NURBS曲线高速高精度插补及加减速控制方法研究

为满足非均匀有理B样条曲线高速高精度插补加工的需要,针对目前参数曲线插补加减速控制方法的不足,提出了一种新的控制方法.该方法考虑了高速高精度加工中容易超限的弓高误差和机床所能承受的法向加速度等因素,使进给速度既符合加减速的要求,又能随曲线曲率自适应调整,因而可在提高轮廓加工精度同时,显著地减小加工过程对机床的冲击.同时,采取了改进、简化算法,实现了快速、实时自适应的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补的加减速控制.实例表明,该方法在实时插补过程中,满足了速度和加减速的要求,保证了插补加工的高速与高精度,且实现了速度的平滑过渡.     

非均匀有理B样条曲线直接插补进给速度规划

在非均匀有理B样条直接插补算法中,为了提高插补实时性、克服前瞻规划算法的缺点,提出了基于进给速度预处理曲线的进给速度规划方法.该方法在插补前,通过建立进给速度预处理曲线来取代非均匀有理B样条曲线实时插补进给速度规划的前瞻算法.在速度规划过程中,为了防止进给加速度和加加速度超过机床性能要求,在曲线曲率变化较大的区域,采用基于逐点比较计算的方法规划每个参数点处的进给速度.通过MATLAB仿真表明所提方法具有较高的加工精度、良好的进给速度平滑效果和实时插补性能.     

基于NURBS曲线拟合的刀具路径优化方法

为解决复杂曲面高速、高精度加工中由于微小直线段链逼近自由曲线产生的刀具路径不连续问题,提出一种基于非均匀有理B样条曲线拟合的刀具路径优化方法.在该方法中,通过分析刀具路径的几何特征鉴别需要平滑的连续直线段链,对其分段进行基于最小二乘法的非均匀有理B样条曲线拟合优化,并设置相邻段连接点处的边界平滑条件,还原刀具路径应有的连续性.拟合算法采用特征点搜索法设定曲线参数,通过误差控制的曲线节点向量和控制顶点调整保证拟合曲线精度.实验表明,经过该算法拟合优化后的刀具路径具有良好的平滑性,显著提高了曲面加工的精度和效率.     

基于高阶非均匀有理 B 样条插补的多轴运动控制方法研究

针对传统多轴运动控制系统在作业中存在轨迹转折处不平顺、加速度和加加速度切换不平滑产生变速冲击以及轨迹不能进行局部修改的问题,提出了一种基于高阶非均匀有理 B 样条插补的多轴运动控制算法。首先,构建五次非均匀有理 B 样条插补算法,对样条曲线数据进行预处理,根据非均匀有理 B 样条曲线反算出控制点并生成控制多边形;其次,利用 MATLAB 构建多轴机械臂和高阶非均匀有理 B 样条插补算法模型,通过给定型值点进行轨迹规划仿真。仿真结果表明:基于高阶非均匀有理 B 样条的多轴运动控制插补方法相对于低阶非均匀有理 B 样条曲线轨迹更圆滑,末端更能高效平稳地到达给定目标点;速度、加速度和加加速度的过渡更加平滑减少机械磨损,从而提高了运动的平稳性;并且该方法还能够对运动轨迹进行局部修改,提升了多轴运动控制的作业质量。     

基于冗余误差控制的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法研究

提出了一种能有效控制冗余误差的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法.该算法综合了等弓高误差插补算法和恒定进给速度插补算法的优点,小曲率情形时在保证加工精度的前提下,通过引入进给倍率因子,增大进给速度以改善误差过度冗余;同时在大曲率情形下,可控制弓高误差在限定的误差范围以保证轮廓精度.这样既可保证轮廓精度,又可提高加工效率.仿真实例证实了该插补算法的有效性和可行性.     

基STEP-NC的NURBS曲面插补技术的研究

为提高曲面的加工效率和精度,提出了一种基于STEP-NC的非均匀有理B样条曲面加工方法.基于STEP-NC的数控系统能够直接处理包括完整的非均匀有理B样条曲面几何信息和加工工艺信息的STEP-NC程序.详细讨论了非均匀有理B样条曲面插补算法的实现,并通过仿真试验,验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于曲率特性的柔性加减速NURBS插补器

为降低非均匀有理B样条段间转接时对机床的机械冲击,提出了一种基于曲率特性的柔性加减速控制方法。研究了满足插补误差要求的非均匀有理B样条梯形加减速的算法,推导了满足S型加减速要求的简化算法。用两种算法进行的基于弓高误差的非均匀有理B样条仿真加工实验表明,在曲率突变处加速度和加加速度均出现突变,对机床造成较大冲击。而基于曲率变化进行的柔性加减速的仿真试验表明,相关特性参数符合加减速的规划要求。将算法集成至自行开发的开放式控制器中,加工实验表明,该算法使数控机床的速度变化更加平稳,并具有良好的实时性。     

