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1.
Anne B. Clark 《Journal of chemical ecology》1982,8(8):1153-1165
Thick-tailed galagos,Galago crassicaudatus argentatus, which had been habituated to the scent marks of a conspecific through repeated presentations, increased their sniffing when presented with scent marks from a second conspecific of the same sex. Thus, they discriminated between the scents of individual conspecifics. This result was obtained using naturally scent-marked perches and perches carrying only chest gland scent—the latter even two weeks after the marking. When urine, the prevalent scent signal among most other galago species, was tested, it elicited little interest and discriminations were not clearly made. It is suggested that the use of more specialized scents is related to the social characteristics ofGalago crassicaudatus. 相似文献
2.
Muñoz A 《Journal of chemical ecology》2004,30(3):519-530
Although chemical communication has been studied intensively in may reptilian species, little attention has been paid to the role that chemical signals play in aquatic reptiles, such as freshwater turtles. Here, I tested the hypothesis that the stripe-necked terrapin (Mauremys leprosa), an abundant freshwater turtle that inhabits the Iberian peninsula, is able to recognize chemical cues from conspecifics in the water and to modify its behavior in response to such cues. I compared the time spent by adult males and adult females in clean water to the time spent in water that presumably contained their own odor, odor from other males, and odor from other females, both during and outside the mating season. Results show that outside the mating season, both males and females avoid water that contains chemical cues from conspecifics of the opposite sex. During the mating season, male turtles clearly select water with chemical cues from females. Moreover, males prefer to occupy water from their home containers over clean water, and avoid water with chemical cues from other conspecific males. Conversely, during the mating season, females prefer to occupy water with chemical cues from other females, but do not select water from their home containers or water from males. The evolution of chemical communication in turtles, its relation to sexual selection processes, and the implications for turtle behavior are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Male Mongolian gerbils scent mark during a standardized openfield test on an individually different but more-or-less constant level in the absence of females. The presence of females in the same room but without direct contact to the males increases the marking frequencies of the males to an individually different higher level. A similar increase in marking frequency is obtained by application of female urine directly to the nostrils of the males, but not by male gerbil urine or female laboratory mouse urine. This indicates that substances present in female gerbil urine are responsible for the increase in male marking behavior. Using this bioassay, various fractions of female urine were tested for their influence on marking behavior. Our results to date show that the component increasing male scent-marking behavior is hydrophilic and nonvolatile and is contained in the nondialyzable, high-molecular-weight polypeptide fraction of female gerbil urine. 相似文献
4.
Jon P. Costanzo 《Journal of chemical ecology》1989,15(11):2531-2538
Adult garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), collected in October near a traditional, communal hibernaculum in central Wisconsin, were acclimated to autumnal conditions and subjected to laboratory tests to determine whether they could follow scent trails of a conspecific. Graded responses were obtained, but 75% of the sample showed at least some inclination to follow scent trails. The results suggest that pheromone cues may be used by male and female garter snakes to locate traditional dens during autumnal migrations. Evidence from this and other studies suggests that pheromones are probably used in conjunction with other homing mechanisms and that the role of pheromones in den location may be more important in younger snakes and in populations inhabiting northern latitudes. 相似文献
5.
The ability of snakes to follow pheromone trails has significant consequences for survival and reproduction. Of particular importance is the ability of snakes to locate conspecifics during the breeding season via the detection of pheromone trails. In this study, the ability of male brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis), a tropical, rear-fanged colubrid, to follow pheromone trails produced by reproductively active conspecifics was tested in the laboratory by using a Y maze. Males displayed a trailing response to both female and male pheromone trails over blank controls. As males of this species display ritualized combat behavior, these responses likely represent both direct and indirect mechanisms, respectively, for the location of potential mates in the wild. Males did not, however, discriminate between male and female trails when given a choice on the Y maze. 相似文献
6.
William I. Lutterschmidt Glenn A. Marvin Victor H. Hutchison 《Journal of chemical ecology》1994,20(11):2751-2759
The detection of chemical alarm cues plays an important role for predator avoidance in many taxonomic groups, but little is known about the presence of such chemical cues in adult or caudate amphibians. We investigated the response (i.e., aversion or nonaversion) to chemical cues from damaged salamander skin and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in the plethodontid salamander,Desmognathus ochrophaeus. Avoidance responses were demonstrated to skin extracts of both conspecific and heterospecific salamanders. However, salamanders (D. ochrophaeus) did not avoid heated conspecific skin, fresh conspecific viscera, fresh mealworm, or freshPlethodon richmondi skin extracts. These results indicate that chemical alarm cues are: (1) present in the skin ofDesmognathus salamanders, (2) not present in mealworm or the viscera ofDesmognathus salamanders, and (3) denatured or deactivated by heating. These results also suggest that an avoidance response to chemical cues from damaged conspecifics has adaptive value in predator avoidance in terrestrial as well as aquatic vertebrates. 相似文献
7.
