Production of L-erythrose via L-erythrulose from erythritol using microbial and enzymatic reactions

A rare aldotetrose, L-erythrose, was produced from erythritol via a two-step reaction. In the first step, complete oxidation of erythritol to L-erythrulose was achieved by using Gluconobacter frateurii IFO 3254. Washed cell suspension of the strain grown on tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% d-sorbitol was used to carry out the transformation reaction at 30 degrees C with shaking at 170 rpm. At 10% substrate concentration, 98% erythritol was converted to L-erythrulose within 48 h. The produced L-erythrulose was then used as a substrate for the production of L-erythrose. The isomerization of L-erythrulose to L-erythrose was carried out using constitutively produced L-ribose isomerase (l-RI) from the mutant strain Acinetobacter sp. DL-28 grown on D-lyxose mineral salt medium. At equilibrium, the yield of L-erythrose from L-erythrulose was 18% and finally 1.7 g L-erythrose was obtained from 10 g erythritol. After a number of simple purification steps, the product was isolated from the reaction mixture by ion-exchange column chromatography (Dowex 50W-X2, Ca2+). The structure of the product was determined after NaBH4 reduction from Infrared (IR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra.     

耐高渗酵母产赤藓糖醇的影响因素

球拟酵母OS-194是一株单产赤藓糖醇的耐高渗酵母,该菌株高产赤藓糖醇的最佳培养基配方为葡萄糖10g/dL,酵母膏0.5g/dL,尿素0.1g/dL.最适培养条件是在摇瓶转速150r/min的条件下于35℃培养4d.在上述培养条件下,该菌株赤藓糖醇的耗糖转化率高达29.6%.磷是限制OS-194菌株高产赤藓糖醇的主要因素,当培养液中的磷质量浓度低于31.5mg/L时,赤藓糖醇的产量最高;随着磷质量浓度的升高,该菌株赤藓糖醇的产量降低,而酒精的产量和生物量却有明显升高.同时,OS-194菌株还能利用果糖、蔗糖和D-甘露糖产赤藓糖醇.     

Exopolysaccharide production by Pediococcus damnosus 2.6 in a semidefined medium under different growth conditions

Ropy Pediococcus damnosus (strain 2.6) was used for production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in a semidefined medium. From a kinetic point of view, an experiment conducted in SMD medium containing 30 g l(-1) glucose and 5 g l(-1) Bacto casamino acids (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI), without pH control, showed that EPS production took place mainly during the growth phase. The viscosity of the cultures developed in parallel to the EPS synthesis until 94 h of incubation; after 200 h of fermentation, viscosity decreased. The effect of glucose, Bacto casamino acid concentrations and temperature on growth and EPS production was determined by using a full factorial design. Within the domain of experimental conditions considered, the concentration of glucose and Bacto casamino acids has a significant effect on the production of exopolysaccharide. The incubation at 12 degrees C produced a prolonged lag phase and due to the lower growth yield, higher specific EPS production was found at this temperature. At 25 degrees C the EPS production was mainly enhanced by the increase in glucose concentration. The increase in nitrogen concentration from 5 to 15 g l(-1) did not yield greater EPS production. However, at 12 degrees C optimal EPS production was obtained when both higher glucose and nitrogen concentrations were used.     

产赤藓糖醇菌株的筛选与鉴定

利用含有300g/L 葡萄糖的高渗培养基从蜂蜜、花粉、土壤等样品中筛选耐高渗酵母菌,经薄层层析和高效液相色谱分析得到两株产赤藓糖醇且不产甘油的酵母菌,通过高碘酸氧化法筛选出其中赤藓糖醇产量较高的一株菌株E54。菌株E54 在含葡萄糖200g/L、酵母膏5g/L 的发酵培养基中发酵90h,赤藓糖醇产量为41.1g/L,转化率为22.8%。通过形态观察、生理生化实验、5.8S rDNA 序列分析并构建系统进化树,初步鉴定E54 为Moniliellaacetoabutans(丛梗孢酵母)。     

高产赤藓糖醇菌株RH-UV-L4-F9发酵条件的优化

以高产赤藓糖醇菌株RH-UV-L4-F9为研究对象,采用生物统计方法分别对该菌株的发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化。发酵培养基最佳配比为葡萄糖30%,酵母膏0.5%,脲1%,MgSO_4 0.05%;最适发酵条件为34℃,初始pH值6.0.摇床转数180r/min。最适条件下赤藓糖醇产量为157.4mg/mL。     

