花园水库鱼道池室水力特性研究

本文以花园水库工程鱼道为例,通过1∶5鱼道局部模型,对同侧横隔板竖缝式鱼道的水力特性进行研究;对过鱼池室流态、流速分布、单位体积消能率等进行了观测分析。试验结果表明:该隔板型式、池室尺寸以及池底坡度的同侧横隔板竖缝式鱼道参数设计基本合理,比较适合需要保护的过鱼对象的洄游上溯需求。研究成果可供类似工程参考。     

基于数模与物模的某工程短鱼道水流条件研究

为研究竖缝式短鱼道的水力特性,基于某工程过鱼设施,采用数值模拟计算和物理模型试验相结合的综合技术手段,对短鱼道标准池、休息池、转弯段、进鱼口以及过鱼竖缝等流场分布进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,数值模拟与模型试验结果基本吻合,竖缝及池室主流流速基本满足鱼类上溯要求,相邻池室间水深相差不大衔接顺畅,但在休息池与转弯段均存在主流贴壁以及回流区尺度差别较大的不利流态,今后还需通过整流挡板等措施进行体型优化。     

齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼在竖缝式鱼道模型中的上溯行为研究

为了解齐口裂腹鱼在鱼道中的上溯情况,在大比尺竖缝式鱼道物理模型中开展了以齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为过鱼对象的过鱼试验研究。试验中对通过时间、通过率和上溯轨迹进行了记录,并运用Spearman秩相关分析对齐口裂腹鱼的上溯轨迹和池室结构的水力因子(流速、紊动能、总水力应变)进行了分析。研究发现,试验用鱼通过时间平均值为132.7s,多数鱼倾向于快速通过鱼道完成上溯。试验鱼道通过率为71.9%,过鱼效果良好。多数齐口裂腹鱼上溯过程中会避开高流速区、高紊动能区和高水力应变区,在池室内齐口裂腹鱼上溯轨迹主要分布于上述参数较低的右侧回流区和隔板背水面,竖缝断面处多数齐口裂腹鱼选择上述参数相对较低的隔板侧区域通过。研究结果可为相关竖缝式鱼道设计和实践提供参考。     

丹尼尔式鱼道隔板形式变化对水力特性的影响研究

在以丹尼尔式鱼道为研究对象,采用三维数值模拟的方法,深入分析了丹尼尔式鱼道隔板形式变化对水力特性的影响。研究结果表明:将丹尼尔式鱼道隔板由三角形断面改为半圆形后能有效降低鱼类上溯过程中可能产生的物理伤害,但会导致池室底层和表层流速增大,可能对部分鱼类洄游影响较大;隔板同侧增设5个方形孔后改善了池室内流速,中层和底层流速减少,池室紊动能变化不大,有利于鱼类洄游上溯;隔板两侧交错增设5个方形孔后,池室底层出现大范围回流区,有可能导致鱼类迷失方向。     

小长宽比鱼道池室水力学试验研究

鱼道水流条件是影响其过鱼效果的重要因素。在分析鱼道类型及其特点的基础上,针对应用最为广泛的竖缝隔板式鱼道,通过1∶4的大比尺局部物理模型试验,研究了各级水池长宽比小于1.0条件下的隔板布置及竖缝宽度,对比了3种布置方案,分析评价了竖缝流速指标以及池室流速分布、流态和消能特性,提出了适合小长宽比池室条件下的鱼道隔板布置型式。通过1∶12.5的鱼道整体水力学模型试验,对运行水力指标进行了验证分析,确立了减小隔板前局部水位壅高及提高竖缝流速沿程均匀性的设计原则;为适应鱼道进、出口水深的变化,从生态明渠引水补充鱼道流量,最小补水流量为0.22 m~3/s。试验结果表明,这种鱼道布置型式可推广应用到其他类似鱼道工程中。     

异侧竖缝宽度对鱼道水流结构的影响研究

竖缝式鱼道是目前应用最为广泛、效果较好的过鱼工程鱼道设施,同侧竖缝式鱼道的结构设计、水流特征的研究现在已经相当完善,但对异侧竖缝式鱼道的研究比较匮乏。为此,采用数值模拟方法定量分析不同竖缝宽度工况下鱼道池室和竖缝处的水流结构、流速分布、回流区分布情况等水力特征参数的变化情况,并对比分析流态优劣给出了异侧竖缝式鱼道竖缝宽度b/B合理取值范围为0.15～0.20。     

竖缝式鱼道池室结构变化对水力特性的影响分析

竖缝鱼道的消能主要集中在竖缝处,竖缝束窄使水流形成漩涡,导致鱼道内流速过高,水流紊乱。为了改善竖缝式鱼道池室的水流特性,采用雷诺应力(RSM)模型对不同结构形式的同侧竖缝鱼道进行数值模拟。研究表明:在池室内正对竖缝下游布置圆柱型障碍物,竖缝处流速梯度减小,紊动能和雷诺剪切力均降低约20%～30%,这种池型的鱼道水力特性稳定,能满足更多鱼类的过坝。     

