追氮对夏玉米淀粉含量及其糊化特性的影响

以郑单958为材料,研究玉米随追氮量增加玉米籽粒淀粉含量、淀粉相关酶活性及其淀粉糊化特性的影响,研究结果表明玉米籽粒淀粉及直链淀粉含量随追氮量的增加先升高后略有下降;腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDPG-PPase)及束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)的活性随追氮量的增加先升高后降低。可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)的活性随追氮量的增加先降低后升高;随追氮量的增加淀粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及崩解值先升高后降低,峰值时间以及糊化温度先降低后升高。     

鲜食糯玉米贮藏过程中淀粉含量及相关酶活性变化的研究

以垦糯1号为研究对象,测定不同贮藏温度(5、15、25℃)下鲜食糯玉米中可溶性总糖、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉的质量分数及淀粉相关酶活性在48 h贮藏期内的变化。结果表明,由于颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性和淀粉脱分支酶(DBE)活性随贮藏温度的升高贮藏时间的延长呈下降趋势,降低了对直链淀粉合成和积累的促进作用,而可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性随贮藏温度的升高贮藏时间的延长呈上升趋势,促进了支链淀粉的积累,且可溶性糖主要向支链淀粉转化,从而使鲜食糯玉米中支链淀粉质量分数和总淀粉质量分数升高;贮藏温度对鲜食糯玉米中淀粉质量分数变化影响显著,5℃条件下变化最缓慢,是鲜食玉米贮藏的理想温度。     

淀粉结构对浆料性能的影响

研究直链淀粉和支链淀粉比例对浆料性能的影响。以高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质(支链)玉米淀粉为原料,运用光学显微镜、差示扫描量热仪研究了高直链玉米淀粉糊化所需要的条件;测试比较了不同比例的直链淀粉和支链淀粉混合浆液黏度、浆液黏附性能、浆膜性能等指标。结果表明:高直链玉米淀粉在130℃下糊化15min才能完全糊化;随着直链淀粉含量的增加,浆液的黏度下降,黏度热稳定性提高;浆膜的断裂强度、断裂伸长、耐屈曲性及磨耗增加,但对棉、涤棉粗纱的黏附力降低。认为浆料中直链淀粉和支链淀粉比例对其上浆性能有明显影响。     

糙米发芽前后营养成分的变化及其对发芽糙米糊化特性的影响

选用24个糙米品种为原料制备发芽糙米,研究发芽过程中主要营养成分的变化,以及营养成分变化对发芽糙米糊化特性的影响。结果表明,糙米发芽后,总淀粉含量极显著下降(P0.01),可溶性蛋白、纤维素和γ-氨基丁酸的含量极显著上升(P0.01),直链淀粉、总蛋白和粗脂肪含量变化不显著(P0.05)。发芽糙米峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度和回生值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉呈极显著的负相关(P0.01);峰值时间也与直链淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与支链淀粉、支链淀粉/直链淀粉呈显著负相关(P0.05)。此外,发芽糙米峰值黏度与总蛋白含量呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),最低黏度、最终黏度和回生值也与总蛋白的含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

实验室模拟越夏贮藏条件对玉米籽粒中淀粉及淀粉酶活性的影响

选用2013年收获的"农大709"玉米籽粒,将其分别贮藏于室温和恒温恒湿培养箱(35℃,RH75%)中,并测定玉米籽粒淀粉酶活性、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的变化,分析了高温高湿(35℃,RH75%)条件下淀粉酶与可溶性糖代谢之间的关系。试验结果表明:常温条件下总淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶活性在贮藏初期仍继续上升,而后不再发生显著变化;除蔗糖含量降低外,总淀粉和直链淀粉以及果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖均无显著变化。高温高湿贮藏条件下,总淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶活性均显著下降;玉米总淀粉含量无明显变化而直链淀粉含量上升;葡萄糖和果糖变化一致,均先上升后下降;而麦芽糖和蔗糖含量均为先下降后上升。     

