氯铝酸离子液体催化异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应

合成含有不同阴离子和阳离子的AlCla／Et3NHCl类离子液体,通过加入过渡金属氯化物对2AlCl3／Et3NHCl进行改性。用快速原子轰击质谱仪考察了这些离子液体的阴离子结构,并在高压釜中考察了不同离子液体对异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应的催化能力。结果表明,氯铝酸类离子液体中的阴离子Al2Cl7^-是影响烷基化反应催化活性的主要原因;不同AlCla／Et3NHCl摩尔比能够改变离子液体的酸强度,并影响烷基化的选择性。加入CuCl2的2AlCl3／Et3NHCl产生了新的阴离子,使烷基化油中C8含量明显提高。改性后的2AlCl3／Et3NHCl离子液体是异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应的良好催化剂。     

添加剂对氯铝酸离子液体催化异丁烯齐聚反应的影响

含有AlCl4-和/或Al2Cl7-阴离子的氯铝酸离子液体对异丁烯齐聚反应有很强的催化活性,但反应的选择性较差。改变离子液体本身的阴、阳离子种类不能提高反应的选择性。在氯铝酸离子液体中引入Cu+进行改性,改性后离子液体的阴离子具有双金属的配位中心,能够有效抑制齐聚过程中裂化等副反应的发生,改善目标产物的选择性。当氯化亚铜与氯铝酸离子液体的物质的量比为0.1时,液相产物中二聚物和三聚物的含量达到60%以上。     

醚基复合氯铝酸离子液体催化异丁烷烷基化

制备了4种醚基离子液体(1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐[MOEMIM]Cl、1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[MOEMIM]Br、N,N,N-三甲基-N-甲氧基乙基溴化铵[N_(111,1O_2)]Br和N,N,N-三乙基-N-甲氧基乙基溴化铵[N_(222,1O_2)]Br),作为三乙胺盐酸盐氯铝酸离子液体的助剂催化异丁烷烷基化反应,考察了4种醚基离子液体及其添加量对氯铝酸离子液体催化烷基化的影响.结果表明,在反应温度25℃、进料速率500 mL/h、酸烃体积比20:60、添加6%(w)[MOEMIM]Cl的条件下,C8选择性由47.7%提高至63.6%,辛烷值(RON)由83.5提高至93.2.优化后的醚基复合氯铝酸离子液体催化剂至少循环20次活性不降低,显示了较好的催化性能.醚基离子液体助剂对烷基化性能的提高可归功于提高异丁烷溶解度、抑制酸度降低和提高界面性能.     

氯铝酸盐离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯

合成[Me3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3、[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3、[Bmim]Cl-2.0AlCl3以及[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3氯铝酸盐离子液体,对[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3和[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3两种离子液体进行系列改性,并考察氯铝酸盐离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷的烷基化反应,反应合成对叔丁基甲苯的催化性能。结果表明,未经改性的氯铝酸离子液体催化烷基化反应,对位产物选择性均较低,经FeCl3、CuCl以及CH3NO2改性的[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3离子液体对叔丁基甲苯选择性显著提高,而[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3离子液体经CuCl改性后的对叔丁基甲苯选择性则提高到85%以上。采用乙腈、吡啶为探针的红外光谱对离子液体酸性表征的结果表明,改性后离子液体的L酸和B酸均有所降低,其中B酸是影响对叔丁基甲苯选择性的主要因素,并对离子液体酸性催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯的作用机制进行分析。     

醚基功能化离子液体合成及催化烷基化反应

合成了一系列酸性的醚基功能化离子液体,对其进行了表征和测定。通过乙腈探针红外光谱法确定了最强酸性的催化剂,并将其用于催化异丁烷与2-丁烯的烷基化反应。结果表明:1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴氯铝酸离子液体([MOEMIM]Br/AlCl₃)在AlCl₃摩尔比为0.75时酸性最强,催化烷基化反应效果最佳;在反应温度35℃,异丁烷与2-丁烯体积比10:1的反应条件下催化烷基化反应,可得到C₈选择性66.6%的烷基化油;其催化效果远优于非醚基功能化氯铝酸离子液体的催化效果;该催化剂可循环利用。     

