Imaging of optical diffraction radiation in pre-wave zone and spatial resolution of non-invasive beam size diagnostics

A simple model to evaluate the imaging shape of an optical diffraction radiation (ODR) source focused by a lens on a detector, taking into account the pre-wave zone effect has been developed. The characteristic size of an ODR image does not depend on the Lorentz-factor and is defined by the impact-parameter (minimal distance between a particle trajectory and ODR target edge) only. Using the ODR intensity component polarized parallel to the target edge it is possible to significantly improve the spatial resolution of an ODR beam profile monitor.     

Focusing of transition radiation from a paraboloidal target

For the first time the focusing effect of coherent transition radiation generated in a paraboloidal target by electrons with energy of 6.1 MeV has been observed experimentally. A comparison of the angular distribution of detected radiation was made for flat and paraboloidal targets under focusing and defocusing conditions. Using paraboloidal targets one can considerably increase the spectral-angular density of the radiation in the paraboloidal focus without any additional optical devices.     

Model for X-ray Cherenkov radiation by MeV electrons at grazing incidence

A possible source of radiation in the X-ray range can be obtained by penetration of a dielectric slab by electrons with sufficient kinetic energy. We present a near-exact solution of Maxwell equations to obtain the intensity of Cherenkov (and transition) radiation from slabs thicker than the absorption length, the only approximation being that the observation angle of the radiation with respect to the electron axis is taken to be small. Contrary to earlier models our model accounts for all relativistic electron energies, dielectric constants and grazing incidence angles. Also scattering of the electrons is incorporated very accurately, including the effect of scattering on the electro-magnetic fields within the slab. We report significant differences with earlier calculation for radiation yields from e.g. Si. A new effect has been found for intermediate angles of incidence (around 45°). At these angles, the cone of Cherenkov radiation exhibits pronounced minima near the direction perpendicular to the plane of incidence. We present arguments based on the special characteristics of Cherenkov radiation why in that direction internal reflection of the radiation occurs at the medium-vacuum interface.     

First observation of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation in the highly relativistic regime

Coherent Smith-Purcell (SP) radiation has already been applied as a technique to measure the longitudinal bunch profile of charged particle beams in the low to intermediate energy range. However, with the advent of the International Linear Collider and the need to develop a non-invasive method of measuring the bunch profile, it has become necessary to carry out experiments at the highest possible energies. The paper summarizes some recent work at intermediate (45 MeV) energy and presents the first observations of SP radiation from a 28.5 GeV beam at SLAC. The experimental challenges and future possibilities of coherent Smith-Purcell radiation as a longitudinal bunch profile diagnostic tool are also discussed.     

The features of synchrotron radiation from a relativistic particle rotating inside a spherical cavity

We have studied the radiation from a relativistic charged particle in a uniform rotation along the equatorial orbit inside a spherical cavity immersed in continuous loss-free dielectric, the permittivity of which in the frequency range under consideration is ε > 1. A formula for calculation of radiation intensity at large distances from the cavity is derived. It is shown that with a special (resonant) choice of a non-dimensional parameter ξ the intensity of synchrotron radiation in the presence of a cavity may be either amplified or reduced almost by times compared with particle rotation in empty space. The resonance value of ξ is determined by the number of harmonics and is independent of other parameters. A visual explanation of this phenomenon is given and its possible application is discussed.     

Coherent X-radiation of relativistic electrons in a single crystal under asymmetric reflection conditions

Coherent X-radiation of a relativistic electron crossing a single crystal plate with constant speed is considered in the two-wave approximation of the dynamic diffraction theory [Z. Pinsker, Dynamical Scattering of X-rays in Crystals, Springer, Berlin, 1984] in a Laue geometry. Analytical expressions describing the spectral-angular distribution of parametric X-radiation (PXR) and diffracted transition radiation (DTR) formed on a system of parallel atomic planes situated at an arbitrary angle δ to the surface of the crystal plate (asymmetric reflection) are derived. The dependences of the PXR and DTR spectral-angular density and their interference with angle δ are studied.     

