陡坡隧洞不同进口形式的水力特性分析

为研究陡坡隧洞的泄流能力和洞内水流流态等水力特性与隧洞进口形式的关系,以某水电工程支流导流陡坡长隧洞为例,运用水力计算分析和模型试验验证的方法,分析比较了锐缘进口和曲线进口形式对陡坡隧洞泄流能力和流态的影响。研究表明:采用曲线进口形式可以提高泄流能力,降低围堰高程,但设计工况下洞内流态处于明满交替流状态,不利隧洞结构安全;采用锐缘进口形式,泄流能力有所降低,但可避免洞内出现明满交替流状态。综合比较认为,在围堰规模较小时,设计陡坡隧洞采用锐缘进口更为合理。     

多用途水工隧洞水力特性及运行方式研究

水利水电工程中的过水隧洞有导流洞、泄洪洞、放空洞以及发电引水洞等,它们各自具有一定的水流适用条件,对单一用途的水工隧洞,其洞内水流特性较容易把握。当由于技术、经济条件让一条隧洞具备多种用途时,隧洞将面临着不同运行阶段显著的水力差异性考验。结合某水利工程多用途水工隧洞水力模型试验,研究了集导流、泄洪、放空及发电引水等功能于一体的陡坡隧洞在不同运行阶段的相关水力特性。结果表明当作为泄洪隧洞在正常工况下运用时,隧洞进口前和洞内流态均较正常,洞内最小压力满足水工隧洞设计规程要求;当作为导流隧洞和放空洞运用时,隧洞进口在一定水流条件下会形成吸气型立轴漩涡,并在洞内形成形态不断变化且不断溃灭的气囊,在较长的洞段及较大的流量区间内,洞内还会出现明满交替流以及发电支洞岔管引起的明流冲击波、水流折冲等不良流态,上述水流现象会引发洞壁的有害振动或空蚀破坏。通过试验优化,并结合隧洞末端工作闸门的合理调度,提出了多用途水工隧洞的安全运行方式。     

陡坡导流隧洞进口体型试验研究

陡坡导流隧洞由于坡度较陡,洞内流态不好控制,进口体型优化比较关键。针对某项目施工导流工程进行了1∶85水工整体模型试验,通过对进口、洞身流态进行比较,提出了隧洞进口布置形式的推荐方案,结果表明:方案一进口顶部采用椭圆形式,虽然在2级流量下,上游水位大大降低,但在导流设计流量条件下洞身形成明满流交替现象,对洞身安全不利;方案二隧洞进口采用锐缘形式,使导流洞的泄流能力、进口及洞内流态、压力特性均满足设计要求,可确保在各级导流流量下,洞身段均为明流,故建议将其作为推荐方案。研究成果可供设计参考应用。     

带阻尼井的变顶高尾水系统水力过渡过程数值预测及其特性研究

机组及输水系统在暂态过程中性能参数的控制对电站的安全稳定运行具有重要影响。基于瞬变流数学模型和Priessmann假设,对三峡地下电站采用的带阻尼井的变顶高尾水隧洞进行了过渡过程数值预测,并将计算结果与电站现场试验值进行了对比验证,总结了带阻尼井的明满交替流等复杂水力过程的数值预测模型。基于计算结果分析了在大小波动等暂态过程中变顶高尾水系统明满交替流及阻尼井的水力特性,并从水力学和系统稳定性的角度解释了三峡地下电站采用变顶高尾水洞并设置阻尼井能够代替调压室的原因。     

白莲崖水库泄洪中孔体型设计研究

白莲崖水库泄洪中孔具有流量大、淹没深度小、有压洞洞身及出口位于陡坡段等特点,且其右侧泄洪中孔进口位于山坳内.该类型泄洪中孔体型设计难度较大,进口易出现吸气漏斗旋涡,洞内易出现较大负压,甚至在洞内出现明满流过渡等恶劣流态.文章介绍了设计过程中根据本工程特点,结合水工模型试验,研究确定泄洪中孔体型的情况.     

白鹤滩水电站尾水洞明满流段优化试验研究

白鹤滩水电站尾水隧洞末端部分洞段由导流洞改建而成,尾水位较低时,存在明满流现象,对输水系统安全有重要影响。本文采用模型试验方法,对明满流段的流态及体型优化进行研究。结果表明:过渡过程中,尾水洞内正反向水流相叠加,产生水面涌波,触顶后形成眀满流,并伴随压力脉动现象。脉动压力的极值远小于隧洞衬砌压力的设计值73.5 m,对尾水隧洞衬砌段结构影响较小。结构优化研究表明在尾水隧洞出口设置逆坡堰及优化衔接段坡度,可有效改善明满流流态。     

基于明满流瞬变计算方法的大型灌区输水隧洞最优泄水流量计算

为了明确输水隧洞内的明满流水力瞬变过程以及优化泄水闸的泄水流量,介绍了圆形输水隧洞中明满交替水流水力瞬变计算原理和方法.以某大型灌区干渠工程为例,根据窄缝法计算原理,采用显式差分中的扩散法,对圆形输水隧洞中的明满交替水流进行了水力瞬变计算研究.给出了圆形隧洞瞬变流计算的水力要素计算公式,得到了输水流量变化时隧洞不同断面...     

陡坡导流隧洞结构设计实践

陡坡导流隧洞内水流条件较缓坡隧洞复杂,进口漩涡、洞身段明满流交替、出口消能防冲等问题较为突出,以马来西亚沐若水电站导流隧洞为例,配合水工模型试验,对隧洞断面形式、进出口体型、底坡衔接及出口消能防冲形式进行了研究,从结构设计上有效解决了上述水力学问题可能对导流隧洞运行造成的影响.     

向家坝水电站右岸变顶高尾水洞的水力计算

向家坝水电站尾水下接金沙江，江水位变幅大，尾水隧洞选用变顶高尾水洞方案时可不建尾水调压室，但洞内压力和明满交界面会随水流过渡过程变化。经建立包含引水系统、机组和调速器在内的计算机仿真程序的水力过渡过程计算表明，变顶高尾水隧洞方案在明满交替流工况下，未产生气囊，洞顶内水压力变幅不大，对机组没有产生不利影响，电站调节系统能满足大、小波动稳定的要求。     

岸边导流底孔水力特性模型试验研究

基于老挝南俄4水电站的岸边导流底孔，采用1∶45的水工模型对进口立轴旋涡、洞身明满流交替、动水压力等水力特性进行了11个库水位下的系列研究。结果表明：进口闸门井顶部不加盖泄流能力相对加盖降低6%以上，闸门井需加盖封堵；局部水位区间的立轴旋涡会减小底孔10.97%的设计泄流能力，底孔整体泄流能力满足要求；相比进水口无涡时，脉动压力均方根增大约2～3倍，但不会引起泄洪振动等导流建筑安全问题，工程的实际运行效果与模型试验吻合。我国现有标准下的导流设计能满足国外工程的导流安全需求，可为国外工程类似导流设计与运行提供借鉴。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。