组合隔板式鱼道水力特性数值模拟研究

鱼道是为鱼类提供洄游通道的一种重要的工程措施。基于Flow-3D采用标准RNG k-ε紊流模型和Tru-VOF追踪自由液面方法,对鱼道池室内流场进行三维紊流数值模拟,研究池室内水流流速、流态空间分布,分析鱼道的水力特性对目标鱼类洄游上溯的影响。结果表明:溢流堰与竖缝组合隔板式鱼道在设计流速v=0.75 m/s条件下,竖缝处平均流速为0.83 m/s,竖缝处流速分布范围为0.76~0.89 m/s;堰上流速为0.90~1.12 m/s,回流区流速分布范围为0.09~0.25 m/s,流速大小在鱼类的克流能力范围之内,但靠竖缝隔板处存在明显的主流贴壁现象。为此开展了池室优化方案设计,使鱼道池室流态满足鱼类上溯要求。     

竖缝与堰组合式鱼道水力特性数值模拟研究

堤坝等水利水电工程截断河流,鱼道能克服其阻碍作用,使鱼类顺利上溯洄游。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对竖缝与堰组合式鱼道进行数值模拟,对其池室内流速以及紊动能情况进行分析研究。结果表明：该类型鱼道池室内部水力特性稳定,具有竖缝式鱼道和堰式鱼道共同优点,适宜于不同鱼类游过,能较好地适应鱼类上溯。     

基于竖缝隔板的大底坡鱼道水力优化数值模拟

为了优化大底坡竖缝式鱼道池室水力特性,在验证物理模型的基础上,构建三维水动力数学模型,考虑5种大底坡坡度对竖缝有无隔板及竖缝隔板不同安装高度的池室水力分布进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,竖缝设置隔板能有效减小池室最大流速和平均湍动能;当底坡为1/20时,池室最大流速下降率为10.16%~14.84%,平均湍动能下降率为21.88%~42.19%,主流最大流速衰减率为61.24%~61.82%,池室内形成了小流速、低湍动的Ω形连续性水流;改变竖缝隔板安装高度会影响隔板上下水深处的竖缝流速大小,但对隔板上下水深处的流速、湍动能、应变率的分布规律无显著影响。     

我国鱼道建设现状及典型案例分析

总结了国内近年来鱼道规划和建设情况,以长洲水利枢纽鱼道和崔家营航电枢纽鱼道为例分析国内鱼道的建设和运行现状,并从技术、监督管理、运行维护和政策制度等方面分析我国鱼道建设和运行面临的制约性因素,提出了加强关键技术研究、严格制定和落实流域生态环境保护规划、推行适宜性管理和加快完善相关政策制度等建议,以促进我国鱼道的健康快速发展。     

蒙古国都日根水电站鱼道建设的启示

通过对国内外鱼道发展现状和趋势的分析,对几种常用鱼道的优缺点做了比较,结合都日根水电站所在秦诺哈拉依赫河鱼类生长繁殖特点,采用了垂直竖缝式加小底孔相结合形式的鱼道设计。实践证明此鱼道设计有效保护了鱼类及河流生态的预期作用,具有一定的科学性、实用性和可推广性,对我国中小河道枢纽建设具有一定的参考价值。     

鱼道应用现状和研究进展

 通过国内外鱼道研究、应用资料以及现场调研,比较详细地介绍了国内外鱼道设施的建设、发展过程和鱼道结构所包含的主要类型;列出了国内外多个鱼道隔板型式和相应的水力特性;总结了鱼道设计的一般性原则;分析了国内外鱼道过鱼条件和适用情况的差异以及我国鱼道设计中存在的问题等。最后提出在现阶段及今后,我国水利水电工作者需要的鱼道设计资料以及开展鱼道研究的主要内容。     

蒙古国都日根水电站鱼道建设的启示

通过对国内外鱼道发展现状和趋势的分析,对几种常用鱼道的优缺点做了比较,结合都日根水电站所在秦诺哈拉依赫河鱼类生长繁殖特点,采用了垂直竖缝式加小底孔相结合形式的鱼道设计。实践证明此鱼道设计有效保护了鱼类及河流生态的预期作用,具有一定的科学性、实用性和可推广性,对我国中小河道枢纽建设具有一定的参考价值。     

Physical modelling of pool and weir fishways with rock weirs

The flow characteristics of pool and weir fishways with rock weirs were studied through physical modelling. Detailed flow measurements were obtained using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter to understand how weir geometry, discharge, and bed slope affect flow patterns, velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stresses in the fishway. The weir geometries used in this study are similar to those typically used for river restoration projects. The use of a V‐shaped rock weir was found to reduce the mean streamwise velocity in the pools by about 20% but more than double the maximum velocity magnitude. Two stage–discharge relationships were developed using the standard weir equation and a modified discharge coefficient to account for both flow over the weir and orifice flow through the base of the weir. The use of V‐shaped rock weirs has the potential to offer significant advantages in assisting multispecies fish migration. The results of this study can be applied to the hydrotechnical design of pool and weir fishways with rock weirs and for river restoration projects.     

