塑性混凝土渗透性能试验研究

通过塑性混凝土正交试验,研究了水胶比、膨润土掺量、粉煤灰掺量和砂率等因素对塑性混凝土渗透性能的影响。结果表明:水胶比是最主要的影响因素,在配合比设计中适当减小水胶比能提高塑性混凝土的抗渗性能;膨润土掺量和砂率分别保持为50%和60%时,塑性混凝土的抗渗性能相对较好;粉煤灰等量取代水泥,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,塑性混凝土28 d龄期的抗渗性能略有降低,但后期抗渗性能反而提高。     

人工砂粉煤灰自密实混凝土的性能试验

为研究人工砂取代河沙制备自密实混凝土的可行性及掺粉煤灰的影响,设计了10组配比,并通过试验比较了2种自密实混凝土的性能。结果表明,人工砂配制自密实混凝土,不仅和易性满足要求,且各龄期强度、抗渗性及抗氯离子渗透性能均优于同水胶比的河沙自密实混凝土;同时粉煤灰掺量不宜超过37%。     

大掺量粉煤灰与聚羧酸外加剂双掺时对水工混凝土耐久性影响试验

利用单因素法,通过对不同水胶比和粉煤灰掺量下的大掺量粉煤灰与聚羧酸外加剂双掺时混凝土的抗压强度、抗渗性、抗碳化及抗冲磨等耐久性能的试验结果分析,探讨了大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的特性与机理,为工程设计提供参考。     

特细砂混凝土的力学性能及抗渗性能研究

对特细砂混凝土力学性能及抗渗性能进行了试验研究。结果表明:砂率、水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和减水剂掺量对特细砂混凝土抗压强度均有一定的影响,尤其是粉煤灰掺量和减水剂掺量间存在一定交互作用;一定试验条件下,砂率和粉煤灰掺量分别为21%和20%时,特细砂混凝土抗渗性能最佳。     

盐冻耦合作用下早冻混凝土寿命预测试验研究

工程在昼夜温差大、低温环境条件下施工,极易造成处于初凝或养护期混凝土早冻,导致混凝土性能损伤和使用寿命降低问题。为此,根据现场环境改变水胶比和粉煤灰掺量,开展室内模拟试验,探究早冻混凝土耐久性衰减规律并进行使用寿命预测。试验结果表明：随着冻融次数的增加,不同水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土孔隙分布及耐久性能影响显著;水胶比越大,混凝土内部孔隙越大,抗压及抗冻耐久性能降低;粉煤灰掺量越大,混凝土内部更加密实,抗压及后期抗冻耐久性能提高。根据威布尔模型寿命预测可知,水胶比小、粉煤灰掺量大的混凝土寿命周期长。为改善早冻混凝土的耐久性,建议水胶比选为0.35,粉煤灰掺量选为20%。     

基于损伤模型的粉煤灰混凝土抗冻性评价

为研究大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的抗冻性能,结合某水工混凝土工程,采用快速冻融法,对粉煤灰混凝土试样进行抗冻试验,分别考察了含气量、水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土抗冻性能的影响.结果表明:在水下冻融环境中,混凝土抗冻性能随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增大而降低,加入适量引气剂有助于混凝土抗冻性能的提高;根据现有的冻融损伤演化方程,通过试验数据函数拟合和公式转换可以得到影响因素与材料参数的函数关系.     

冯家山灌区渠道衬砌混凝土抗冻试验初探

衬砌渠道混凝土的冻害问题是影响衬砌防渗效果和渠系工程发挥效益的主要原因之一。通过研究水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土抗冻性能的影响,得到了随着水胶比和粉煤灰掺量的增大,混凝土抗冻性能下降;水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土冻融初期影响较大,后期影响较小的结论。     

大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化性能研究

采用快速碳化试验方法研究了粉煤灰超量取代水泥量分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%的粉煤灰混凝土在不同水胶比情况下的碳化性能。试验研究表明:粉煤灰掺量和水胶比是大掺量粉煤灰混凝土抗碳化的重要因素,其中水胶比是关键因素。在保证低水胶比的情况下,大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化性能可以满足工程要求;大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的碳化深度随龄期的延长而增加。     

粉煤灰掺量对泵送混凝土碳化及抗冻性的影响

为了研究不同水胶比、不同粉煤灰掺量对泵送混凝土的碳化及抗冻性能的影响,进行了相关试验。试验结果表明:泵送混凝土的碳化深度随粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、龄期的增长而增长;相比常态混凝土,粉煤灰对泵送混凝土抗碳化性能较为有利;掺SP-8N泵送混凝土的抗碳化及抗冻性能略高于掺JM-2混凝土;粉煤灰掺量为30%,水胶比从0.30变化至0.50时,泵送混凝土均具有较好的抗冻性能;水胶比是影响泵送混凝土碳化及抗冻性能的主要因素。     

冻融条件下水工混凝土渗透性演化试验研究

寒冷地区的混凝土面板堆石坝在经历长期冻融作用后,其面板渗透性逐渐增大,从而影响大坝安全稳定。为此,通过解决冻融作用下混凝土表面不平整等问题,利用Autoclam渗透性测试仪测试了不同水胶比、掺粉煤灰以及引气剂下混凝土渗透性随冻融次数的变化规律。结果表明,不同水胶比混凝土的渗透系数随冻融次数的增加均呈指数增长趋势,水胶比较小的混凝土其渗透系数增长的最缓慢;高冻融循环次数后,同时掺粉煤灰和引气剂对增强混凝土的抗渗性效果最明显。此外,还探究了冻融条件下混凝土渗透性与其抗压强度之间的相关性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。