平面半导体矩阵和电离室矩阵的剂量学性能测试及在旋转机架角肺癌放疗计划验证中的应用研究

通过对MatriXX和EPID两款探测器矩阵物理性能进行测试研究,为用于临床肺癌旋转机架角二维剂量验证提供参考。通过加速器出束,分别对MatriXX和EPID的绝对剂量重复性、剂量率响应性能、角度响应、剂量线性进行测试,选取20例肺癌放射治疗计划采用MatriXX和EPID进行旋转机架角二维平面剂量验证,并分析结果。两款测量设备绝对剂量重复性、剂量率响应性能、剂量线性性能较好,测试结果偏差较小,MatriXX角度响应性能较差,在2%/2 mm、3%/3 mm评判标准下,90°和270°γ通过率相对于0°时测量结果偏差近10%。对20例肺癌放疗计划剂量验证结果,在相同评判条件下,MatriXX比EPID计划验证γ通过率低10%左右。EPID半导体探测器矩阵能较好满足临床肺癌旋转计划剂量验证。MatriXX由于电离室自身角度响应的物理特性,从测试结果来看不推荐其应用于临床肺癌旋转计划剂量验证工作中。     

TrueBeam加速器多叶准直器射野剂量学特性

医用电子直线加速器未均整射束的剂量学特征和优势早已被证明,但是随着三维适形和调强放射治疗技术的发展,临床治疗的射野(Field)主要是由多叶准直器射野形成,而有关未均整射束的多叶准直器射野剂量特征的研究很少。本文研究True Beam加速器6 MV-X未均整射束的多叶准直器射野剂量特征。利用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo,MC)模拟和三维剂量扫描系统临床测量,对比和分析射野离轴比曲线剂量特征。结果表明:蒙特卡罗模拟和临床测量未均整射束下多叶准直器叶片到位精度、X和Y方向的漏射量、射野半影、叶片间凹凸结构对射野剂量的影响大体一致。多叶准直器形成不规则射野的几何学、蒙特卡罗模拟和临床测量的不符合度(MC或临床测量50%等剂量曲线的面积与射野几何面积的差值相对于射野实际面积的百分数)分别为3.629%、3.262 6%和2.039 4%。圆形射野、具有凹凸边界射野几何学和蒙特卡罗模拟的不符合度分别为0.866 2%、0.879 4%和0.231 4%、0.817 0%。为未均整射束条件下多叶准直器的临床合理使用提供可靠的依据。     

医用加速器X-射线射野剂量分布的蒙特卡罗模拟与实验测量

用电离室测量及蒙特卡罗方法计算水模体中瓦里安6 MV X-射线射野的百分深度剂量和射野离轴比,对测量和计算结果进行比较和分析。结果表明:10 cm×10 cm射野百分深度剂量在0-20 cm深度范围内,按2 mm/2%标准,?≤1的通过率为96.47%,按3 mm/3%标准,?≤1的通过率为99.23%;射野离轴比按2 mm/2%标准,?≤1的通过率为97.56%,按3 mm/3%标准,?≤1的通过率为99.42%;10 cm×10 cm射野深度剂量中的电子线份额为5.3%,40 cm×40 cm射野深度剂量中的电子线份额为15.2%。通过电离室测量和蒙特卡罗计算的方法能够确定X-射线射野的剂量分布特性。     

AD200F水箱对医用加速器射束分析技术的研究

为测试国产水模体的技术性能,采用对比方法,以Elekta Precise直线加速器的6、15 MV光子和6、18MeV电子作测量对象,用自行设计研制的自动水模体(AD200F)与国际领先的水模体--瑞典蓝色水箱(Blue Phantom)分别测试百分深度剂量比曲线和射野离轴比曲线,分别比较曲线的重合情况,评价国产自动水模体系统的测试性能.通过测试数据的比较,光子束在对应深度上的百分深度剂量比误差小于1%,电子束对应深度上的百分深度剂量比在最大剂量点后的误差小于1%,光子束和电子束的射野离轴比是一致的,说明国产水模体的测试性能达到当前的国际水平.     

反应堆快中子实验装置辐射场参数测量

利用多箔活化法测量了设计的反应堆快中子实验装置的中子能谱及中子注量,并采用Monte Carlo方法分析了能谱的不确定度.用热释光剂量片法测量了装置的γ剂量.装置各参数测量结果均达到了预期的设计指标.     

蒙特卡罗法内照射剂量计算中不同物理模型的比较

在核医学内照射剂量计算中，Monte Carlo方法是一种十分重要的方法。但其计算结果的准确性直接取决于所使用的物理模型。分析了光子与物质作用过程的三种模型，比较了它们各自的特点，使用条件和对计算结果的影响，以便于科研工作中正确的选用。     

基于Monte Carlo模拟的γ射线油水气含量测量装置设计

提出了γ射线透射散射法测量油水气含量的方法,用Monte Carlo模拟软件包Geant4模拟了放射源能量、散射探测位置、透射准直孔直径、窗材料和气含量等对透射散射传输系数和灵敏度的影响,根据模拟结果设计了油水气含量测量装置,表明Monte Carlo模拟方法能够为系统优化设计提供理论指导.     