Ole B. Stabell 《Journal of chemical ecology》1987,13(7):1625-1643
Attraction and preference behavior patterns shown by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr towards intraspecific odors were measured. Salmon parr were attracted to tank water in which relatives of their own strain were held but were also attracted to tank water containing another strain of their species. When given a choice between the two types of tank water, water containing their own strain odor was significantly favored over water containing conspecific but nonfamiliar odor, revealing that pheromones are present at intraspecific levels in salmonid juveniles. Competitive experiments with various extracts suggest that the active compounds are most likely produced in the liver and are voided via the intestinal tract, as determined by presence of attractants in intestinal contents and bile. Intraspecific discrimination was not detected with extracts from either skin surface mucus or blood plasma. Extracts from gravel that had been kept below the fish in their rearing tanks, however, induced a strain-related preference behavior. This suggests an ability for substrate marking by salmonid fishes, presumably mediated by deposition of fecal material. Strain discrimination and substrate marking are discussed in relation to stationary behavior and homing of fishes within discrete populations in natural systems. 相似文献
8.
We explored chemical discrimination of own vs. novel space by different age classes (neonates, juveniles, and adults) of the lizard Liolaemus bellii, during pre- and post-hibernation seasons. We recorded the number of tongue flicks (TF) lizards produced during 10 min in their own or a novel enclosure. Age class and season affected chemical discrimination. Only adults and neonates discriminated their own space, albeit using different strategies: while adults made fewer TF in their own enclosure, neonates made more TF in their own enclosure. This difference was interpreted in terms of different requirements for discrimination of individuals during their lives. Increased chemical exploration by juveniles and adults at the onset of the post-hibernation season was associated with food-searching and reproductive behaviors. 相似文献
9.
In order to analyze intra and interspecific olfactory discrimination, behavioral responses (sniffing and marking) towards various odors were observed in pine martens (Manes martes). Two adult males and two adult females were tested for intraspecific discrimination of abdominal gland odors and urine. Both sexes sniffed and marked objects carrying their own scent less than unscented objects. There were no differences in sniffing or marking objects impregnated with odors from known and unknown conspecifics of the opposite sex or objects carrying the odor of an unknown male or female. A second experiment with two adult females gave no evidence for interspecific discrimination: no differences emerged when comparing reactions towards marks of pine martens, stone martens (a closely related species), or genets. The most obvious result of this study is the reduced response of pine martens towards their own mark. It is suggested that scent marking in martens may reflect autocommunication, the primary effect being to familiarize an animal with its environment. 相似文献
10.
D. Müller-Schwarze L. Källquist T. Mossing A. Brundin G. Andersson 《Journal of chemical ecology》1978,4(3):325-335
Adult captive European forest reindeer,Rangifer tarandus L., were exposed to hindfoot interdigital (ID) secretion placed on the ground. The animals were tested with blanks and interdigital secretion from themselves and male and female group members, and secretion from excised glands of male and female mountain reindeer. Responses to the stimuli consisted of sniffing, licking, and olfactory searching on the ground. With forest reindeer secretions, each sex responded more to its own ID secretion than to that of the opposite sex. Of the mountain reindeer samples, male ID secretion released stronger responses. The responses did not vary systematically from June to October. The functional significance of the ID secretion in free-ranging reindeer is discussed. 相似文献
11.
D. Müller-Schwarze R. M. Silverstein C. Müller-Schwarze A. G. Singer N. J. Volkman 《Journal of chemical ecology》1976,2(3):389-398
Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) discriminate between the geometric isomers of a lactone used as a pheromone by the species. They react strongly to (Z)-4-hydroxy-6-dodeceonic acid lactone, which occurs in their tarsal scent, but the response to theE isomer did not differ from the response to the solvent. The isomers were applied to one member of a group of freely interacting deer, and the sniffing, licking, and following responses were recorded. The synthesis of the geometric isomers of the lactone is described. 相似文献
12.
