膳食中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对2型糖尿病患者血糖和胰岛素敏感性的影响

2型糖尿病是世界上最常见的慢性疾病之一。膳食中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸可能会减少亚洲人的2型糖尿病风险, 中国2型糖尿病患者血浆磷脂n-3不饱和脂肪酸与胰岛素敏感性呈正相关。而欧美的前瞻性研究均发现, 鱼类的摄入和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入会增加2型糖尿病的发病风险, 在西方白种人群中进行的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸干预的随机对照试验也并未发现n-3多不饱和脂肪酸能够改善患者胰岛素抵抗水平或血糖水平, n-3多不饱和脂肪酸甚至可轻微地降低患者胰岛素的敏感性。本文综述了目前n-3多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量与2型糖尿病风险之间的关系。     

Candidate gene association study of type 2 diabetes in a nested case-control study of the EPIC-Potsdam cohort - role of fat assimilation

To search for common variants etiological for type 2 diabetes, we screened 15 genes involved in fat assimilation for sequence variants. Approximately 55 kb in promoter and coding regions, and intron/splice sites were sequenced by cycle sequencing. In the set of 15 genes, 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. 33 SNPs were presumed to be functionally significant and were genotyped in 192 incident type 2 diabetes subjects and 384 matched controls from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam cohort. A total of 27 SNPs out of 15 genes showed no statistical association with type 2 diabetes in our study. Six SNPs demonstrated nominal association with type 2 diabetes, with the most significant marker (FABP6 Thr79Met) having an adjusted odds ratio of 0.45 (95% CI 0.22-0.92) in homozygous Met allele carriers. Evidence for an association with disease status was also found for a novel Arg109Cys (g.2129C > T) variant of colipase, 5'UTR (rs2084202) and Met71Val (rs8192506) variants of diazepam-binding inhibitor, Arg298His (rs13283456) of PTGES2, and a novel promoter variant (g.-1324G > A) of SLC27A5. The results presented here provide preliminary evidence for the association of common variants in genes involved in fat assimilation with the genetic susceptibility of type 2 diabetes. However, they definitely need further verification.     

炎症介导的肥胖与2型糖尿病关系及对应的膳食干预治疗研究进展

肥胖引起的2型糖尿病是我们目前面临的最严重的非传染性疾病之一，脂肪组织中的慢性炎症是导致肥胖人群患2型糖尿病的关键。本文首先从细胞水平和分子水平综述了由炎症介导的肥胖与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展，聚焦免疫细胞和信号通路，其次总结了以免疫细胞与信号通路为靶点的膳食干预治疗研究成果，包括调整巨噬细胞极化状态、T细胞功能以及信号通路活性，以期寻求安全、健康、高效的降血糖膳食原料和有关的特殊医学用途配方食品原料，从而为2型糖尿病的膳食干预疗法提供思路和方案。     

Magnesium, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Magnesium is an essential mineral and has been established as a cofactor for over 300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some research has indicated that lower intakes of magnesium and lower serum magnesium concentrations may lead to and are associated with the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. The goal of this review is to examine the research conducted on: 1) magnesium status, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 2) the effects of magnesium intake and/or supplementation on metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To make this review as current as possible, the majority of research articles reviewed were from 2000 to the present.     

荟萃分析核桃仁抗2型糖尿病机制

本研究基于荟萃法探讨了核桃仁干预2型糖尿病的作用机制.采用TCMSP数据库筛选核桃仁的主要活性成分及其潜在靶点,通过OMIM、TTD、Genecards等数据库获得2型糖尿病相关靶点,运用R3.6.2软件对活性成分靶点和疾病靶点交集,并用Cystoscope 3.7.2软件构建网络图,通过STRING等平台对交集靶点进...     