支链聚合度对菠萝蜜种子淀粉凝胶化特性的影响

采用5种菠萝蜜种子淀粉(jackfruit seed starch,JFSS)分离直链淀粉和支链淀粉,马来西亚1号(M1)直链淀粉分别和M1、马来西亚5号(M5)、马来西亚6号(M6)、马来西亚11号(M11)、本地品种(BD)的支链淀粉进行1:1的混合,制备具有不同支链聚合度的凝胶化JFSS(gelatinized JFSS,GJFSS:M1'、M5'、M6'、M11'和BD')。以颗粒形貌、冻融稳定性、热力学性质、糊化特性和短程分子有序度为考察指标,研究不同支链聚合度对JFSS凝胶化过程的影响。结果表明,BD的支链聚合度最高,其次是M11、M6、M5、M1的支链聚合度最低。5种GJFSS样品的微观结构明显从致密(M1')变到疏松(BD')。冻融稳定性结果与微观结构结果一致,高脱水收缩形成致密结构(M1'),低脱水收缩形成松散结构(BD')。随着支链聚合度的增加,凝胶化焓、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值和吸光度比降低,但转变温度和糊化温度升高。热力学性质、糊化特性和短程分子序列与微观结构和脱水收缩结果一致,支链聚合度是影响淀粉凝胶化特性的重要结构因素。     

高温高湿贮藏对玉米淀粉合成关键酶的影响

选用2013年收获的"农大709"玉米籽粒,根据吉林省夏季平均气温与相对湿度设定玉米的贮藏条件,将玉米籽粒分别贮藏于室温和恒温恒湿培养箱(35℃,75%)中,并测定分析了不同贮藏时间玉米籽粒可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚性淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)以及淀粉脱支酶(DBE)活性的变化,进而分析玉米在不同贮藏条件下淀粉品质的变化。试验结果表明:常温条件下,只有SBE在贮藏第30天时有显著的下降(P0.05),其余3种淀粉关键酶(SSS、GBSS、DBE)活性均没有发生显著变化(P0.05)。高温高湿贮藏条件下,SSS、SBE、DBE酶活性均呈极显著下降(P0.01),且分别下降了42.1%、39.5%和33.7%。而GBSS酶活性则呈先上升后下降的趋势(P0.01),较常温贮藏,GBSS酶活性总体呈上升趋势。     

Wx基因对小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

为研究Wx基因的缺失对小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,本试验以8个Wx小麦近等基因系为材料,在灌浆期的10、20、30和40 d取籽粒对ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性进行了测定。结果表明:野生型的AGPase、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性在花后所有时期均最高(GBSS花后40 d除外,处于中间水平),而WxABD型4种淀粉合成相关酶活性几乎在整个灌浆期均低于其余基因型,尤其是WxABD型的GBSS活性尽管也呈现先升高后降低、20 d左右达到高峰的趋势,但其升高或降低的幅度很小,其活性相对较为稳定。研究证明小麦Wx基因缺失对淀粉合成关键酶活性影响较大,依次为Wx-D1Wx-A1WxB1;淀粉合成关键酶活性在花后逐渐增加,以花后20 d最大,此后逐渐降低,到40 d达最低值;WxABD型缺失所有Wx基因,淀粉合成酶活性在花后各时期最低,其中GBSS活性远低于其余基因型且在花后各时期变化较小。     

pH值对普鲁兰多糖发酵的影响及其机理分析

探究不同pH值条件对出芽短梗霉CGMCCNO.7055合成普鲁兰多糖的影响。同时通过测定合成普鲁兰多糖的前体尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖(uridine diphosphate glucose,UDPG)含量及其相关酶磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(phosphoglucomutase,PGM)和UDPG焦磷酸化酶(Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase,UGPase)活性来分析普鲁兰多糖合成机理。结果发现一种双阶段调控pH值的方法,即第一阶段,发酵开始后24 h(OD6200.5)控制初始pH 6.0;第二阶段,发酵24 h后(OD6200.5)调控pH值到5.0并维持恒定,此阶段磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和UDPG焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)活性最高。采用该方法使普鲁兰多糖产量达到(92.5±2.41)g/L,生物量达到(13.87±0.89)g/L,经相关性检验发现该发酵条件下普鲁兰多糖产量与尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖含量呈显著负相关关系。     

关于在甜菜块根个体的发育中尿甙二磷酸葡萄糖—焦磷酸解(作用)的研究

本文研究了尿甙二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸解(作用)在甜菜块根个体发育中,以及在保藏的块根中和栽植的块根中的活性。研究表明,在生长的第一年,尿甙二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸解的活性值与生长着的块根的构造有密切关系。在甜菜个体发育中酶的活性增高同块根重量及根     

