水电机组状态监测与故障诊断技术研究现状与发展

根据状态监测与故障诊断技术在水电领域的应用情况,介绍了水电机组稳定性、水轮机空蚀和调速系统等水电机组状态监测与故障诊断的主要内容及其现状;着重阐述了故障树分析法、模糊理论、人工智能及小波分析等该领域的主要研究方法和研究成果及其应用情况;并对水电机组状态监测与故障诊断技术的发展前景和趋势进行了分析与展望。     

融合改进符号动态熵和随机配置网络的水电机组轴系故障诊断方法

现有水电机组轴系故障诊断研究主要建立在单一传感器振动信号数据的基础上,存在故障信息缺失和传感器测点选择困难等问题。为此,提出了一种基于精细复合多元多尺度符号动态熵(RCMMSDE)和随机配置网络(SCN)相结合的水电机组轴系故障诊断方法。首先,将精细复合技术引入RCMMSDE模型中,改进了传统多元多尺度熵粗粒化不足的问题。然后,通过提取水电机组不同传感器振动信号的RCMMSDE值作为故障特征。最终,将故障特征输入SCN网络实现水电机组轴系故障的准确识别。仿真结果表明,RCMMSDE-SCN模型在两个不同数据集上分别取得了97.58%和99.17%的诊断率,验证了所提模型具有良好的诊断性能。同时,对比不同诊断模型在多元传感器信号和单一传感器信号两种不同情景下的诊断情况,表明融合多元振动信号可以有效改善水电机组轴系故障诊断模型的识别性能。本研究为融合水电机组多元传感器振动信号故障诊断提供了一种新的方法,具有良好的借鉴价值。     

水轮发电机组机械故障诊断研究及应用

文章以水电机组机械故障监测与诊断为应用背景,提出了水电机组运行设备状态监测与故障诊断的模糊专家系统结构模式及诊断模型,给出了故障诊断的知识表示方法及实例,对反映故障的特征量进行了一定分析。     

模糊理论在水电机组振动故障诊断系统中的应用

振动是影响水力机组正常运行和危害机组寿命的主要故障。论述了模糊理论在水力机组振动故障诊断中的应用以及振动识别方法和特征信号的提取，并给出了振动频率与故障征兆关系表。在此基础上，建立了水力机组模糊理论振动故障诊断模型。     

小波变换在水电机组故障信号分析中的应用

基于小波变换理论和用于奇变信号检测的原理，文章将小波变换引入水电机组故障信号分析处理领域，通过一个仿真算例，说明了小波变换在水电机组故障诊断中将具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

水电机组故障诊断系统信号预处理

随着水电站对水电机组安全稳定运行要求的不断提高，相应的对故障诊断系统中故障诊断的准确性提出了更高的要求。而信号处理是故障诊断成功与否的关键。监测得到的故障信号不可避免的受到水电机组运行中的各种噪声的干扰与影响，从而得到的故障信号中含有随机噪声、白噪声等，为得到真实的故障特征信息有必要进行除噪处理。自相关和小波分析可以很好地去除噪声。本文对自相关和小波分析除噪作了详细论述，并用实例做了分析。     

基于EEMD-SD振动信号分析的水电机组故障预警方法

为确保水电机组安全运行及电网稳定,探讨利用水电机组振动信号实现机组故障早期预警,提出了基于集合经验模态分解和标准差水电机组振动信号特征量提取方法,并引入K均值和欧氏距离构建水电机组振动信号异常状态预警指标,量化水电机组振动信号状态异常变化程度,融合多测点状态信息形成水电机组振动故障综合预警指标,实现了水电机组振动故障预警,证明所提特征量和预警方法有效。     

小波分析在水电机组状态监测和故障诊断中的应用研究

状态监测和故障诊断是大型水电机组检修的发展方向。其中一个重要方面就是故障信号的特征提取和分析。小波变换由于很好的解决了傅立叶变换很难与短时的瞬变信号相匹配的问题,在时域和频域都具有表征信号的良好能力,被广泛应用到水电机组故障信号降噪、数据压缩和奇异性分析等方面。但是小波应用中尚存在最优小波基和最佳分解层数的难题,这些问题给小波分析在水电机组中的应用带来了难题。     

基于熵权理论和信息融合技术的水电机组振动故障诊断

应用熵权、灰色关联分析和信息融合技术对水轮发电机组振动故障进行诊断。以水电机组振动信号的频域特征和时域振幅特征为诊断样本,使用基于熵权的灰色关联分析方法进行水电机组振动故障的初步诊断,然后应用证据融合理论对不同证据进行决策信息融合,从而得出最终的诊断结果。诊断实例表明,基于熵权的灰色关联分析和信息融合技术相结合的方法是有效的,适合于水电机组的振动故障诊断。     

水电机组故障诊断中的数据融合算法

应用数据融合的理论和方法，在整个水电机组故障诊断过程中，在数据处理的信号层、特征层及决策层上分别提出不同的数据融合算法，解决了传统水电机组故障诊断中存在的大量采集数据如何有效处理的问题。所提出的算法针对水电机组故障诊断的特殊性，有较强的适应性，提高了实际诊断的准确性和可靠性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。