低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的影响研究进展

低碳水化合物饮食是目前较为关注的控制糖尿病的饮食方式,包含低碳水化合物高脂肪饮食和低碳水化合物高蛋白质饮食。低碳水化合物饮食通过糖异生和酮生成作用降低葡萄糖的可用性来控制体重和血糖。但这种饮食方式对人体有很多负面影响。本文综述了低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的血管、心肌、肾脏的影响,以及此饮食方式的饮食依从性的研究进展,为低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的影响提供参考。     

A role of alimentary factor in insulin resistance at type 2 diabetes

In this review the role of alimentary factor in correction of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes are discussed. It is presented data on influence of caloric restriction, macro- and micronutrients, biological compounds of food on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Importance of Dairy Products in Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting almost 6% of the world's population. Management of diabetes and its complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), amputation, blindness, and renal failure, imposes enormous medical and economic burdens, primary prevention has become a public health imperative. Studies have shown that diet and lifestyle are important means of preventing CVD risk and type 2 diabetes. In addition, a few studies have suggested that dairy consumption was associated with lower risks for hypertension, coagulopathy, coronary artery disease, and stroke. By this time, published studies about relation between dairy consumption and type 2 diabetes are limited. In this review, the effects of dairy products on CVD and type 2 diabetes risk were summarized. Also, recent findings about these subjects were mentioned.     

豌豆低聚肽对2型糖尿病小鼠肝脏PI3K/AKT/FOXO1信号通路的调节作用

本文旨在探究豌豆低聚肽对2型糖尿病(T2MD)小鼠肝脏磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B/转录因子FoxO1(PI3K/AKT/FOXO1)蛋白表达的影响.通过对小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ),建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型,并用二甲双胍和豌豆低聚肽分别饮食干预4周.结果表明,豌豆低聚肽组的小鼠糖尿病指征较模型组均有一定改善,且...     

Putative association between a new polymorphism in exon 3 (Arg109Cys) of the pancreatic colipase gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus in two independent Caucasian study populations

The protein encoded by the pancreatic colipase (CLPS) gene is an essential cofactor needed by pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PNLIP) for efficient dietary lipid hydrolysis. Since the inhibition of lipase activity was shown to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, we tested the hypothesis that genetic variations in the CLPS and PNLIP genes are associated with type 2 diabetes; 47 unrelated subjects were screened for polymorphisms of the CLPS and PNLIP genes. A nested-case control study of 192 incident type 2 diabetes subjects and 384 sex- and age-matched controls taken from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Potsdam Cohort (EPIC) was employed for association studies. The Metabolic Intervention Cohort Kiel (MICK) consisting of 716 males was used for verification. A novel putative functional polymorphism (Arg109Cys) was identified in the CLPS gene. The frequencies of the Arg/Cys genotype were 2.6% in EPIC and 2.2% in MICK study subjects. No homozygotes for the Cys/Cys genotype were found in either study population. Logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association of the Arg/Cys genotype with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The odds ratios estimated by the model were 3.75 (95%CI = 1.13-12.49, p = 0.03) in EPIC and 4.86 (95%CI = 1.13-20.95, p = 0.03) in MICK. No comparable associations were found with other traits of the insulin-resistance syndrome (e. g.; body mass index, waist to hip ratio). In conclusion, we obtained evidence in two German Caucasian study populations that the variant of the rare CLPS Arg109Cys polymorphism might contribute to increased susceptibility of type 2 diabetes.     

黄芪多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞钙通道基因表达的影响研究

目的：研究黄芪多糖（astragaluspolysaccharide,APS）对2型糖尿病（2-DM）大鼠心肌细胞L型ca^2＋通道蛋白mRNA表达的影响,探讨APS对2-DM的治疗作用。方法：将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、APS治疗组。治疗8周后采用RT—PcR检测3组大鼠心肌细胞L型Ca2＋通道蛋白mRNA表达量。结果：糖尿病组、治疗组大鼠心肌组织L型Ca2＋通道蛋白mRNA表达量均显著高于正常组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：APS可以降低2DM大鼠心肌细胞L型Ca外通道蛋白mRNA的表达,对2-DM有一定的治疗作用。     

Vitamin D and pancreas: The role of sunshine vitamin in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer

Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D exerts multiple effects beyond bone and calcium metabolism. Vitamin D seems to play a role in pancreatic disease, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as pancreatic cancer. Vitamin D's immune-modulatory action suggests that it could help prevent type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, vitamin D may influence β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and systematic inflammation—all characteristic pathways of that disease. Data from observational studies correlated vitamin D deficiency with risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Prospective and ecological studies of pancreatic cancer incidence generally support a beneficial effect of higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration as well as inverse correlations between UVB dose or exposure and incidence and/or mortality rate of pancreatic cancer. This review discusses the literature regarding vitamin D's role in risk of diabetes and pancreatic cancer. The results to date generally satisfy Hill's criteria for causality regarding vitamin D and incidence of these pancreatic diseases.

However, large randomized, blinded, prospective studies are required to more fully evaluate the potential therapeutic role of vitamin D in preventing pancreatic diseases.     

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and type 2 diabetes

Since the late 1990s, various basic studies and clinical research have linked tomato to type 2 diabetes. This link, however, has yet to be understood and summarized. The present review systematically summarizes the effect of tomato on type 2 diabetes. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched for reports published (in the English language) from December 1999 to August 2017 using the keywords “tomato” and “diabetes.” Relevant references from particular publications were also considered. To date, studies in humans have not shown a significant relationship between tomato and the risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas mainstream in vivo system studies have generally shown that tomato or its bioactive compounds may have an antihyperglycemic effect. Nevertheless, tomato (fresh or cooked) has been found to be favorable for diabetic conditions because it decreases diabetes-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis, and tissue (i.e., retinal, renal, and musculoskeletal) damage. Further studies in humans are very important toward elucidating the hypoglycemic response of tomato or its derived compounds in diabetic conditions.     

Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in overweight and obese Costa Rican schoolchildren

BACKGROUND: Worldwide obesity has become an unprecedented public health challenge. In addition, a notable increase in the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus has emerged. In Costa Rica, there are no epidemiological data to establish the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the pediatric population. However, information from the Endocrinology Department of the Children's National Hospital indicates an increased number of cases in the last 2 to 3 years. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in overweight and obese schoolchildren. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 214 healthy 8- to 10-year-old children from urban schools of San José, Costa Rica. Anthropometric measurements and blood determinations of glucose, insulin, proinsulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, C-peptide, and leptin were performed. Indexes were calculated to assess insulin resistance. Information on social and lifestyle variables was obtained from questionnaires, and acanthosis nigricans was certified by a physician. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software for Windows, version 10.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was very low (0.5%) in the studied population. However, hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance were present in 20.6% and 6.5% of the subjects, respectively. On the basis of the Fasting Glucose-to-Insulin Resistance Ratio (FGIR), 46.7% of the children showed insulin resistance. Girls and obese children (body mass index > or = 95th percentile) were more likely to have higher serum insulin levels and insulin resistance than boys and overweight children (BMI > or = 85th percentile). Compared with the lowest quintile, children in the highest quintile of body-fat tissue had higher insulin resistance but had similar serum concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, and proinsulin. Positive family histories of type 2 diabetes mellitus and sedentarism (73.7% and 40.7%, respectively) were highly prevalent among overweight and obese children. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese children indicates a worrisome trend in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Costa Rica. Strategies for weight reduction, obesity prevention, and promotion of healthy lifestyles are necessary to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes during childhood and adolescence.     

食源性生物活性肽对2型糖尿病的干预作用及其机制研究进展

2型糖尿病属于非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,全世界每年有数百万人患2型糖尿病或成为潜在患者。食源性活性肽不仅具有基本的营养优势,而且更易被机体吸收,有研究证实生物活性肽可以抑制与2型糖尿病相关的代谢酶活力,促进肠促胰岛素分泌,改善胰岛素抵抗,因此可以作为有效管理该疾病的功能性食品或药物。本文综述了食源性生物活性肽的特性和来源,以及目前其关于调节血糖作用机制的研究进展,归纳了食源性代谢酶调节剂的相关研究,以期为食源性生物活性肽的进一步研究提供参考。     