Characterization of High-amylose Type Endosperm Starches of Rice Plants Cultivated in Asia

Starch granules were prepared from 14 indica rice grains which were collected from various places of Asia and had the amylose content of 28% and over by a blue value method. The starches were high- and medium-amylose types by the enzymatic and chromatographic method. However, none of them belonged to the type of high amylose mutants which were induced by the chemical mutagen treatment of a japonica rice cultivar: Kinmaze and possessed similar characteristics of endosperm starch to that of the amylose-extender (ae) mutant of maize (Zea mays L.).     

Changes in Some Properties of Starch Granules of Maize Having Amylose-extender Gene by Amylase Attack

Properties of residual starch by glucoamylase attack were investigated in starch granules of maize (Zea mays L.) of amylose-extender (ae) type (commercial “High Amylose-7”; HA-7). As increasing extent of hydrolysis, the amylose and amylopectin fractions decreased and low-molecular-weight materials were accumulated. Decrease in absorption intensity and sift to a range of shorter wavelength in γmax. of absorption spectra of iodine-starch complexes were observed. The minified fractions had a peak of about 22 average glucose-units and were nearly linear chains. It was suggested that the minified materials consisted of portion resisted to amylases in starch granules according to hydrolysis curves by glucoamylase. The fractions concerned to crystalline area of ae starch were suggested from X-ray diffraction patterns.     

Optimising process for making pasta from maize in admixture with durum wheat

Processing conditions for making pasta from blends of maize (Zea mays L) flour and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) semolina (ratio 66:33 w) were studied. The maize mill stream characteristics determined the quality of the maize pasta; flours with low lipid content and very fine granulometry produced pasta with good colour characteristics and high cooking quality (with especially good surface conditions). The use of white maize varieties was preferred; they produced pasta which, after heat treatment, had colour indices close to those of durum wheat pasta. Extrusion conditions affected the colour characteristics and cooking quality of the pasta. The cooking qualities of macaroni products were better than those of spaghetti. In all cases, heat treatment (90°C for 2 h) improved the cooking quality of the pasta: it reduced cooking losses but did not alter the surface condition and viscoelasticity index.     

Comparative Studies on Some Physico-chemical, Thermal, Morphological, and Pasting Properties of Acid-thinned Jicama and Maize Starches

Comparative studies on acid hydrolysis of jicama and maize starch were carried out using concentrations of hydrochloric acid of 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% (w/v), for 3 and 6 h, at 40°C. Native maize and jicama starches showed important morphological, thermal, and structural differences from those of tubers and cereals which potentially offer diverse industrial applications. Jicama starch showed low amylose content (12%) and small size of starch granules. Due to these characteristics, jicama starch was more susceptible to degradation during hydrolysis process than maize starch. Under the experimental conditions employed, the acid degradation was not particularly severe, as shown by scanning electronic microscopy analysis which showed small degraded zones and similar X-ray patterns in both starches. However, jicama starch was more susceptible to acid hydrolysis than maize starch, as revealed by the considerable increase in water solubility index, damaged starch, and crystallinity values. Also, the higher susceptibility of jicama starch than maize starch to the hydrolysis conditions was reflected in the sugar content release during hydrolysis. The relative crystallinity of hydrolyzed maize starches decreased during hydrolysis, while those of hydrolyzed jicama starches increased attributable to the lower amylose content of jicama starch in relation to maize starch. Maize and jicama hydrolyzed starches showed low viscosity values with relation to their native starch counterparts. However, native jicama starch showed lower viscosity values than maize starch, suggesting a lower internal stability of the starch granules during hydrolysis. Both native and hydrolyzed maize starches showed higher enthalpy, T _o, T _p, and T _c values than jicama starch and the broadening of the endotherms decreased during the hydrolysis of both starches.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Hypochlorite Oxidized Starches

Egyptian rice and maize starches were treated with sodium hypochlorite at different concentrations. The oxidized starches so obtained were monitored for carboxyl content and rheological properties. In addition, the extent and rate of the oxidation reaction was assessed by investigating the chlorine consumption. Results indicated that the extent and rate of oxidation of rice starch, expressed as chlorine consumption, are much higher than those of maize starch. The opposite holds true for the carboxyl content. Pastes of rice and maize starches before and after oxidation exhibit non-Newtonian thixotropic behaviour but their apparent viscosity decreases by increasing the hypochlorite concentration. At any event, however, the apparent viscosity of rice starch is substantially higher than that of maize starch. Storing the pastes for 24 h adversely affect the apparent viscosity particularly with oxidized starches prepared using higher hypochlorite concentrations.     