Susan L. Butkewich Ronald J. Prokopy Thomas A. Green 《Journal of chemical ecology》1987,13(8):1833-1841
Larval survival of plum curculios (PCs),Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), was found to decrease with increasing egg density per fruit. Subsequently, we assayed PCs for propensity to avoid egg-laying at sites (immature plums) already occupied by conspecific eggs. Laboratory choice tests showed PCs made an equal number of visits to and ovipositions in fruit with a single oviposition as in clean fruit. Although there was a trend toward more visits to fruit which contained four or eight oviposition wounds and eggs or eight artificial punctures than to clean fruit, PCs oviposited less frequently into these than clean fruit. Results suggest that wounding of fruit may enhance the ability of ovipositing PCs to locate fruit, but at the same time may furnish cues allowing some degree of discrimination against heavily infested fruit for oviposition. 相似文献
13.
Behavior observations in European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed a high frequency of sniffing the tails of conspecifics. A caudal gland was found, and it is the largest skin gland inRangifer. Behavioral contexts of tail sniffing, the histology of the gland, and some aspects of the composition of the volatiles in the gland's secretion are described. 相似文献
14.
Chemical signals from female wolf spiders that elicit exploratory behavior and courtship in males are often assumed to be species-specific, but males of some species court in response to silk cues deposited by closely related heterospecific females. Such is the case with the wolf spiders Schizocosa ocreata and S. rovneri, ethospecies reproductively isolated on the basis of differences in behavioral mechanisms during courtship. We explored whether male S. ocreata and S. rovneri reciprocally discriminate species-specific chemical or mechanical cues associated with female silk by using male behavioral response as an assay. Males were exposed to stimulus treatment categories including silk, washed silk, silk extract, and appropriate controls within conspecific or heterospecific female stimulus categories. Male S. ocreata and S. rovneri did not discriminate between conspecific or heterospecific female stimuli, and courtship intensity was greatest on untreated silk. There were no differences in latency to begin courtship or in rates of courtship behaviors attributed to species origin of silk. However, silk treatment (washed silk, extract) had a significant effect on display and exploratory behaviors (e.g., chemoexplore) in both species. Methanol extraction of female silk successfully removed or inactivated a component necessary to elicit active courtship, but extraction did not significantly reduce exploratory behavior, suggesting that a separate compound may be responsible for releasing this behavior. Together, these experiments support the characterization of S. ocreata and S. rovneri as ethospecies reproductively isolated only by female discrimination of species-specific male courtship, and indicate that chemical, but not mechanical cues associated with silk are critical for eliciting male courtship in both species. 相似文献
15.
Josué Sant'ana Rogério F. P. Da Silva Joseph C. Dickens 《Journal of chemical ecology》1999,25(8):1813-1826
Olfactory reception of 23 odorants, including plant volatiles and male-produced aggregation pheromone, by third and fifth instars of the spined soldier bug (SSB) Podisus maculiventris was investigated by using electroantennograms (EAGs). Both nymphal stages were sensitive to male-produced aggregation pheromone components (E)-2-hexenal, benzyl alcohol, and -terpineol. The plant volatile, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol (a chemical known to be released by plants in response to prey feeding over the short-term), elicited the largest EAGs of all volatiles tested. While third instars were sensitive to nonanal, only fifth instars responded to both nonanal and (±)-linalool, both compounds released systemically by plants in response to feeding by potential prey. Antennal extirpation experiments showed that sensilla responsive to hexan-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, and -terpineol are situated mainly on the terminal antennal segment. The results support the hypothesis that P. maculiventris nymphs use both plant volatiles and pheromone components in locating potential prey and other behaviors. 相似文献
16.