两阶段调控葡萄糖质量浓度强化赤藓糖醇发酵的研究

该研究在5 L发酵罐水平上研究了不同初始葡萄糖质量浓度对解脂耶氏酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica）JZ-204生长和发酵产赤藓糖醇的影响。结果表明,100 g/L初始葡萄糖质量浓度有利于菌体生长,高初始葡萄糖质量浓度（300 g/L和400 g/L）有利于赤藓糖醇合成。基于此,提出两阶段葡萄糖质量浓度调控策略,即0 h时以初始葡萄糖质量浓度为100 g/L,22 h后通过补加葡萄糖使总糖量达300 g/L进行发酵。结果表明,与分批发酵相比（100 g/L、200 g/L、300 g/L、400 g/L）,采用该调控策略,赤藓糖醇产量达到最高水平92.66 g/L,分别比分批发酵提高了1 347.81%、84.54%、14.66%、7.57%;生产强度达到最高的0.48 g/（L·h）,分别比分批发酵提高了300%、37.14%、29.73%、20.00%。该调控策略为赤藓糖醇的高效发酵合成提供参考。     

Torulopsis sp.ERY237产赤藓糖醇工艺条件的研究

以Torulopsis sp.ERY237作为出发菌株,考察了不同碳源、氮源、无机盐类以及温度等因素对菌种产赤藓糖醇的影响,建立和优化了赤藓糖醇摇瓶发酵培养基配方、发酵工艺条件,同时研究了发酵过程中菌体生物量、pH值、产物浓度的动态变化。结果表明,菌株的最适培养基配方为(g/L):葡萄糖300,玉米浆3.5,C_([Cu~(2+)])1.5,C_([Mn~(2+)])10;适宜的培养条件为初始pH值自然,温度30℃,装液量50 mL/500 mL,转速200 r/min,在此条件下培养132 h赤藓糖醇产量达87.8 g/L,是优化前产量的1.9倍,发酵时间缩短了12 h。     

Influence of nitrogen and carbon sources on the production of ochratoxin A by ochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus spp. isolated from grapes

This work studies the influence of nitrogen and carbon source on ochratoxin A production by three Aspergillus isolates A. ochraceus (Aso2), A. carbonarius (Ac25) and A. tubingensis (Bo66), all isolated from grapes. A basal medium (0.01 g/l FeSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g/l MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g/l Na2HPO4.2H2O, 1.0 g/l KCl) was prepared. This medium was supplemented with different nitrogen sources, both inorganic [(NH4)3PO(4), 0.3 g/l plus NH4NO3, 0.2 g/l] and organic (histidine, proline, arginine, phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine) at two concentrations (0.05 g/l or 0.3 g/l), and different carbon sources (sucrose, glucose, maltose, arabinose or fructose) at three concentrations (10 g/l, 50 g/l or 150 g/l). A medium with sucrose (18 g/l) and glucose (1 g/l) was also tested. After a 10-day incubation period at 25 degrees C the highest levels of OTA (44.0 ng/ml, 13.5 ng/ml and 0.49 ng/ml for A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. tubingensis, respectively) were obtained in the cultures containing 150 g/l of arabinose and 0.05 g/l of phenylalanine. Analysis of variance of the data showed that there were significant differences (p-value 0.05) among the OTA levels in the cultures with regard to carbon source and isolate. No significant differences were detected in OTA production regarding nitrogen source, although 0.05 g/l of phenylalanine generally favoured OTA production in the cultures of the three isolates. The dynamics of toxin production in the cultures of each isolate using the optimized basal medium supplemented with 0.05 g/l of phenylalanine and 150 g/l of arabinose for a period of 42 days at 25 degrees C was also studied. The maximum level of OTA was detected on the 3rd day of incubation in A. tubingensis cultures and on the 35th and 43(rd) days of incubation in A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius, respectively. This is the first study in which defined media have been used to assess the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on OTA production by isolates of OTA-producing species isolated from grapes and to analyse the dynamics of toxin production in these species in a defined culture medium. This optimized medium for OTA production is being used in current studies aimed at elucidating its biosynthetic pathway.     

Optimization of critical medium components using response surface methodology for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid production by Pseudomonas sp. M-18Q

The optimal flask-shaking batch fermentation medium for phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) production by Pseudomonas sp. M-18Q, a qscR chromosomal inactivated mutant of the strain M18 was studied using statistical experimental design and analysis. The Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was used to evaluate the effects of eight medium components on the production of PCA, which showed that glucose and soytone were the most significant ingredients (P<0.05). The steepest ascent experiment was adopted to determine the optimal region of the medium composition. The optimum composition of the fermentation medium for maximum PCA yield, as determined on the basis of a five-level two-factor central composite design (CCD), was obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The high correlation between the predicted and observed values indicated the validity of the model. A maximum PCA yield of 1240 mg/l was obtained at 17.81 g/l glucose and 11.47 g/l soytone, and the production was increased by 65.3% compared with that using the original medium, which was at 750 mg/l.     

