具有凝结的混合气体传热理论研究

采用理论分析研究方法研究了含湿混合气体在竖向管内对流凝结换热，讨论了含有少量水蒸汽（8%～20%）的混合气体中水蒸汽凝结对换热的影响，利用修正的膜模型与Nusselt凝结理论得到了理论解。研究结果表明，对于含有少量水蒸汽的混合气体的凝结换热，其换强度与混合气体的单相对流换热处于同一数量级，换热方式均不能忽略，壁面温度与水蒸汽质量成份对凝结换热的影响十分显。     

水平翅片管外冷凝传热的可视化实验研究

直观的了解翅片管的翅片侧壁上的凝结液的分布和流动情况对深入理解翅片管上的对流冷凝传热机理和翅片管上的液膜理论计算具有重要意义.主要针对含湿混合气体在水平单翅片管管外的对流冷凝传热进行了可视化实验研究;并利用相关图像处理软件对翅片侧壁上的凝结液滴直径大小进行了测量统计.通过对实验数据的分析,得到了翅片管的翅片侧壁凝结液的...     

燃气锅炉的烟气凝结换热

燃气锅炉排放的烟气温度很高且含有一定数量的水蒸汽,在回收烟气余热时,水蒸汽的换热是影响余热回收效率的主要因素之一.利用多孔介质理论对各控制方程进行重新修正;采用标准的k-ε模型和两相界面上凝结换热边界条件,对换热过程进行数值计算.结果表明,有凝结换热发生时,换热能力的计算值与实验值的误差在允许范围内.     

混合气体管内对流凝结传热研究

研究了混合气体在垂直圆管内的对流凝结传热。利用修正的膜模型与Nusselt凝结理论建立了换热数学模型，预测了壁面温度对膜厚度和界面温度的影响，计算了凝结液膜厚度，并与报相热阻法进行比较，研究结果表明该模型更接近实验果，提出了混合气体对流凝结换热与Nusselt凝结的不同。     

水平管外混合气体平均传热系数及气膜厚度的计算

以水蒸气空气混合物为例,利用努谢尔特修正膜模型和传热传质比拟原理通过简单迭代,得到混合气体水平管外凝结换热的一种总平均传热系数和平均气膜厚度的计算模型。在已知初始条件下,计算得到总传热系数随不凝结气浓度、主流流速及壁温的变化规律,并与已有计算式进行了比较,验证了结果的正确性。该计算模型适用于不同混合气体种类及不同表面形状。     

增压富氧煤燃烧烟气凝结换热的计算

针对含有少量水蒸气的增压富氧煤燃烧产生的烟气在竖直管内的对流凝结换热进行了分析研究.利用修正的膜模型与Nusselt凝结理论建立了换热数学模型,并对不同壁面温度、不同雷诺数和不同水蒸气份额下烟气的凝结换热进行了计算.结果表明:壁面温度升高时,烟气的凝结速率、换热流率和凝结液膜的厚度均减小;混合气体的雷诺数增大时,烟气的凝结速率和换热流率增大,凝结液膜的厚度减小;烟气中水蒸气的份额减小时,烟气的凝结速率和换热流率减小,凝结液膜的厚度减小不明显.     

节能型冷却除湿复合式空调系统

介绍了冷却除湿空调的基本原理,对已有系统提出了改进.利用热回收装置,对除湿过程中的吸附热进行回收,并采用室内回风作为间接蒸发冷却器的二次风,能够更有效的降低处理空气的温度.对两种方案的热利用效率进行了实例计算,改进系统更有效.     

多组分气体热物性参数的计算方法

在现有工质热物性质计算公式的基础上,结合实验数据,研究了多组分气体热物性参数的计算方法,选择合适的计算模型,编制了计算多组分气体热物性参数的软件,并对采用该软件得到的计算结果与试验值进行了比较.结果表明:所确立的混合模型合理、可靠;通过编程计算多组分气体的热物性参数具有便捷、可靠、精度高的特点.     