面向五轴加工的等距双NURBS刀具路径同步插补方法

针对由离散刀位点数据生成的五轴加工等距非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径中两条非均匀有理B样条曲线参数不同步的问题,建立了一种等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线参数的同步模型,实现等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径插补过程中两条非均匀有理B样条曲线参数的同步运动。将三轴非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法应用于五轴加工等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀具路径中的刀具中心点非均匀有理B样条曲线,根据参数同步模型将插补算法同步到刀轴点非均匀有理B样条曲线中。仿真表明,采用该算法能够使刀具始终沿着等距双非均匀有理B样条曲线刀路进行同步插补,参数同步插补精度主要集中在10-6 mm级数上,适用于复杂曲面的五轴加工。     

一种优化的NURBS曲线插补算法

为弥补目前非均匀有理B样条插补算法的不足,提出一种优化的非均匀有理B样条曲线插补算法。算法采用插补前S曲线加减速方法,不仅优化了前瞻过程,而且在回溯过程中考虑了短样条的情况。算法对长样条和短样条非均匀有理B样条曲线能用统一的方法进行插补,通过引入环形缓冲区和预插补(非离线),提高了加工效率,同时合理地安排插补任务增强了系统的实时性。通过MATLAB仿真,验证了算法的有效性。     

圆柱螺旋线的NURBS逼近表示

针对圆柱螺旋线不能用多项式或有理多项式精确表达的缺陷,提出一种二次非均匀有理B样条逼近算法.通过组合平面圆弧和轴向二次非均匀有理B样条直线构成初始非均匀B样条螺旋曲线;为了减小逼近误差,根据权因子影响非均匀有理B样条曲线形状的特性,提出了修正de Boor细分算法中新控制点轴向坐标的逼近细分算法.实例表明,该逼近算法不仅简单,而且能够稳定地逼近原曲线以满足给定的误差要求,并且为构造非均匀有理B样条螺旋曲面和螺旋体提供了数据.     

基于进给速度敏感点识别的NURBS曲线平滑插补算法研究

提出了一种基于进给速度敏感点识别的NURBS曲线插补算法,该方法对于兼容NURBS形式的高档数控系统至关重要。粗插补计算造成的轮廓误差与插补经过该点时的进给速度大小有关,敏感点则可根据插补微段逼近时的弓高误差来界定。进而,根据相邻敏感点之间的距离,通过增设安全缓冲区等方法,进行速度曲线自适应规划。整体进给速度曲线可以由各部分进给速度曲线连接而成。为评价算法的有效性,采用3次NURBS曲线在三种不同进给速度指令下进行仿真计算。仿真结果证明,该算法很好地将轮廓精度和进给速度的平滑性进行了系统考虑,能在相邻危险点复杂分布的情况下执行柔性的插补控制。     

A new approach to generating arc length parameterized NURBS tool paths for efficient three-axis machining of smooth, accurate sculptured surfaces

With the development of a new function of computer numerical control controllers, nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolation, NURBS tool path generation for sculptured surface machining is under extensive research. The common procedures of the current NURBS tool path planning methods are as follows: first, to find a group of cutter contact points on a sculptured surface; second, to calculate their corresponding cutter locations (CLs); then, to fit a NURBS tool path to the CLs within a prescribed tolerance; and finally, to inspect the tool path for possible gouge by the tool and delete the invalid path segments, if any. However, the NURBS tool path has the following problems: (a) although it passes through the discrete CLs of the theoretical CL path, the deviation along the two paths could be larger than the tolerance; (b) its parameter is not the arc length of the path; and (c) it is difficult to detect gouge along the NURBS path and to remove the invalid segments from it. Consequently, NURBS tool paths generated with the current methods of commercial computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software cannot be used to make smooth and accurate surfaces. To address these problems, this work proposes a new approach to generating arc length parameterized NURBS tool paths with high accuracy in terms of the theoretical CL paths and without gouge and interference. Two practical examples in this work clearly demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and the advantages of the generated NURBS tool paths. Therefore, this approach can be implemented into the CAD/CAM software to promote NURBS machining in industry.     

The design of a NURBS pre-interpolator for five-axis machining

A non-uniform, rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolator has great advantages for free-form surface machining compared to the conventional linear/circular interpolator. However, the existing NURBS interpolators can only handle the NURBS trajectory given in a customized NURBS G code. Also, it is limited to three-axis applications. In this paper, a NURBS pre-interpolator with three function options is proposed for a computer numerical control (CNC) system so that the NURBS interpolator can be thoroughly applied for five-axis machining. The first function is called the NURBS converter function, which is used to convert a series of linear/circular segments exactly into a NURBS curve. The second function is the NURBS smoother function, by which, a series of linear segments are fitted to a NURBS curve. The third option provides two kinds of NURBS G codes definition, by which, the NURBS trajectory with five axes can be represented directly. Upon using the three options of the NURBS pre-interpolator, a unified NURBS curve can be obtained for further interpolation. Two actual machining cases are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed pre-interpolator.     