无机盐渗透压对假丝酵母SK25.001发酵生产赤藓糖醇的影响

以假丝酵母SK25.001为生产菌,通过研究其发酵产赤藓糖醇的碳源、氮源、碳氮比以及NaCl、KCl对其发酵产赤藓糖醇的影响,来探索无机盐(NaCl,KCl)渗透压对赤藓糖醇发酵的影响。结果发现,葡萄糖、酵母粉分别是其最佳碳源和氮源,最佳碳氮比为20∶1,转化率达到了14.2%;向发酵培养基中添加不同浓度的KCl或NaCl后发现,菌体生长速度随着KCl或NaCl浓度增大而降低,在KCl浓度为0.4 mol/L或NaCl浓度为0.3 mol/L时赤藓糖醇产量达到最大,达到了18.4 g/L和17.4 g/L;将NaCl和KCl的浓度用渗透压表示发现赤藓糖醇的转化率随着渗透压的增大而升高,高渗透压抑制菌体的生长。     

丛梗孢酵母发酵产赤藓糖醇条件的优化

丛梗孢酵母BH010是从蜂蜜样品中分离得到的产赤藓糖醇菌株。该实验研究了发酵培养基及发酵条件对丛梗孢酵母赤藓糖醇产量的影响。单因素实验及正交实验的结果表明,最佳发酵培养基及发酵条件为:葡萄糖含量(质量浓度)35%、酵母膏含量(质量浓度)1%、CaCl2.2H2O(质量浓度)0.2%,初始pH6.0,接种量1%,30℃摇瓶培养9d。最终赤藓糖醇产量为110.61g/L发酵液,比普通发酵条件下提高85.56%。     

丛梗孢酵母产赤藓糖醇的诱变选育

利用微波-硫酸二乙酯复合诱变对产赤藓糖醇丛梗孢酵母E54进行处理,以高渗平板和摇瓶发酵为筛选方法,得到遗传稳定的诱变高产株EW29;再采用氮离子注入对EW29进行诱变处理,摇瓶发酵筛选得到诱变株EN59,其90h发酵液中赤藓糖醇产量达到55.13g/L,较EW29提高20.3%,较E54提高36.9%,遗传稳定性较好。对突变株EN59的发酵培养基进行了优化,在优化培养基葡萄糖250g/L、酵母膏5g/L、KH2PO4 0.3g/L、MnSO4 ·4H2O 0.04g/L、CuSO4 ·5H2O 0.03g/L,初始pH4的条件下,90h发酵液中赤藓糖醇平均产量达到69.00g/L以上。在优化培养基的基础上进行5L罐发酵放大实验,发酵126h赤藓糖醇产量达到71.14g/L。     

纳塔生产菌培养条件的研究

该文主要研究了纳塔生产菌的发酵生产条件的优化.纳塔是醋酸菌发酵生产的细菌纤维素,作为一种健康天然食品,被广泛应用于罐头、果冻等食品中.以纳塔为代表的细菌纤维素近几年越来越受到人们的重视,成为国内生物材料研究的热点.试验从样品发酵液中筛选出了纳塔生产菌,得到了优化的纳塔发酵培养基组成为:葡萄糖2％,蛋白胨1％,酵母膏0.5％,柠檬酸0.1％,磷酸氢二钠0.5％,纳塔的产量达到了9.9g/L.     

Effects of lactose and glucose on production of itaconic acid and lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542

Fermentation products of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 (a parent strain for lovastatin production) were collected, and the coexistence of itaconic acid (IA) with lovastatin was confirmed in this study. Using a lactose-based medium (LBM), lovastatin production was 873 mg/l on day 10, but IA production was only 22-28 mg/l during the cultures. When lactose in LBM was simply replaced with glucose, IA production was markedly enhanced by 20-fold (491 mg/l on day 5), which showed a growth-associated pattern. The findings indicated that the carbon source used (glucose or lactose) controlled the biosynthetic pathway. The net yield of lovastatin production when using lactose was calculated to be 25.1 mg/g (5.1-fold) in comparison with when using glucose in the cultures. Furthermore, lovastatin production was further increased by 9.2% when IA (0.5 g/l) was added to LBM. When IA was added at 5 g/l, the fermentation broth turned dark-brown, and lovastatin production was reduced by 18.0%. Hence, these two metabolites (IA and lovastatin) produced by the fungus might be related.     

