量为20 mg/L时,对色度的去除效果为69.8%,对COD的去除率提升约20%以上。3)为保证出水水质达标、节约企业运行成本,精确控制自动投加系统的启停,可保证出水达标。     

CMF系统处理生活污水厂二级出水

研究了连续微滤技术(CMF)在深度处理城市污水厂二级排放水中的应用前景,以某污水厂SBR(sequenting batch reactor)工艺二级出水为原水,着重考虑了CMF系统对水中OoD、SS、浊度等指标的去除效果,试验结果表明:CMF系统对水中COD有30%左右的去除率,出水浊度低于0.5 NTU.采用扫描电镜及能谱分析对膜污染物分析,得知膜表面的污染物以微生物和有机物为主.     

超声空化作用于水中天然有机质特性研究

利用超声空化作用去除水中天然有机质(Natural Organic Matter,简称NOM)不会产生消毒副产物.研究了采用低频高功耗率的超声处理富里酸溶液,结果表明:由于超声空化的热解及氧化作用,随着声功率及富里酸溶液浓度的增加,溶液的pH、ORP逐渐减小,溶液的温度、浊度逐渐增加,体系中加入盐酸后能够放大超声作用.作为水中NOM浓度的替代参数,UV<,254>在超声作用下缓慢增加,而总有机碳(TOC)的超声降解符合准一级反应规律,在20min超声作用之后,TOC去除率由21.2%增至31.6%,加入盐酸后,由24.7%增至34.8%.该研究可为超声协同其他工艺进行水处理提供放大设计依据.     

一种基于协同MIMO的无线传感器网络传输方案

针对无线传感器网络中能量有限和能耗不均衡问题,提出了一种基于协同多输入多输出(MIMO)的无线传感器网络传输方案,此方案利用有限比特的反馈信息实时调整簇头节点(CH)和协同簇头节点(CCHs)的发射功率并动态地更新协同簇头节点,减少协同簇头节点的能耗.在给定误比特率条件下,为使网络总能耗最小,对传输速率和协同簇头节点数进行联合优化,给出了均衡簇内节点能耗的算法.理论分析和仿真结果表明,此方案既能有效降低网络的总能耗,又能均衡网络中节点的能耗.     

聚醚/二苯甲酮类紫外吸收基聚硅氧烷应用性能研究

对有机硅抗紫外线整理剂侧基聚醚/二苯甲酮类紫外吸收基聚硅氧烷(PE-PUVSi)在100%棉布上的应用性能进行了研究.结果表明:经PE-PUVSi整理后的棉织物具有明显的抗紫外效果,柔软性能有很大改善.研究还发现,PE-PUVSi中二苯甲酮紫外吸收基(UV)质量分数由4.67%增至26.58%时,整理后织物的紫外光透过率由71.0%降至38.1%,但整理后织物的吸湿性下降,白度变略有下降.柔软性能在UV质量分数为19.29%时达到最好,此时紫外光透过率为43.6%.     

一次水泵变频调速变流量系统的节能优化

以一定制冷量时冷却水泵、冷水泵和冷水机组总的能耗最小为最优化目标,选取冷却水流量率、冷水出口温度和冷水流量率为优化参数,建立了一次水泵变频调速变流量系统总能耗的优化模型,利用MATLAB(Matrix laboratory)为平台编制了数学模型解算程序；以一负荷率为80%的实际制冷系统为例进行分析,结果表明：当负荷减少时,合理减少水泵流量、降低水泵能耗可以使空调系统的运行费用大大降低。     

一种基于微生物沉积的水泥砂浆表面改性技术

某些微生物能诱导沉积出具有胶凝和矿化作用的碳酸钙,可以用来修复和密实水泥基材料。但是目前微生物沉积技术工艺复杂,成本高,不利于推广和工程应用。尝试采用水泥砂浆粉作为覆膜载体,利用巴斯德芽孢杆菌对水泥砂浆进行表面处理。研究结果表明,采用该方法能使巴斯德芽孢杆菌在水泥试块表面诱导沉积出碳酸钙,有效减少水泥砂浆的吸水性能。当微生物采用含有尿素的培养基培养时,表面改性后的水泥砂浆吸水系数降低了58%。采用压汞测试仪(MIP)分析了处理前后水泥试块表层的孔隙率以及孔结构特征。发现采用巴斯德芽孢杆菌处理后,样品孔隙率显著降低,大孔的含量显著减少,当微生物采用含有尿素的培养基培养时,总孔隙率降低了40%。X射线衍射仪(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,经微生物技术处理后水泥试块内部的孔洞和裂缝被球霰石和方解石填充。     