The Borrmann effect in parametric X-radiation under asymmetric reflection conditions

Parametric X-radiation (PXR) of a relativistic electron traversing a single crystal plate is considered in Laue geometry. The expressions describing spectral-angular distributions of PXR formed on the atomic planes situated under arbitrary angle δ to surface of the plate (asymmetric reflection) obtained on basis of two-wave approximation of dynamic diffraction theory are used for definition of the conditions of the most pronounced manifestation of the Borrmann effect (optimal value of angle δ) are clarified. This effect leads to considerable increase of the intensity of the quasi-monochromatic tuning source of coherent X-radiation built on basis of PXR.     

Resonant diffraction radiation from inclined gratings and bunch length measurements

A simple scheme for the measurement of sub-mm bunch lengths using coherent resonant diffraction radiation (CRDR) from a tilted grating is proposed. The CRDR spectral-angular characteristics have been calculated using an adapted Kirchhoff model, taking into account the pre-wave zone effect. It is shown that the latter leads to a distortion of the CRDR monochromaticity. Choosing the appropriate distance between grating and detector such that the pre-wave zone effect becomes negligible, it is possible to measure the CRDR yield in the sub-THz range by a broadband detector. While changing the grating inclination angle with respect to the beam axis, the CRDR line is shifted and it is possible to obtain information about the bunch length, measuring the signal ratio from two detectors located at fixed observation angles instead of complicated spectral measurements which rely on absolute values of the intensity.     

Local field effect in diffraction radiation from a periodical system of dielectric spheres

We present a theory of diffraction radiation from a two-dimensional system that consists of small spherical particles on a metal substrate. The interaction between a moving charge and single particles is described in the frames of local field theory. The local field effects are proved to lead to a sharp increase of the radiation intensity at certain frequencies, similar to the effect of giant Raman scattering. The case of nanoparticles is explored and it is shown that the possible enhancement of radiation can reach some thousands of times in the THz range. The Smith-Purcell effect is investigated for the case when the system of particles is periodically arranged.     

An analytic formalism for the emission of coherent transition radiation from an oblique finite thin metallic target screen

Long-wavelength coherent transition radiation is commonly used in electron beam diagnostics for the determination of bunch lengths. Typically the spectrum of coherent transition radiation for a short bunch accelerator is settled in the low or sub-THz regime. Hereby, we present a theoretical model based on physical optical techniques in order to calculate emission characteristics for transition radiation, for both the radiating near-field and the far-field. This approach yields analytic solutions for the emitted electromagnetic fields without the need to solve integral equations. The simulated intensity distribution is compared with measurements showing good agreement.     

Two and three dimension simulations of Smith-Purcell terahertz radiation using a particle-in-cell code

Although several 2-D simulations of Smith-Purcell (SP) radiation using particle-in-cell (PIC) codes have been performed, only recently have 3-D simulations been reported. To some extent this is caused by the requirements of computer memory and time, which are much greater in the latter. We present our new 3-D results concerning the simulation of the MIT experiment that used a pre-bunched 15 MeV beam to generate terahertz SP radiation. In particular, we compare the new results with our older 2-D simulations, in order to see which aspects survive in 3-D simulations. We also address the question of power radiated according to the two simulations.     

Formation of spectral characteristics of channeling radiation from 800 to 2000 MeV electrons and positrons in a thin silicon crystal

The influence of the tails of particle trajectories on planar channeling radiation (CR) spectra from relativistic (800-2000 MeV) electrons and positrons in a thin silicon crystal is investigated. It is shown that the trajectory tails significantly change the CR spectra from electrons and positrons in specific parts of the spectra compared to calculations which do not take into account this effect.     