酵母生物转化合成2-苯乙醇的培养条件优化

通过单因素试验和均匀设计试验对酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae CWY132生物转化合成2-苯乙醇的培养基组成及培养条件进行优化研究。优化后培养基组成及培养条件为:葡萄糖30.1g/L,KH2PO45g/L,L-苯丙氨酸5.8g/L,MgSO40.5g/L,酵母氮碱0.17g/L;最佳初始pH5~6,接种密度1.21×107/mL,最适培养温度28~30℃,200r/min振荡培养36h。优化后2-苯乙醇产量达到3.98g/L,比优化前的1.9g/L提高了109%。原料L-苯丙氨酸的摩尔转化率从最初的51.4%提高到了92.7%。     

Utilization of excess sludge by acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation employing Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564)

Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 could not grow or produce butanol in excess sludge medium. However, adding glucose to the excess sludge medium resulted in a specific growth rate and butanol productivity of 0.29 h(-1) and 0.55 g/l/h, respectively, and the final butanol production reached 9.3 g/l. Since the content of suspended solids in medium reduced to less than 50% of the initial content during acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, the sludge was quantitatively decreased by this fermentation employing this strain.     

γ-聚谷氨酸产生菌S004-50-01的筛选和优化培养

以纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto)S004为出发菌,经诱变选育后得到S004-50-01菌株,聚谷氨酸产量由原菌株的4.25 g/L提高到10.0 g/L,对谷氨酸的利用率由18.2%提高到42.83%。通过正交实验,获得该菌株的优化培养条件为:葡萄糖40 g/L,谷氨酸钠30 g/L,MgSO40.5 g/L,FeCl30.5 g/L,MnSO40.02 g/L,K2HPO43.0 g/L,经72 h发酵培养,聚谷氨酸的平均产量为13.6 g/L,谷氨酸的利用率为45.33%。     

Production of intracellular phytochemicals in Chlorella under heterotrophic conditions

A heterotrophic synchronous culture (HSC) of Chlorella regularis S-50, a strain with a high growth rate, and one for its mutant were established by alternately culturing for 6 h on medium containing glucose and for 3 h on medium without glucose. The changes in cellular components and respiratory activity during the course of cell cycling in the HSC were investigated. The synchronized daughter cells (small cells) produced by the HSC contained 2-3 times as much intracellular phytochemicals (carotenoids, chlorophyll, tocopherols, and others typical of green plants) as the glucose-metabolizing cells or the non-synchronous cell mass. To attain the HSC at high cell density, the effects of glucose and oxygen on growth rate, synchronous growth, and production of intracellular phytochemicals were revealed. During the increase in cell mass, when a glucose concentration of 0.5-10 g l(-1) in the culture fluid was maintained by glucose feeding, and the (Qo2)(max) in cells was kept constant by supplying oxygen, cell mass increased synchronously with a specific growth rate, mu, of over 0.2 h(-1). In the HSC, when the late glucose-metabolizing cells were aerated by supplying oxygen to maintain over a half of the (Qo2)(max) under glucose-deficient conditions, intracellular phytochemicals increased rapidly in parallel with cell division. On the basis of these results, the HSC system at high cell density was attained by a glucose-limited fed-batch culture that involves three controlled conditions; glucose concentration, glucose feeding time, and oxygen supply. The system maintained synchronous growth for more than three generations until the cell density reached about 90 g l(-1) with a mu of 0.2 h(-1). In the HSC system, synchronized daughter cells were obtained at a cell productivity of 84 g l(-1) (30 h)(-1). The cell yield for glucose was 0.45. A weight of 100 g of dry cells contained 710 mg carotenoids, 350 mg lutein, 50 mg alpha-carotene, 60 mg beta-carotene, 3.3 g chlorophylls, 23 mg tocopherols, and others, with 63 g of protein rich in essential amino acids. Industrial-scale HSC systems made it possible to steadily produce Chlorella, containing 10-50 times as much phytochemicals as green and yellow vegetables, regardless of the weather.     

Production of Single Cell Protein from Cassava Starch in Air-lift Fermenter by Cephalosporium eichhorniae

Batch and continuous cultivations were used to investigate the single cell protein (SCP) production by Cephalosporium eichhorniae 152 in an air-lift reactor. The fungus was grown in an 8L air-lift fermenter. The culture medium consisted of cassava as a sole-carbon source, (NH₄)₂SO₄ as a nitrogen source and KH₂PO₄ as a buffering agent. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 3.8 and was controlled during fermentation by using an automatic pH-controller via 0.5 N NaOH. In batch fermentation, 1% of cassava gave the highest yield of 0.4. The optimum condition for continuous fermentation was 1% cassava in feed medium at a dilution rate of 0.4 h^-1 (396 ml/h where 0.35 was the final yield. The productivity of continuous culture was found to be higher than that of the batch culture (0.135 g/l.h versus 0.04 g/lh).