Isolation and Molecular Composition of Starch from Roots of Medicago sativa L.

The concentration and molecular composition of starch from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) taproots were determined using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extraction and gel permeation chromatography. Three 24-h extractions with 90% (v/v) DMSO were required to solubilize an average of 97% of the starch from freeze-dried root tissues. Amylopectin comprised approximately 80% of starch isolated from alfalfa roots. The relative proportions of amylose and amylopectin were similar among three diverse alfalfa germplasms and one cultivar even through starch concentrations ranged from 20 to 410 g kg⁻¹ dry weight. Elution profiles of debranched starches from alfalfa taproots contained two pools of low molecular weight chains with degrees of polymerization similar to debranched starches from maize (Zea mays L.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The molecular composition of starches from these alfalfa germplasms was similar to that commonly observed for most starches from cereals and tubers.     

多酚对莲藕淀粉和玉米淀粉理化和消化特性的影响

为探究多酚对莲藕淀粉和玉米淀粉性质的影响,将莲藕淀粉、玉米淀粉分别与藕节汁、儿茶素以及没食子儿茶素混合制备了淀粉多酚复合物。通过X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、快速黏度分析仪（RVA）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）对复合物的物理化学性质进行了表征,同时使用体外消化模型评估了消化率。结果显示,莲藕淀粉和玉米淀粉对儿茶素的吸附量为4.22 mg/g和3.79 mg/g。多酚降低了淀粉的整体黏度,其中,儿茶素对玉米淀粉的峰值黏度影响最为显著,降低了14.61 %,且显著提高玉米淀粉颗粒的稳定性。FT-IR、XRD结果表明,在两种淀粉的老化过程中,藕节汁多酚可以显著降低其结晶度,并抑制两种淀粉的回生。莲藕淀粉和玉米淀粉的水解率均低于其淀粉-多酚复合物的水解率,其中儿茶素使莲藕淀粉的抗性淀粉含量增加了5.6%,藕节汁多酚使玉米淀粉的抗性淀粉含量增加了7.7%。     

The Starch of Pueraria tuberosa — Comparison with Maize Starch

Pueraria tuberosa starch was isolated from the tuber and purified. Scanning electron microscopy of the starch showed polygonal shaped granules which were almost of the same particle size as those of maize starch. P. tuberosa starch has lower amylose content, almost same gelatinization temperature range and water binding capacity, more swelling and solubility compared to maize starch. Paste viscosity characteristics show high peak viscosity but also indicate fragile nature of granules in comparison to maize starch.     

Isolation and Physico-chemical Properties of Enset Starch

Enset starch (Ensete ventricosum, Musaceae) has been examined for its chemical composition, amylose content and physico-chemical properties. The proximate composition of the starch on dry weight basis was found to be 0.16% ash, 0.25% fat, 0.35% protein, and 99.24% starch. The amylose content was 29%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of enset starch granules showed characteristic morphology that was somewhat angular and elliptical. The starch has normal granule size distribution with a mean particle size of 46μm. It exhibits typical X-ray diffraction pattern of B-type with a distinctive maximum peak at around 17° 2θ Its moisture sorption pattern was similar to that of potato starch but much higher than maize starch. DSC parameters obtained from starch-water mixtures (1:2), namely, the enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH: 21.6mJmg⁻¹), the onset temperature (T₀: 61.8°C), the peak temperature (T_p: 65.2°C) and the endset temperature (T_e: 71.7°C) were higher than those obtained for potato starch. Brabender viscosity curves of 6% starch paste showed lower peak viscosity (884 BU) than potato starch (1668 BU) but greater than maize starch (302 BU). The breakdown was also lower than potato starch but higher than maize starch. Retrogradation of enset starch was substantially greater than potato starch but less than maize starch.