医用电子直线加速器的测量

本文概要介绍了加速器的一般知识和测量准备工作，较详细地介绍了对加速器吸收量，百分深度剂量，射线能量，射野离轴比，射野均坦度等几个主要项目的测量和计算方法，并重点强调了对加速器进行正确可靠的剂量，是放射治疗质量保证和质量控制的重要环节。     

慢正电子束研究N^＋注入金属镍中生成的缺陷

用慢正电子束配合多普勒湮没能谱测量技术研究N~+离子注入镍样品产生的缺陷。由未注入的样品得到了正电子在镍中的扩散参数E_0=4.6keV。比较两个样品的S参数随入射正电子能量变化的曲线给出了95keV、6.4×10~(17)/cm~2剂量的N~+注入镍样品所产生的缺陷分布;缺陷由表面一直延伸到190nm,浓度最大的区域在27—110nm。这些都与由Trim程序的Monte Carlo模拟计算的结果很好地符合。     

Geant4不同物理模型对放疗质子束模拟的影响

Monte Carlo方法常用于质子束剂量模拟以优化质子束临床治疗,合适的物理模型选择关系到Monte Carlo模拟结果的可靠性及模拟效率。本工作选取9个可用于质子模拟的Geant4物理模型,计算比较了质子束在多种介质中的剂量及次级粒子产额。结果表明:标准电磁物理模型、低能电磁Penelope模型和Livermore模型虽在模拟质子整体剂量分布上可接受,但在微观上缺失重粒子生成。参数化驱动模型LHEP的模拟时间最短,但与QGSP相同,均不能产生复杂重离子。QGSP_BIC_EMY模型较其他模型明显低估Bragg峰-入口剂量比和绝对剂量。QGSP_BERT模型、QGSP_BIC模型和FTFP_BERT模型较适合放疗质子束模拟。     

Establishment of a calibration curve for an isocentric cobalt unit using Monte Carlo simulation

Measurement of dose distribution in patients during radiotherapy is impossible. The Monte Carlo simulation is an alternative method for dose calculations. In routine radiotherapy, the source-to-surface distance(SSD)method is not practical for an isocentric unit because it requires numerous values of tissue–air ratios and inverse square law. Therefore, this method is time consuming. In this paper, the curves of relative depth doses were obtained for three different SSDs using the MCNP4C Monte Carlo simulation and approximated with a single curve called calibration curve. This curve was compared to the curve obtained by published data, differing in approximately 5% in the worst case. It was also observed that the obtained results were more accurate for distances between-5 and 10 cm from source-to-axis distance.     

Shielding data for 100-250 MeV proton accelerators: Double differential neutron distributions and attenuation in concrete

Double differential distributions of neutrons produced by 100, 150, 200 and 250 MeV protons stopped in a thick iron target were simulated with the FLUKA Monte Carlo code at four emission angles: forward, 45°, transverse and 135° backwards. The attenuation in ordinary concrete of the dose equivalent due to secondary neutrons, protons, photons and electrons was calculated. Some of the resulting attenuation curves are best fitted by a double-exponential function rather than a single-exponential. The effect of various approximations introduced in the simulations is thoroughly discussed. The contribution to the total ambient dose equivalent from photons and protons is usually limited to a few percent, except in the backward direction where photons contribute more than 10% and up to 35% to the total dose for a shield thickness of 1-2 m. Source terms and attenuation lengths are given as a function of energy and emission angle, along with fit to the Monte Carlo data. An extensive comparison is made of values obtained in the present work with published experimental and computational data.     

基于蒙特卡罗数学模型评价不同螺距冠状动脉CCTA受检者辐射剂量的特点与验证

收集61例采用双源CT Flash大螺距冠状动脉CCTA (Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography,CCTA)受检者资料,按WHO亚洲人体质量指数(BMI )标准将研究对象分为三组:正常组(12例)、超重组(41例)和肥胖组(8例),应用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)数学模型软件计算三组受检者大螺距与常规螺距行CCTA的器官剂量,比较两种螺距CCTA时受检者的器官剂量分布特点及两种螺距CCTA的有效剂量变化幅度,并与大螺距模式下CT设备直接读取法所得有效剂量值进行比较。结果表明,用蒙特卡罗软件计算的双源CT大螺距CCTA受检者的器官剂量比常规螺距技术的剂量降低约70%,其中心脏、胸腺的器官剂量下降最为明显,降幅最大约80%;三组CCTA受检者大螺距较常规螺距的有效剂量(E)均降低明显(p<0.05),正常组使用大螺距技术后有效剂量E降幅最为明显;大螺距模式下数学模型软件模拟有效剂量E与CT设备所测有效剂量E间的偏差度小于50%。说明Monte Carlo数学模型软件可用于检查前预估或回顾性分析CCTA扫描时受检者的器官剂量与有效剂量的分布情况,并预判CCTA大螺距模式对受检者的胸部器官剂量和有效剂量,从而达到了降低辐射剂量的目的,尤其对BMI较小的受检者(如儿童)控制辐射风险更具意义。对开展低剂量CT技术具有一定实际意义。     