聚六亚甲基胍盐酸盐改性非离子型抗菌水性聚氨酯脲分散体的制备与性能

以盐酸胍(GHC)和己二胺(HMDA)为原料合成了B型聚六亚甲基胍盐酸盐(PHMG),并通过电喷雾离子飞行时间质谱(ESI-TOF-MS)进行了表征,然后将其作为大分子后扩链剂引入到非离子型抗菌水性聚氨酯脲分散体中。红外光谱、热重和拉伸测试表征了PHMG的成功引入,且PHMG会增加胶膜中的氢键作用,使胶膜的热稳定性和力学性能增加;接触角测试表明PHMG会在胶膜的表面富集使胶膜接触角降低;以大肠杆菌(E.coil)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)为测试菌种,通过抑制区测试表征了PHMG的无浸出;通过贴膜法表征了胶膜的抗菌性,结果表明当PHMG含量大于1%时,在与胶膜接触4 h后,E.coil和S.aureus死亡率均达到99.8%以上。     

PVA-壳聚糖/有机累托石复合膜的结构与性能

目的将聚乙烯醇(PVA)引入壳聚糖(CS)/有机累托石(OREC)复合体系制备插层效果、力学性能、抗紫外老化及阻隔性能良好的插层纳米复合膜。方法利用溶液流延法制备PVA-CS/OREC系列复合膜,以XRD及SEM研究复合膜的插层结构及OREC在基体中的分散性,研究复合膜的力学性能、抗紫外辐射性及水蒸气透过性。结果 OREC及PVA添加量较少时可与CS形成良好的插层结构。当OREC质量分数为2%,PVA质量分数为10%时的复合膜(标记为PVA10-CS/OREC2)插层结构最好,OREC在CS及PVA基体中分散性最好,与OREC质量分数为2%且不含PVA的复合膜(标记为CS/OREC2)相比,拉伸强度提高42.2%,断裂伸长率提高30%,水蒸气透过量降低10.2%,复合膜经紫外辐射后拉伸强度保持率、断裂伸长保持率仍达82.5%及68.2%。结论 PVA10-CS/OREC2膜可作为医用膜和药品、食品等的包装材料。     

异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝改性聚氨酯多孔膜及其理化性能研究

采用紫外辐照法将N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)接枝于聚氨酯(PU)膜表面,得到聚氮异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝改性PU膜(PU-g-PNIPAAm)。采用SEM和IR对接枝前后PU膜的形貌结构及成分进行表征分析,计算其接枝率和透湿率,并考察其在不同温度下的溶胀性能。结果表明,PNIPAAm通过紫外辐照成功接枝于PU膜表面;当NIPAAm单体浓度为5%(质量分数)时,接枝率最高;PU膜的透湿率在接枝后显著降低,更接近于人体皮肤;PU-g-PNIPAAm膜在32℃附近发生明显的溶胀行为变化。该接枝改性多孔膜有望用作人工皮肤的表皮材料。     

Removal and destruction of endocrine disrupting contaminants by adsorption with molecularly imprinted polymers followed by simultaneous extraction and phototreatment

This study presents a method to regenerate molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) used for the selective removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from aqueous effluents. Regeneration was based on solvent extraction under UV irradiation to regenerate the polymer and the solvent while destroying the contaminants. Acetone was selected as the best solvent for irradiation of estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and ethinylestradiol (EE2) using either UVC (254 nm) or UV-vis. A MIP synthesized with E2 as template was then tested for the extraction of this compound from a 2 microg/L loaded aqueous solution. E2 was recovered by 73+/-11% and 46+/-13% from the MIPs and a non-imprinted control polymer synthesized under the same conditions, respectively, after a single step elution with acetone. The irradiated polymers and acetone were reused for an additional extraction-regeneration cycle and showed no capacity decrease.     