Angular distributions of diffracted X-ray radiation from channeled electrons in Si and LiF Crystals: Influence of energy levels band structure

It is shown that the band structure of the energy levels of planar channeled electrons qualitatively changes the angular distributions of X-rays emitted at Bragg angles.     

Dependence of PXR beam performance on the operation of the pulsed electron linac

Advanced applications of parametric X-ray radiation (PXR) such as energy-dispersive X-ray absorption fine structure (DXAFS) analysis and phase-contrast imaging have been developed at the Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) of Nihon University. To improve the electron beam quality and geometrical stability of the target crystal, the cooling-water system for the linac and the PXR target was replaced with a new one capable of more precise control. As a result, the reliability of the experimental data in PXR applications, especially in X-ray imaging, has improved. The effect of the electron beam focusing on the target crystal was also investigated. The results of X-ray imaging with a long propagation distance and measurement of the time-structure of the PXR intensity suggest that the correlation between the electron beam profile and the X-ray coherence is rather complicated. It is possible that incident electrons cause some deformation of the target crystal, becoming the dominant factor restricting the quality of intense PXR.     

The inverse problem for the dipole field

The inverse problem for an electromagnetic field produced by a dipole is solved. It is assumed that the field of an arbitrary changing dipole is known. Obtained formulae allow calculation of the position and dynamics of the dipole which produces the measured field. The derived results can be used in investigations on radiative process in solids caused by changing of the charge distribution. For example, generation of the electromagnetic field caused by oscillations of atoms or electron gas at the trace of a particle channeling in a crystal, or fields arising at solids cracking or dislocation formation - in any case when one is interested in the details of the dipole field source.     

The influence of the structure imperfectness of a crystalline undulator on the emission spectrum

We study the influence of an imperfect structure of a crystalline undulator on the spectrum of the undulator radiation. The main attention is paid to the undulators in which the periodic bending in the bulk appears as a result of a regular (periodic) surface deformations. We demonstrate that this method of preparation of a crystalline undulator inevitably leads to a variation of the bending amplitude over the crystal thickness and to the presence of the subharmonics with smaller bending period. Both of these features noticeably influence the monochromatic pattern of the undulator radiation.     

Applications of parametric X-rays for X-ray diffraction analysis

Until now parametric X-rays (PXR) have not had practical applications because of the lack of a modern compact accelerator providing the required beam current and consequently high X-ray photon flux. PXR sources even with the intensities achievable at present may be applied to a number of X-ray reflectometry and diffractometry measurements which are important for the characterization of crystals and multi-layer nanostructures. In the paper we present some proposals for possible PXR applications for a number of X-ray measurements based on the smooth energy tuning, high monochromaticity and directed emission of this radiation. The theoretical background and numerical evaluations for PXR applications for determining ingredient concentration in a solid solution in the range of anomalous dispersion of the defect atoms, determination of the phase structure of a crystal, and selective PXR action in organic compounds, important for medical and biological research, are considered.     

On features of the radiation from an electron moving along a helix inside a cylindrical hole in a homogeneous dielectric

The radiation from a charge moving along a helical trajectory inside a cylindrical hole in homogeneous dielectric medium is investigated. Prompted by availability of materials with large dielectric permittivity ε and small absorption, we discuss the features of this type of radiation for media with ε?1. It is shown that there are high peaks in the angular distribution of radiation intensity at well-defined harmonics. The conditions are specified for the cavity-to-helix radii ratio, ρ₁/ρ₀, under which the angle-integrated radiation intensity on some harmonics exceeds that in the empty space. Though the amplification of radiation intensity increases with increasing ε, the corresponding “resonant” values of ρ₁/ρ₀ ratio are practically independent of the dielectric permittivity of surrounding medium. It is shown that an analogous amplification of radiation takes place essentially for the same values of ρ₁/ρ₀ also for the radiation in a cylindrical waveguide with conducting walls. An explanation of this phenomenon is given.