Design of a bilateral-symmetric multi-slot fishway and its comparison with vertical slot fishway in terms of hydraulic properties

Aiming at improving the hydraulic properties and enhancing the fish passage efficiency, this study proposes a novel bilateral-symmetric multi-slot fishway (BMSF) by combining the structural features of a double-sided vertical-slot fishway, multi-slot fishway and T-shape fishway. Eight BMSF cases are further designed by adjusting the slot width and the distance between the short baffle and the front end of the central wall, in order to achieve the relatively best hydrodynamic characteristics. The flow fields of two vertical-slot fishways and eight BMSF fishways are obtained by numerically solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation, the volume-of-fluid equation and the k-ω-SST turbulence model. Numerical results manifest that the recommended BMSF-8 provides the smallest values in terms of the maximum time-averaged velocity magnitude (1.42 m s⁻¹), the maximum time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (0.132 m² s⁻²), the maximum time-averaged Reynolds shear stress component (44 Pa), the spatial-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude (0.58 m s⁻¹), and the spatial-mean time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy (0.042 m² s⁻²) in the middle pool at Q = 1000 L/s. Even for the depth-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude at the slot and the volume percentages of some critical physical quantities, BMSF-8 is also superior to the other cases. To sum up, BMSF-8 leads to the relatively lowest flow velocity and turbulence, being more suitable for the passage of the whole fish community (especially for small-sized fishes with weaker swimming ability). In addition, the generalizability of the aforementioned superiority of BMSF-8 is displayed by providing the numerical results of four operating conditions (i.e., Q = 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 L/s).     

Effects of bed slope on the flow field of vertical slot fishways

Vertical slot fishways (VSFs) are the most efficient and least selective typology of technical fish passage, due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. Fishway construction costs can be reduced by increasing its bed slope, but this affects the flow field inside the pools, with higher head drops between the basins, as well as turbulence levels and flow velocities, which may affect fish passage. In light of this, a VSF was investigated by 3D numerical simulations to identify the possible effects of the bed slope (using values from 1.67% to 10%) on the flow field and subsequent implications for fish passage. A particular focus was devoted to cyprinind species, but the results can be extended to other species of similar swimming abilities and, therefore, be applicable to multispecies rivers. Flow velocity and turbulence values such as turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses were analysed from a fish passage perspective in relation to threshold values derived from previous studies. Pool areas where turbulence values are compatible with fish ability and behaviour were quantified. Maps of the location of fish‐friendly zones in the VSF pools were produced and can constitute a reference for practical applications in fishway design. The flow field generated with bed slopes lower than 6.67% is more compatible with fish swimming capabilities, because it exhibits a predominantly 2D behaviour and more suitable hydraulic conditions, whereas at higher slopes, turbulence levels in the pools increase.     

Turbulent flow field comparison and related suitability for fish passage of a standard and a simplified low‐gradient vertical slot fishway

Fishways are hydraulic structures that allow passage of fish across obstructions in rivers. Vertical slot fishways—VSFs—are considered the most efficient and least selective type of technical fishway solutions, especially due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. The scope of the present study is to perform numerical simulations in order to investigate and compare the hydraulic turbulent flow field in a standard and a simplified version of the most common VSF design. Implications in relation to fish swimming behaviour and fish passage performance are discussed. Different water depths (as well as discharges) were investigated, using a bed slope of 5%, as a reference for low‐gradient VSFs with a very limited selectivity that can be used in multispecies rivers in grayling‐barbel regions. Results show that maximum values of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses are higher in the standard design. However, corresponding to slot geometry and orientation, the direction of the main jet in the simplified design is more inclined towards the left side of the pool. This causes the eddy to split into 2 smaller ones; the minimum eddy dimension is reduced from 0.4–0.5 to 0.2–0.3 m. These dimensions are detrimental for fish passage efficiency, being more comparable with fish length (0.15–0.40 m), thus affecting migrating fish stability and orientation. Furthermore, the standard design provides a more straightforward upstream path and wider areas of low flow velocities and turbulence, useful for fish resting. Therefore, it is recommended that the standard design should be preferred over its simplified version, even if its construction costs are around 10–15% higher than the simplified one.     

同侧竖缝式鱼道水力特性的数值模拟

分别采用标准的k-ε模型和雷诺应力方程模型(RSM)对同侧竖缝式鱼道池室内的水流进行了三维数值模拟。对鱼道池室内的流场、雷诺剪切应力等相关水力要素进行了分析,并应用水工模型试验成果对2种紊流模型的结果进行了验证比较。结果表明：2种紊流模型均可模拟同侧竖缝式鱼道水流基本特性,但 RSM 模型流速场的计算结果与水工模型试验结果更为吻合。