Theoretical treatment of the Cherenkov emission contribution to biological effects induced by gamma-rays in microorganisms

The contribution of Cherenkov emission in the formation of photoreactivatable damage (pyrimidine dimers) in E. coli cells has been analyzed. The mean quantity of Cherenkov photons in the wavelength range (200–600) nm produced in a suspension volume unit per absorbed dose unit was calculated by a Monte Carlo method for a point isotropic gamma-ray source with energy up to 30 MeV. The Cherenkov emission spectrum and the dose dependence on gamma-ray energy and the linear dimension irradiated suspension volumes were also obtained. On the basis of this data the magnitude of the photoreactivation effect as a function of gamma-ray energy and suspension volume have been predicted and are compared with experimental results. The role of direct electronic excitation of DNA in the formation of photoactivatable damage in E. coli cells is also discussed.     

Use of microorganisms for detection of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation

The discovery of the photoreactivation effect following irradiation of E. coli cells with ionizing radiation and its experimental and theoretical study has revelated the essential role of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation in the lethal and mutagenic action of ionizing radiation. It has been shown that the photoreactivation effect in microorganism cells can be successfully used for evaluation of the contribution of the processes of electronic excitation of molecules, being initiated by the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation and of the direct interaction with secondary electrons, to the biological effects of ionizing radiations.     

Titanium dioxide-mediated heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of terbufos: parameter study and reaction pathways

The photocatalytic degradation of terbufos in aqueous suspensions was investigated by using titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) as a photocatalyst. About 99% of terbufos was degraded after UV irradiation for 90 min. Factors such as pH of the system, TiO(2) dosage, and presence of anions were found to influence the degradation rate. Photodegradation of terbufos by TiO(2)/UV exhibited pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, and a reaction quantum yield of 0.289. The electrical energy consumption per order of magnitude for photocatalytic degradation of terbufos was calculated and showed that a moderated efficiency (E(EO)=71 kWh/(m(3)order)) was obtained in TiO(2)/UV process. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanistic details of this TiO(2)-assisted photodegradation of terbufos with UV irradiation, the intermediates of the processes were separated, identified, and characterized by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. The probable photodegradation pathways were proposed and discussed.     

Discoloration of a red cationic dye by supported TiO(2) photocatalysis

The degradation under UV, visible and sunlight irradiation of C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR 46) dye used for acrylic fibers dyeing has been studied in a lab-scale continuous system with two different immobilized TiO(2) systems. Catalyst I was based on TiO(2) particles deposited on cellulose fibers; Catalyst II combined TiO(2) particles deposited on a layer of cellulose fibers (as in Catalyst I) with a layer of carbon fibers and finally a layer of cellulose fibers. The treatment of aqueous dye solutions and industrial wastewater contaminated with the same dye has been evaluated in terms of color removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) decrease. With UV light, aqueous solutions containing dye were decolorized slightly more rapidly with Catalyst II than with Catalyst I. Sunlight was also very effective and experiments involving sunlight irradiation showed Catalyst II to be the more efficient, giving more than 90% discoloration after 20 min of treatment. Comparing the discoloration yield by adsorption or under visible light for both catalysts, it was observed that the difference between them is below 5%. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow a second-order rate law for Catalyst I and a first-order rate law for Catalyst II. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation under UV or sunlight were found to follow a first-order rate law for both catalytic systems. Under sunlight the COD removal yield for textile wastewater reaches 33% with Catalyst I against 93% with Catalyst II.     

Evaluating the life cycle environmental performance of chlorine disinfection and ultraviolet technologies

With increasing emphasis on promoting a sustainable ecological future and concern over introducing a toxic chemical in the water, the design of the disinfection process is increasingly leaning toward technologies that destroy the pathogens while balancing the effects of this disinfected wastewater on the population of aquatic biota or a drinking water supply. Since ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is not a chemical additive, it does not leave or produce any by-product toxic compounds in the wastewater, like traditional chlorination and de-chlorination processes do. Therefore, the use of UV does not affect a drinking water supply or the aquatic biota in receiving waters. Life cycle assessment or analysis (LCA) is used to quantify the environmental benefits of using UV disinfection technology (as well as better protecting public health), instead of chlorination and de-chlorination methods. LCA tools are being used to evaluate the short and long term environmental effects of both processes, and to select the best sustainable process. The approach here combines environmental LCA with these disinfection processes incorporating economic criteria and all aspects of the environment: chemical use, electricity use, and releases to water, air, and land. The environmental, health, and economic benefits and other effects show the greater sustainability of UV technology (a "clean" ecological disinfection process) in comparison to that of traditional disinfection with chlorine. Electronic Publication     