William E. Cooper Jr. Johannes H. Van Wyk P. Le F. N. Mouton 《Journal of chemical ecology》1999,25(1):197-208
Male and female Cordylus cordylus can discriminate between tiles labeled by their own pheromones and tiles labeled by individuals of the same sex, as shown by elevated tongue-flick rates in which the tongue contacts only air above the tiles labeled by other individuals and tongue-flicks in which the tongue contacts the tiles themselves. Potential pheromone sources for these discriminations are the femoral glands, cloacal glands, generation glands, ventral skin, and excretory products. Although studied in few species, pheromonal discriminations between self and other individuals, familiar and unfamiliar individuals, and kin and unrelated individuals appear to be broadly distributed in lizards, occurring in Iguania and in both Gekkonoidea and Scincomorpha within Scleroglossa. Both sexes of C. cordylus defend territories against both sexes. An ability to distinguish pheromones of other individuals of the same sex from self-produced pheromones would allow detection of intruders, but pheromonal discriminations among individuals would be more useful. Adaptive functions of pheromonal discriminations for residents and nonresidents and discriminatory abilities required are discussed. Tongue-flicks touching labeled tiles differed between experimental conditions, suggesting vomerolfactory discrimination, but the interpretation of a similar difference for tongue-flicks that contacted no substrate is problematical. Such air tongue-flicks might indicate sampling of volatile molecules for delivery to the vomeronasal organs. Experiments are needed to conclusively determine the sensory bases of the discriminations and the role of air tongue-flicks. 相似文献
17.
L. J. Wadhams M. M. Blight V. Kerguelen M. Le Métayer F. Marion-Poll C. Masson M. H. Pham-Delègue C. M. Woodcock 《Journal of chemical ecology》1994,20(12):3221-3231
A novel technique for the simultaneous monitoring of electroan-tennogram (EAG) and conditioned proboscis extension (CPE) responses of honey bees to the effluent from a gas chromatograph (GC) was developed to locate biologically active components in blends of plant volatiles and to investigate odor recognition at the peripheral and behavioral levels. A six-component mixture, comprising compounds previously identified as oilseed rape floral volatiles, was used as the stimulus. Standard CPE and EAG recordings were done as a reference. EAG responses were elicited from unconditioned bees by all the components presented either in the coupled or the standard mode. Conditioned bees gave larger EAG responses than unconditioned bees, suggesting that antennal sensitivity is enhanced by conditioning. At the behavioral level, in both the standard and the coupled modes, only conditioned bees showed the proboscis extension response, with the majority of individuals responding to linalool, 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol. 相似文献
18.
Behavioral responses (duration and frequencies of sniffing, scent marking activity) were studied in one captive group each ofL. fulvus andL. macaco when confronted with their own and other species' scent marks. Both species showed less interest in neutral objects or objects carrying their own group's odor than odors from an unfamiliar group of the same species or from another lemur species. The persistence of scent marks was also investigated.L. fulvus scent appeared to possess greater longevity thanL. macaco scent. Olfactory long-term memory was analyzed inL. fulvus. The results showed that familiar rejected group members could be discriminated from an unfamiliar conspecific through odor cues 10 months after their eviction from the group. 相似文献
19.
Many snakes discharge malodorous fluids from paired scent glands in the base of the tail when they are disturbed. A number of authors suggest that these secretions repel predators. Scent gland secretions of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), or dichloromethane extracts of them, were presented to coyotes (Canis latrans) in three field tests, and to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in two kennel tests, to determine whether responses of possible benefit to snakes are elicited. Free-ranging coyotes visited and rubbed and rolled at stations containing scent gland secretions in perforated plastic capsules more frequently than at those containing untreated or dichloromethane-treated capsules. Responses to dichloromethane extracts of scent gland secretions subjected to rotary evaporation were not significantly different from those to dichloromethane. Pure and mixed breeds of dogs presented with filter papers treated with dichloromethane or a dichloromethane extract of scent gland secretions mouthed (licked, bit, or ate) secretion-treated papers more frequently. Staffordshire terriers presented with filter papers treated with dichloromethane or dichloromethane extracts of snake scent gland and alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) paracloacal gland secretions exhibited urination postures to snake secretion-treated papers more frequently than to dichloromethane-treated papers, but responses to snake- and alligator-treated papers did not differ significantly. There was no indication that canids are repelled by scent gland secretions. 相似文献
20.
MaleI. paraconfusus confined to artificial entrance tunnels in white fir logs produced the pheromone compounds ipsenol and ipsdienol in their hindguts. The hindguts were attractive to females in a laboratory olfactometer and the male infested logs were attractive in field bioassay. The amount of pheromones produced and the amount of feeding and boring activity is much less in white fir than in ponderosa pine. There were no pheromones detected in the hindguts of recently emerged, unfed males.Coleoptera; Scolytidae.Research supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, an NIH training grant, USDA/SEA Regional Research Project W-110, and the USDA Forest Service.From a thesis submitted by J.S. Elkinton in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the PhD degree, University of California, Berkeley, California, 1979. 相似文献