延迟焦化装置回收利用低温热的技术措施

洛阳石化公司140×104t/a延迟焦化装置存在多种携带低温热的介质,为了有效回收利用这部分能量,进行了一系列的流程改造和技术攻关。本文探讨了焦化装置低温热回收的可行性,介绍了各种低温热回收措施的工艺流程和实施效果。其中:汽油、柴油、蜡油装置实现了与下游装置的热联合;加热炉空气预热器在原来基础上新增539根热管,进一步回收烟气余热,降低了排烟温度;凝结水回收系统实现了凝结水三种途径的回收利用;除盐水代替循环水回收分馏塔顶循环油、汽油和柴油的低温热。改造后,成功实现了稳定汽油、柴油、蜡油、加热炉烟气、凝结水、分馏塔顶循环油等低温热的回收利用。这些措施的投用,可降低装置能耗6~8kg标油/t,每年可创造经济效益3000余万元。对目前未能回收的低温热提出了进一步优化的措施和建议,对同类装置的低温热回收利用具有一定的指导作用。     

船舶柴油机尾气热电装置热分析及结构设计

船舶柴油机具有能耗高,热效率低的特点,对尾气余热回收装置进行热分析和结构优化设计能有效提高余热回收效率.对基于温差发电的船舶柴油机余热回收装置进行热分析,提出余热回收装置的优化规律.选取工程中热电模块材质、船舶柴油机常见工况作为仿真物性,用热电模块冷热端温度差作为热电转换效率的指标.在船舶柴油机常见的温度和速度工况范围...     

海上旧平台新增余热回收装置选型研究

随着工业发展,能源的利用效率也不断得到关注。本文主要介绍了海上平台新增余热回收系统的选型计算方法,主要通过对主机尾气可回收热量的计算,根据计算结果及平台所需供热量对比进行余热回收系统的选型,通过计算结果可以更深入了解余热回收系统的效果,从而为判断海上平台改造中是否新增余热回收系统的方案评估提供参考。     

Numerical simulation of a multi-layer latent heat thermal energy storage system

A computational model for the prediction of the thermal behaviour of a compact multi-layer latent heat storage unit is presented. The model is based on the conservation equations of energy for the phase change material (PCM) and the heat transfer fluid (HTF). Electrical heat sources embedded inside the PCM are used for heat storage (melting) while the flow of an HTF is employed for heat recovery (solidification). Parametric studies are performed to assess the effect of various design parameters and operating conditions on the thermal behaviour of the unit. Results indicate that the average output heat load during the recovery period is strongly dependent on the minimum operating temperature, on the thermal diffusivity of the liquid phase, on the thickness of the PCM layer and on the HTF inlet mass flowrate and temperature. It is, on the other hand, nearly independent of the wall thermal diffusivity and thickness and of the maximum operating temperature. Correlations are proposed for the total energy stored and the output heat load as a function of the design parameters and the operating conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Visual Basic 6.O的高温空气换热器热力参数计算软件的开发

基于面向对象和模块化编程思想,以Microsoft Visual Basic 6．0语言为开发平台,结合Access数据库,开发出高温空气换热器热力参数计算软件。该软件涵盖了辐射式、对流式、喷流式三种常用的空气换热器,及上述三种换热器的组合式设计,具有操作简便、适应性广、界面友好的优点,对指导空气换热器的设计具有重要的实际应用价值。     

湿式空气热量回收过程的场协同分析

在介绍湿式空气热量回收装置和场协同含义的基础上,对湿式空气热量回收过程中影响换热性能的各个因素进行了场协同分析。结果表明,在湿式空气热量回收装置中,排风及新风的风速以及换热芯体的板间距、板宽、板高等因素都会对换热效果产生不同程度的影响。研究结果对于湿式空气热量回收装置的优化设计具有一定的参考价值。     

使用净现值法优化余热回收换热器

引入最优化方法,提出以净现值(NPV)为优化目标,以余热回收换热器换热面积为设计变量的优化设计模型。引入传热单元数(NTU)作为换热面积的度量,分析NTU变化对NPV的影响,从而确定优化方案,并且获得最优化条件下空气预热出口温度(t_2)。通过对燃烧二甲醚年产4万t玻璃炉窑烟气余热回收换热器的分析,结果显示在NTU=1.51时,换热器得到最大净现值NPV=7.53万元,空气预热出口温度t_2=100℃。同时,每年可节约燃料194.1 t和减少CO_2的排放量33.82。因此,采用余热回收换热器优化设计模型,通过对投资后整个运行期内的经济效果分析,可以对回收方案的合理性进行更为全面的评价。     