紫外光直接引发AM反相微乳液聚合及其机理

将直接光引发的低温、高纯度特性和微乳液聚合的低黏度、快速反应相结合,研究了丙烯酰胺、乳化剂、水和环己烷体系的微乳液聚合。在低温下(24℃-30℃)且不使用引发剂,采用紫外光直接引发了聚合反应并得到纳米微胶乳。通过研究反相微乳液聚合,得到光强IUV、单体浓度[M]、乳化剂浓度[E]、温度T对聚合反应的影响规律,聚合速率Rp随IUV、[M]和T的增大而变快,随[E]的增加变慢;产物特性粘数[η]随[M]的增加变大,随IUV、[E]和T的增大变小。并得到动力学方程式:Rp∝[IUV]0.4972[M]1.5048[E]-0.5731及表观活化能Ea=12.98kJ/mol。根据得到的动力学数据和实验结果探讨了聚合反应机理。     

Inactivation of E. coli, B. subtilis spores, and MS2, T4, and T7 phage using UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation

The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) for microbiocidal and virucidal inactivation. The viruses chosen for this study were bacteriophage MS2, T4, and T7. In addition, Bacillus subtilis spores and Escherichia coli were studied. By using H(2)O(2) in the presence of filtered ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (UV/H(2)O(2)) to generate wavelengths above 295nm, the direct UV photolysis disinfection mechanism was minimized, while disinfection by H(2)O(2) was also negligible. Virus T4 and E. coli in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were sensitive to >295nm filtered UV irradiation (without H(2)O(2)), while MS2 was very resistant. Addition of H(2)O(2) at 25mg/l in the presence of filtered UV irradiation over a 15min reaction time did not result in any additional disinfection of virus T4, while an additional one log inactivation for T7 and 2.5 logs for MS2 were obtained. With E. coli, only a slight additional effect was observed when H(2)O(2) was added. B. subtilis spores did not show any inactivation at any of the conditions used in this study. The OH radical exposure (CT value) was calculated to present the relationship between the hydroxyl radical dose and microbial inactivation.     

Suppression of by-product generation in the treatment of aromatic perfumery substances using a surface discharge

Treatment of perfumery materials such as aromatic hydrocarbons was attempted using atmospheric surface discharge and UV light irradiation. The maximum decomposition rate of phenyl ethyl benzene with a concentration of 8% using the discharge with UV light is 96%, that is 12% higher than that without UV light. Combination of surface discharge and UV light enhances the decomposition rate and energy efficiency, and enables to suppress the generation of by-products such as benzene.     

Durable diamond-like carbon templates for UV nanoimprint lithography

The interaction between resist and template during the separation process after nanoimprint lithography (NIL) can cause the formation of defects and damage to the templates and resist patterns. To alleviate these problems, fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (F-SAMs, i.e.?tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2,tetrahydrooctyl trichlorosilane or FDTS) have been employed as template release coatings. However, we find that the FDTS coating undergoes irreversible degradation after only 10 cycles of UV nanoimprint processes with SU-8 resist. The degradation includes a 28% reduction in surface F atoms and significant increases in the surface roughness. In this paper, diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were investigated as an alternative material not only for coating but also for direct fabrication of nanoimprint templates. DLC films deposited on quartz templates in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system are shown to have better chemical and physical stability than FDTS. After the same 10 cycles of UV nanoimprints, the surface composition as well as the roughness of DLC films were found to be unchanged. The adhesion energy between the DLC surface and SU-8 is found to be smaller than that of FDTS despite the slightly higher total surface energy of DLC. DLC templates with 40?nm features were fabricated using e-beam lithography followed by Cr lift-off and reactive ion etching. UV nanoimprinting using the directly patterned DLC templates in SU-8 resist demonstrates good pattern transfer fidelity and easy template-resist separation. These results indicate that DLC is a promising material for fabricating durable templates for UV nanoimprint lithography.