离子液体催化异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应的研究进展

简要介绍了用于异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应的传统烷基化催化剂和固体酸催化剂的优缺点。阐述了离子液体的性质及其催化异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应的可能。综述了用于异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应的氯铝酸离子液体,包括常规氯铝酸离子液体催化剂、改性的氯铝酸离子液体催化剂和复合离子液体催化剂。同时指出了这些催化剂存在的问题。着重强调了非氯铝酸离子液体在催化异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应中的优势特点及其最新研究进展。     

液体酸耦合体系催化C4烷基化研究进展

综述了近十年来液体酸耦合体系催化C₄烃烷基化反应的最新进展,包括液体超强酸、有机酸-杂多酸、离子液体-酸耦合体系,对比了不同催化体系催化C₄烃烷基化反应过程中的烯烃转化率、三甲基戊烷的选择性和烷基化汽油的研究法辛烷值,总结了不同催化体系的优缺点。重点论述了离子液体-酸耦合体系催化剂中组成离子液体的阴阳离子以及耦合酸类型对C₄烃烷基化反应的影响：有机胺类离子液体较咪唑类有着更为优异的烷基化效果,阴离子和改性离子液体通过形成特定的结构来维持反应体系的酸强度、减少副反应,从而延长催化剂的使用寿命,耦合酸为反应提供酸性位点并与离子液体协同催化。离子液体-酸耦合催化体系具有酸耗低、稳定性好、不易失活且可循环使用等优点,是C₄烷基化催化剂未来的发展方向之一。     

亚硫酸盐强制氧化传递与化学反应动力学

在湿法烟气脱硫的过程中,吸收塔底部发生的反应主要是亚硫酸钙和空气或氧气之间的气液传递与化学反应过程,根据双膜理论模型,分析了该反应的吸收机理,用一种图像边界识别的方法分析亚硫酸盐强制氧化气液反应.在没有催化剂或固定钴离子催化剂浓度时,SO^2-₃存在临界浓度0.328 mol•L^-1.当SO^2-₃的浓度低于0.328 mol•L^-1时,过程为双膜控制,SO^2-₃的反应级数为1;当SO^2-₃的浓度大于0.328 mol•L^-1时,过程逐渐变为气膜控制,SO^2-₃反应级数为0.当固定SO^2-₃浓度时,催化剂钴离子的反应级数则受到气液传质的影响,分为几个阶段,且反应级数不同.     

PVA/SA复合水凝胶溶胀及无机三氮离子传递性能

以聚乙烯醇（PVA）、海藻酸钠（SA）、活性炭、硼酸和氯化钙为原料,制备复合水凝胶微生物固定化载体材料,分析了离子在水凝胶膜中的扩散渗透机理,采用池膜法测定水凝胶的NH⁺₄、NO^-₂、NO^-₃离子扩散性能。结果表明,在PVA、SA、活性炭含量分别为4％、2.0%及0.2%时,以5%的氯化钙的饱和硼酸溶液为交联剂,交联时间15 min的条件下制备的固定化脱氮微生物载体传递性能最佳。复合水凝胶平衡溶胀度、扩散系数随PVA浓度升高而增大,随SA浓度升高溶胀度降低,离子扩散系数起初随SA浓度升高而升高,随后出现拐点。3种无机氮离子在水凝胶中的传递速率依次为NH⁺₄>NO^-₂>NO^-₃,遵从离子有效截面积小,传递速率大的规律。改变水凝胶制备条件、原料配比对NO^-₂、NH⁺₄的渗透系数影响较大,而对NO^-₃影响较小。     

氯铝酸盐离子液体催化苯与2-氯丙烷烷基化制异丙苯

以2-氯丙烷为烷基化剂,在[Et3NH]Cl-2AlCl3离子液体作用下催化合成异丙苯. 考察了苯/2-氯丙烷摩尔比、离子液体加入量和反应温度对烷基化反应的影响,同时考察了离子液体的重复使用性. 结果表明,苯/2-氯丙烷摩尔比3.3、离子液体加入量为苯质量的10%、反应温度55℃的条件下,苯转化率为29.38%,异丙苯选择性为90.60%,离子液体循环使用5次,苯转化率和异丙苯选择性未明显下降. 该反应遵循Lewis酸催化机理.     