LIGHT ION REFLECTION STUDIED BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND TRANSPORT THEORY

The reflection of light ions, such as H+,3He+ and 4He+, with energies of 0.1- 10 keV, from Cu and Ni surface has been studied by Monte Carlo simulation and transport theory. The Monte Carlo simulation gives the detail energy spectra for the reflected particles and their angular distribution for different incident angles. It shows that the reflected particle energy spectra can be approximately described by an analytical formula for the whole energy range, all the incident angles and different ion- target combination studied here. The reflected particle energy vs its average reflection angle to the surface normal can almost be expressed by a universal curve for all cases studied here. The reflection energy spectra are used for the calculation of the reflection coefficient by transport theory including the realistic surface correction. The present work is compared with both experimental measurement and other simulation codes.     

Evaluation of Counting Efficiency of a Whole-body Counter using the EGS4 Code

Counting efficiencies of a whole-body counter installed in the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation and measurement to validate the calculation method of the counting efficiency curves of the whole-body counter for the water-filled block-shape phantoms containing radionuclides. Consequently, the counting efficiency curves in the photon energy range of 300–1,461 keV were obtained using the Monte Carlo simulation. The calculations are in fairly good agreement with the measurements in the photon energy range of 662–1,461 keV. It was also found that the self-scattering effect of photons in the phantoms accounts for about 7% of the counting efficiency for 662 keV photons.     

基于EGSnrc仿真的二维空气电离室剂量探测器收集电极影响研究

收集电极是二维空气电离室剂量探测器的重要组成部分,影响剂量测量的准确度。为了研究收集电极对剂量测量的影响规律,采用蒙特卡罗程序EGSnrc,分别在不同射线能量下对不同材质（C、Al、Cu）、不同收集电极厚度（5~70 μm）进行模拟仿真,给出了影响规律的定量分析。结果表明,在工艺允许的情况下,应优先选择C作为收集电极材料;当只能采用Cu作为收集电极材料时,应采用工艺可达的最小厚度,并在使用中进行标定。     

Angular Distribution of Photoneutrons from Copper and Tungsten Targets Bombarded by 18, 28, and 38 MeV Electrons

Following the angular distribution measurement of bremsstrahlung, we measured the angular distribution of photoneutrons between 0 and 120 degrees from copper and tungsten targets bombarded by 18, 28, and 38MeV electrons at the electron linac of Hokkaido University. The activation detectors and neutron dosimeters were applied to the measurement. The measured results were compared with the results calculated with the Monte Carlo code MCNP5 to verify the calculated results. The calculated results of both the reaction and ambient dose equivalent rates were in good agreement with the measured ones between 20 and 120 degrees in the cases of 28 and 38MeV electrons, but the calculation underestimated the measured data by a factor of 1.5 to 2.5 for 18MeV electrons. A large disagreement was observed at small forward angles of around 0 degrees. It was clarified that this disagreement was due to the contributions of photonuclear reactions in the detectors and dosimeters themselves, and of (e,n) reactions in the target.     

离子电离与次级反应耦合的蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究与应用

氘或氚离子在靶物质中电离输运的同时会发生次级反应,为模拟这一过程,开发了耦合蒙特卡罗工具RSMC。程序用详细历史法和浓缩历史法模拟电离过程,调用ENDF或TENDL中D、T核数据计算次级反应,同时使用“强迫次级粒子产生”降方差技巧提高模拟效率。对中子深度分析问题、加速器单能中子源问题和热中子-聚变中子转换靶问题进行研究,验证了RSMC的正确性。     

Angular Distribution of Bremsstrahlung from Copper and Tungsten Targets Bombarded by 18, 28, and 38MeV Electrons

We measured the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung photons between 0 and 120 degrees from copper and tungstentargets bombarded by 18, 28, and 38MeV electrons at the electron linac of Hokkaido University. Activation detectors and two types of dosimeters were applied for the measurement. The measured results were compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo code MCNP5 to verify the calculated results. The calculated results of both the reaction rates and ambient dose equivalent rates gave good agreement with the measured ones in the case of 18MeV electrons. A good agreement between the measurement and calculation was also observed for relative angular distributions of dose rates from 38MeV electrons; however, the calculation overestimated the measured data by a factor of 1.2 to 2.0. To achieve further accuracy of calculation, improvement of photonuclear reaction data and absorbed dose measurement are necessary for bremsstrahlung radiation dosimetry.     

Monte carlo study on 6 MV photon beams of a CyberKnife(R) stereotactic radiosurgery system

In this paper, the beam quality and percent depth dose curves for different field sizes of Cyber Knife(R) system were investigated by Monte Carlo simulations using the PENELOPE code, which has been used to simulate 6 MV photon beam. In water phantom, the absolute doses were calculated for φ10-60 mm collimators, and percent depth dose curves were evaluated for φ30-60 mm collimators. The agreement ofdose distributions of the calculation with measurement was within 3.0%. The mean energy ofphoton spectrum was 1.46 MeV, and the beam quality index was 0.632, which was slightly smaller than that ofmeasurement.