Real-time NURBS interpolator: application to short linear segments

This study proposes the use of a real-time non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) interpolator with a look-ahead function to handle numerous short linear segments. The short linear segments conforming to the continuous short block (CSB) criterion can be fitted into NURBS curves in real time. A modified maximum feedrate equation based on the geometric characteristics of the fitting curves and the dynamics of the servo control system has been derived in this paper. Taking advantage of the multi-thread design and the look-ahead function, the real-time NURBS interpolator can process enough G01 block information and complete feedrate planning before interpolation. In addition, the S-shaped jerk-limited acceleration method is adopted for smoother feedrate profiles. Two part shapes, which possess more than 1,000 short linear segments, are tested on our PC-based real-time control system. Both simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and precision of the proposed interpolation algorithm.     

Modeling of the residual kinematic errors of coordinate measuring machines using LaserTracer system

It is complex and divergent for the conventional motion controllers to process various G codes using different interpolation algorithms. This impairs programming efficiency and robustness of the controller. In this paper, we propose the universal non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS)-based interpolator which can simplify the architecture of interpolation in spite of interpreting different kinds of inputs. Direct conversion of long G01 and G02/G03 numerical control (NC) segments to NURBS segment is first implemented. The fitting of multiple short segments into a continuous and smooth NURBS segment is then carried out. More importantly, the universal NURBS-based interpolator utilizes the Cox–de Boor algorithm which is highly efficient and can take advantage of the parallel computing scheme to accelerate the processing speed. Furthermore, due to the construction of real-time environment, the proposed algorithm enables interpretation, look-ahead functions, and motion control to work simultaneously. A 2D NC program possessing hundreds of short G01 segments and long segments (i.e., G02, G03, and long G01) is tested on an in-house developed XY-table with a PC-based motion controller. The results have shown the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed real-time NURBS-based interpolator.     

High-speed contouring control with NURBS-based C2 PH spline curves

This paper presents a C² Pythagorean hodograph (PH) spline curve constructed by the non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve for high-speed contouring control. With the knot vector, weights, and control points given, the C² PH spline curve is defined to be a “good” interpolant for Hermit data obtained from a NURBS curve of degree 3 specified by the same control polygon, weights, and the knot vector. To this end, the first- and second-order derivatives are evaluated at the nodal points on the NURBS curve. These boundary conditions are imposed on the PH segments of degree 9 to preserve continuity between the connecting segments. The S-curve motion planning architecture with variable feed rate for a planar NURBS-based C² PH spline curve is also developed in this paper. In particular, C¹ cubic feed acceleration/deceleration is imposed on the first and last PH segments. Several NURBS-based C² PH spline curve-following tasks were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed interpolation algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed interpolator is not only feasible for machining the complicated parametric curves represented in the NURBS-based C² PH spline form but also yields satisfactory contouring performance under variable feed rate control.     

面向快速成型制造的CAD平台内嵌式通用接口

面向快速成型设备的CAD平台中的内嵌式通用接口，可直接在CAD建模环境下零件模型实施自适应直接切片操作，同时生成以片层结构数据为单位的快速成型接口文件，该接口使用NURBS曲线对各截面的片层结构轮廓进行精确地解析重构；依据重构后的NURBS截面轮廓，自动填充功能可精确地生成快速成型设备的X，Y向栅线扫描路径。实验数据表明，与利用STL模型切片获得的得的多义线轮廓对比，经NURBS解析重构后的自适应直接切片轮廓与原始轮廓间的拟合误差降低98％以上，所需的NURBS线段数目减少77％以上。     

基于前瞻算法的高效非均匀有理B样条曲线插补器

根据计算机数字控制系统的实际性能和非均匀有理B样条曲线的几何特性,设计了一种能够实现加速度平滑过渡的高效非均匀有理B样条曲线插补器。首先,该插补器利用快速插补计算模拟实际加工过程,找到加速度不连续的点;然后,采用S曲线加减速方法向后逆求减速点,并通过约束速度和加速度的方法,预估S曲线加减速第三阶段起点,不仅提高了所求减速点位置的精度,还实现了减速点处加速度的连续性。仿真结果表明,该插补器能在保证加工精度的前提下,以较高效率实现加速度的平滑过渡。     

用于非均匀有理B样条曲面裁剪的扫描线算法

提出一种用于非均匀有理B样条曲面裁剪的算法.首先在非均匀有理B样条曲面的参数域中定义曲面的裁剪曲线,然后自上而下地分析曲面参数域中的每一条U(或V)向线段(扫描线),通过这些扫描线与裁剪曲线的相交关系来判定曲面的裁剪域,再将其映射到三维空间中,从而显示出裁剪操作的结果.由于可以通过定义扫描移动最小步距值来控制曲面裁剪操作的精度,该算法适用于各种精度需求的裁剪操作场合.此外,也可以根据需要对扫描进行定位操作来实现各种裁剪特效.     

基于STEP-NC的NURBS曲面插补技术的研究

为提高曲面的加工效率和精度,提出了一种基于STEP—NC的非均匀有理B样条曲面加工方法。基于STEP—NC的数控系统能够直接处理包括完整的非均匀有理B样条曲面几何信息和1力Ⅱ工工艺信息的STEP—NC程序。详细讨论了非均匀有理B样条曲面插补算法的实现,并通过仿真试验,验证了该方法的有效性。