新型多磺酸基离子液体催化对甲酚与叔丁醇的烷基化反应

The alkylation of p-cresol with tert-butanol(TBA)to 2-tert-butyl-p-cresol(TBC)catalyzed by a novel multiple-SO3H functioned ionic liquid(IL1)was investigated.Meanwhile,the catalytic activity of this novel ionic liquid was compared with other four traditional ionic liquids.The results showed that IL1 has superior catalytic activity to other four traditional ionic liquids with the conversion of 85.3%and selectivity of 95.2%.Also,the reaction conditions were investigated to obtain the optimum conditions.Operational simplicity,small amount of usage,high activity,reusability and selectivity are the key features of this methodology.     

Catalytic performance of sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids on preparation of biodiesel

通过1-烯丙基咪唑与1,4-丁基磺酸内酯反应制备的两性离子分别与硫酸、三氟甲基磺酸、磷钨酸、磷钼酸和硅钨酸直接反应制备了5种磺酸功能化离子液体。采用¹H NMR、FTIR、TG/DTA等技术手段对其结构及热稳定性进行了表征。最后通过催化油酸与甲醇酯化反应制生物柴油过程对催化剂的催化活性和重复使用性进行了评价。结果表明,5种离子液体均具有高催化活性（高于浓硫酸）,并且重复使用4次后,催化活性基本保持不变。3种杂多酸离子液体不溶于产物,以固态形式与产物混合,为其回收和重复利用提供了有利条件。     

Diphenylmethane synthesis using ionic liquids as lewis acid catalyst

Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with benzyl chloride was studied by using organochloroaluminate ionic liquids as Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction was performed in the temperature range of 40 to 70 oC at benzene/ benzyl chloride=17, where selectivity to diphenylmethane was high. The optimum AlCl3/BMIC ratio of the ionic liquid for the benzylation reaction was 2. Superior performance was obtained with butyl group constituting the cationic species of the ionic liquid. Stirring speed had a major impact on catalytic activity of the BMIC-AlCl3 ionic liquid; benzyl chloride conversion decreased substantially from 98 to 68% as stirring speed was reduced from 900 to 500 rpm, and eventually no reaction took place at 200 rpm. BMIC-AlCl3 ionic liquid was more active than Fe-MCM-41 at the expense of a small drop in selectivity but still higher than 96% selectivity was obtained. The ionic liquid could be easily recovered after phase separation. The performance of BMIC-AlCl₃ ionic liquid was maintained after the second run with 97.4% conversion and 95.6% selectivity, but a sudden drop in activity was observed after the third run with only 26.8% conversion.     

SiO_2固载磺酸功能化离子液体的制备及其催化合成4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷

采用3种方法成功制备了固载型磺酸功能化离子液体,对其催化苯胺与甲醛缩合制备4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(4,4′-MDA)的反应性能进行了评价,并考察了其重复使用性能。结果表明,固载型磺酸功能化离子液体的催化效果与其固载量正相关,Si O2@[HSO3-ppim]CF3SO3-Ⅰ的固载量最高,催化效果最好。以Si O2@[HSO3-ppim]CF3SO3-Ⅰ为催化剂,4,4′-MDA合成反应适宜的反应条件为:w(cat.)/w(HCHO)=1.5,n(AN)/n(HCHO)=4,反应时间7 h,反应温度80℃。在此条件下,4,4′-MDA的收率和选择性分别为74.9%和94.5%。通过酸碱滴定法测定酸量和红外谱图分析发现,苯胺与离子液体的酸中心发生化学作用导致回收催化剂活性下降。利用CF3SO3H对回收催化剂进行酸化处理,其活性得以恢复,重复使用4次,催化活性没有明显降低。     