Novel hybrid system of pulsed HHO generator/TEG waste heat recovery for CO reduction of a gasoline engine

Environmental crisis requires using cleaner energy sources for different sectors including the transportation. Hydrogen can support the transition of the automotive industry from petrol and diesel into a sustainable fuel. It could be the main source of energy or the auxiliary fuel in vehicles. As an auxiliary fuel, it has recently been considered in hydroxyl (HHO) form for reducing the emissions from transportation fleet. In this study, an HHO generator with the optimum power consumption was utilised for HHO injection into the intake manifold of a petrol engine as the case study. High concentration of CO is expected to be produced during idling, so the experiments were designed to inject ultra-low HHO for reducing CO emissions. The results were very promising, and it was shown that the CO emission could be reduced by about 98%. Furthermore, a novel design was developed based on the concept of waste heat recovery (WHR) for powering the HHO unit. Engine was simulated in AVL software to design a thermo-electric generators (TEG) for running the HHO unit. Based on the results, TEG can provide the energy required for HHO unit as the energy output of the TEG was between 91 kJ and 169 kJ for the case study while the energy consumption of the proposed HHO generator was just about 22.5 kJ. The results of this study are recommending a practical solution for bringing HHO injection from laboratory research into the real practice.     

Selection and optimization of pin cross-sections for electronics cooling

Pin fins are widely used as elements that provide increased cooling for electronic devices. Increasing demands regarding the performance of such devices can be observed due to the increasing heat production density of electronic components. For this reason, extensive work is being carried out to select and optimize pin fin elements for increased heat transfer. In the present paper, a procedure is described to select heat exchanger surfaces with pin fins in accordance with their location in a performance diagram. Such a diagram provides performance comparisons of pin fins with respect to two operating parameters: the heat transfer rate per unit base surface area and the power input for the same area. It is shown that elliptical cross-sections offer the best performance compared with all other investigated cross-sections for pin fins. The present work demonstrates that the heat exchanger performance plot allows also the selection of the best elliptical cross-section design within the initial design set (design set obtained numerically) in analogy with the Pareto-optimality approach. However, the real optimal geometry of the elliptical cross-section is deduced from commercial optimization software, modeFRONTIER. It is shown that by subsequent use of the virtual solutions from the response surface modelling (RSM) of that software and their validation with Star-CD, a complete “Pareto-frontier solution” can be obtained.     

Heat transfer as an important subject in waste-to-energy systems

Characteristics of heat transfer equipment and/or heat exchangers used in waste to energy systems and their specific features are described and discussed in the paper. A combination of intuitive design, know how and sophisticated approach based on up-to-date computational tools is shown. Concrete examples involve e.g. heat exchangers of heat recovery systems (especially air pre-heaters and heat recovery steam generators) of units for the thermal processing of wastes, their design, arrangement, optimization etc. An application of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) both for improved design and troubleshooting (e.g. elimination of fouling) is demonstrated. There is also shown an approach ‘from idea to industrial applications’ on an example of a new unit for the thermal processing of gas waste. Design of this original compact equipment consists in a convenient integration of combustion chamber and heat exchanger. Experimental as well as CFD approaches largely contributed to an optimum design and operation.     

汽车发动机尾气余热温差发电装置结构研究

半导体温差发电技术在低品位余热回收技术领域具有重要的应用价值。汽车尾气温度高,带走的热量约占发动机总量的40%,温差发电技术能直接将废热能量转化为电能回收利用。介绍温差发电装置的设计原理,结构参数对性能影响以及装置输出性能参数,并结合试验对温差发电装置的传热性能和电功率输出性能进行分析以及提出有效的改进方案。     

煤气化半显热回收串联水煤气变换反应流程的优化

利用Aspen Plus软件建立粗合成气的半显热回收串联变换反应的流程模型,研究了显热回收设备的出口温度对串联流程中能量利用效率的影响,以及对变换反应转化率的影响。结果表明:随着显热回收设备出口温度的提高,显热回收热量下降,变换反应的回收热量和高温变换反应的吸热量增大;变换反应的转化率随着显热回收设备出口温度的增加而提高;半显热回收串联变换反应的流程在保证能量利用率提高的同时,可灵活调节变换反应转化率。