银杏叶提取物对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌保护机制的研究

目的:研究银杏叶提取物对2型糖尿病大鼠脂代谢及心肌细胞PPARγmRNA表达的影响,探讨银杏叶提取物对2型糖尿病的治疗作用。方法:用高糖-高脂肪饲料刺激加小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型,将空腹血糖>16.6mmol/L的20只大鼠随机分为糖尿病组(10只)和治疗组(10只),另设正常组(10只)。治疗组大鼠给予银杏叶提取物灌胃,糖尿病组和正常组给予0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃。治疗10周后取血清测定血脂、空腹血糖(FBG)、血清胰岛素(INS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI);测定心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)含量;采用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测正常组、糖尿病组和治疗组大鼠心肌细胞PPARγmRNA表达量。结果:与糖尿病组大鼠相比较,治疗组大鼠心肌组织PPARγmRNA表达量升高(P<0.05)、MDA降低(P<0.01)、SOD升高(P<0.01);而FBG、INS及IRI显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:银杏叶提取物能够明显降低2型糖尿病大鼠的高血糖,降低胰岛素抵抗水平,改善脂质过氧化状态,并且可以提高2型糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞PPARγmRNA的表达,对2型糖尿病有一定的治疗作用。     

胰岛素原C肽对2型糖尿病患者离体红细胞膜Na+-K+-ATP酶活性及红细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

目的研究外源性胰岛素原C肽对2型糖尿病患者离体红细胞膜Na -K -ATP酶活性及红细胞内Ca2 浓度的影响。方法取2型糖尿病患者空腹血,肝素抗凝,分离红细胞,生理盐水重新悬浮,加外源性C肽,分别测定细胞膜上的Na -K -ATP酶活性和细胞内Ca2 浓度。结果外源性C肽的加入可升高2型糖尿病患者红细胞膜的Na -K -ATP酶活性,并降低红细胞内的Ca2 浓度。结论胰岛素原C肽可以改善2型糖尿病患者降低的红细胞膜Na -K -ATP酶活性。     

Estimation of efficacy use of the dietary therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes with supplemented biologically active addition containing the extract of kurilsky tea

It was investigated the influence of a diet with supplemented biologically active addition containing the extract of kurilsky tea on dynamics of the clinical and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes. It was shown that the inclusion of biologically active addition "Extralife" in dietary treatment of type 2 diabetes allows to decrease the hyperlipidemia and to improve the antioxidative state and thus to decrease the risk of vascular complications in this disease.     

益生菌对2型糖尿病缓解作用的研究进展

糖尿病是由多因素引发的一种慢性代谢性疾病,是21世纪全世界范围内的一种流行病。糖尿病患者的肠道菌群失调,抗氧化能力降低并伴有低度炎症。而有关研究显示,益生菌作为一种活的对肠道有益健康的微生物,它可通过平衡肠道菌群、降低机体的氧化损伤和调节机体的免疫因子,起到缓解糖尿病相关症状的作用。本文梳理了目前常用的以α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-IV为靶点来筛选降糖菌株的两种方法,并通过体内实验评价了益生菌的降糖作用。同时从肠道菌群、免疫反应、氧化应激、短链脂肪酸以及肠道屏障等五个方面进一步概括了益生菌缓解2型糖尿病的作用机制,以期为2型糖尿病的相关研究提供一定的参考。     

Gut: A key player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes?

The gut regulates glucose and energy homeostasis; thus, the presence of ingested nutrients into the gut activates sensing mechanisms that affect both glucose homeostasis and regulate food intake. Increasing evidence suggest that gut may also play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes which may be related to both the intestinal microbiological profile and patterns of gut hormones secretion. Intestinal microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms but its composition and function may be adversely affected in type 2 diabetes. The intestinal microbiota may be responsible of the secretion of molecules that may impair insulin secretion/action. At the same time, intestinal milieu regulates the secretion of hormones such as GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, gastrin, somatostatin, CCK, serotonin, peptide YY, GLP-2, all of which importantly influence metabolism in general and in particular glucose metabolism. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the current evidence on the role of the gut in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, taking into account both hormonal and microbiological aspects.