离子液体催化苯与苄氯的烷基化合成二苯甲烷

考察了离子液体催化Friedel-Crafts苄基化制备二苯甲烷,同时考察了AlCl3的摩尔分数、离子液体用量及不同离子液体等因素对苯与苄氯烷基化反应的影响。实验结果表明,离子液体的催化活性与其酸强度密切相关,酸性条件下离子液体才显示催化活性。AlCl3摩尔分数为66.7%,催化剂(离子液体)用量3.3g、反应温度80℃及常压反应条件下,1-丁基-3-甲基氯咪唑,N-丁基氯吡啶与AlCl3形成的离子液体具有较高的二苯甲烷选择性,分别为97.4%和92.1%。离子液体催化剂重复使用4次后,活性基本没有降低。     

离子液体催化苯与环己烯的烷基化合成环己基苯

为了提高苯和环己烯烷基化反应的收率,先考察了不同离子液体对反应的影响,确定以盐酸三乙胺与ZnC l2形成的离子液体为催化剂活性最高,然后考察了它的用量、苯和环己烯的摩尔比、反应时间、原料中的水含量等因素对苯与环己烯烷基化反应的影响。实验结果表明,离子液体的催化活性与其酸强度密切相关,只有在酸性条件下离子液体对苯与环己烯的烷基化反应才有催化活性。在催化剂用量x(离子液体)=4%,n(苯)/n(环己烯)=15、反应温度为80℃及常压反应条件下,环己烯的转化率达100%,环己基苯的选择性可达到89.63%。离子液体催化剂可重复使用,活性基本没有降低。     

[bmim]Cl／FeCl3离子液体催化苯与乙烯烷基化反应的新型机理

Up to now the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts reactions catalyzed by ionic liquid have not been fully understood, while carbocation mechanism was assumed. It was found that the source of H and the route of reaction initiated the alkylation of benzene with ethylene catalyzed by [bmim]Cl/FeCl3 ionic liquid. The fact that dewatered ionic liquids have catalytic activity for the alkylation of benzene with ethylene suggests that there exists a new catalytic route. The distinctly Bronsted acid properties of 2-H in [bmim]Cl were found through FT-IR and HNMR analysis of [bmim]Cl after titration with water free KOH in alcohol solution. In addition, the chemical shifts of proton on the [bmim]Cl ring, especially 2-H, are sensitive to the change of FeCl3 content and shifted downfield when FeCl3 was added into [bmim]Cl to form ionic liquid. Thus 2-H was easy to be disengaged from imidazolium ring with formation of H^ to initiate the reaction. The isotope-substituted method was employed to prove this mechanism, through the GC-MS analysis of alkylation products of deuterated benzene with ethylene. The route of alkylation catalyzed by FeC13 ionic liquid was found to follow the carbocation mechanism, the resource of H was presented and proved using HNMR analysis of ionic liquid to inspect the intensity change of 2-H. It was found that the intensity of 2-H reduced 23% after reaction showing that the H arising from alkylation reaction was supplied by 2-H on the imidazole ring.     

Enhancement of activity and selectivity in lipase‐catalyzed transesterification in ionic liquids by the use of additives

BACKGROUND: Seven ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation in combination with hexafluorophosphate and bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide anions were tested as reaction media for lipase-catalyzed transesterification in low water conditions. With the aim of improving the activity and/or selectivity of the lipase, various treatments were applied to ionic liquid media such as equilibration with aqueous solutions of salts, NaHCO₃ or Na₂CO₃, or the addition of a catalytic amount of a non-reactive organic base to the reaction mixture, triethylamine. RESULTS: The treated ionic liquids were shown to be excellent media for lipase-catalyzed ester synthesis by transesterification compared with conventional organic solvents, such as n-hexane. All treatments were found to enhance the synthetic activity of the enzyme, the best results being achieved with the addition of triethylamine. The addition of a catalytic amount of this base to the ILs resulted in a significant increase in both the synthetic activity and selectivity values. For instance, the synthetic activity in [emim⁺][TfN₂⁻] was enhanced more than 12 times and the selectivity increased from 86% to 95% when triethylamine was used. CONCLUSION: These treatments could be easy-to-use approaches to improve the efficiency of enzymatic reactions in ionic liquids when the reaction does not proceed smoothly. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry