汽车齿轮高压气淬试验及气淬室的结构优化

由于齿轮等工件在进行高压气淬时,受多层工件储热影响较大并且风速逐层递减,导致位于气淬室内中心及底层区域工件冷却较慢,难以满足齿轮心部的硬度要求。使用流体仿真软件对汽车齿轮高压气淬过程进行模拟仿真,对气淬室及工件垛进行三维建模并进行结构化网格划分和仿真模拟,并对气淬室进行了结构优化。结果显示,经优化后进口的高压气流向中心区域聚拢,使中心区域的来流速度提高24%左右,并提高此区域的冷却速度。随后对高压气淬室进行改造,采用试验验证,结果表明此方法有效可行。     

两种真空高压气淬炉淬火工艺的数值模拟及验证

对管道式和压入式真空高压气淬炉中实施的高压气淬工艺进行了数值模拟和实物验证试验。研究结果表明,在相同的冷却压力下,管道式真空高压气淬炉的冷却速度比压入式真空高压气淬炉快,小型工件更适宜在管道式真空高压气淬炉中进行淬火。     

细长轴类零件的真空高压气淬工艺

采用具有交替吹风功能的立式真空高压气淬炉(LZGQ80)对Cr12Mo1V1细长轴(长径比高达25～35)进行了气淬试验,研究了气淬工艺对工件表面温度分布的影响,以及工件表面温度分布对变形量的影响,为此类零件的淬火工艺研究奠定了基础。试验表明,交替吹风形式的真空高压气淬技术能够减小细长轴类零件的两端温差,改善温度分布,解决淬火均匀性和变形控制的问题。     

Ti2AlNb结构件高压气淬过程数值模拟

高压气淬过程中,由于冷却速率较大,工件易产生热应力,甚至发生塑性变形或开裂,因此能准确预测高压气淬过程中工件热应力分布对于工业生产尤为重要.本研究运用计算流体力学法建立了交流流动型立式高压气淬炉气淬过程的数值传热和湍流模型,模拟了Ti2AlNb超塑成形/扩散连接空心结构件的气淬过程,并通过间接耦合法得到Ti2AlNb结...     

高压气淬过程的数值模拟

应用有限体积法建立了数学模型,对高压气淬过程中气体的速度场、气体和工件的温度场以及工件内部的组织场进行了耦合计算,针对一组小棒料高压气淬的模拟结果,分析了气体流动、工件温度与相变各自的影响因素以及它们之间的相互影响,指出几何模型准确建立的重要性.另外通过模拟结果与实测冷却曲线的比较,该模型基本反映了高压气淬过程,其中加入相变计算能更符合实际,并且还能预测出工件的最终组织.应用本文中的相变计算模型,相变的计算结果与工件金相照片中的实测结果基本吻合.     

基于多场耦合模拟的齿毂高压气淬工艺设计

针对20CrMnTi齿毂高压气淬工艺设计的需求,建立了一套流场-温度场-组织场-应力应变场耦合模拟体系,能够实现对淬火气流与工件的同步耦合计算。利用该体系模拟了不同淬火气压和进气方式下的齿毂高压气淬过程,分析了不同工艺方案下齿毂的组织成分、硬度以及畸变,确定了2.0 MPa、下方单向进气的工艺方案,模拟结果满足齿毂性能要求。     

真空高压气淬炉流场和温度场的数值模拟

建立了高压气淬过程的数值模型,对不同工艺参数下真空高压气淬炉内气体流场和工件温度场进行模拟和预测,得到淬火过程中工件的温度变化和特征点的冷却曲线。根据不同的工件形状和材料以及淬火气体压力进行计算,据此分析了工艺参数对工件冷却过程的影响。     

工件气体淬火过程数值模拟

用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法对工件气体淬火过程进行了数值模拟,在FLUENT平台上建立了真空高压气淬炉的三维非稳态模型,模拟了炉膛内流场和工件温度场的分布,模拟了圆柱形单工件淬火过程气体类型、气体压力和速度对冷却速度的影响,并模拟了多工件淬火冷却过程,预测了炉内不同位置处工件的冷却曲线。将模拟结果与实验结果相比较,两者基本吻合,为气体淬火工艺的优化提供了理论依据。     

响应面法在气淬风道结构优化中的应用

本文采用Fluent软件,对含有工件的喷嘴型真空高压气淬炉中气固耦合流动传热过程进行了数值模拟。在此基础上,以喷嘴数量、喷嘴直径和风管数量作为设计变量,以淬火100 s后的温度和温度标准差最小化为目标函数,运用响应面法(Response surface methodology,RSM)建立拟合模型,对风道结构进行优化。结果表明:在气淬工艺参数和风机功率一定的情况下,喷嘴数量为4个,喷嘴直径为24 mm,风管数量为8个时,气淬效果最佳。     

油淬工件淬火畸变特点的成因

与高压气淬或者低温盐浴淬火相比,油淬工件的淬火畸变特点是:畸变数据零乱而没有规律;最大畸变程度通常也更大。出于对淬火油冷却特性曲线的错误认识而演变出来的工件表面温度与表面热流密度之间的一一对应关系,不能解释这种特点的成因。试验观测证明,表面温度与表面热流密度之间存在的是所处条件下的非一一对应关系。这种非一一对应关系是由蒸汽膜内气体的流动规律和冷却的中间阶段特性所引起的。应用这种非一一对应关系,既能解释淬火畸变程度更大的原因,也能解释畸变数据无规律的成因。     

Homogenisation of heat treatment process in high pressure gas quenching

Abstract

High pressure gas quenching has the advantages of pure convective heat transfer, high levels of control, avoidance of cleaning the quenched parts and low environmental impact. However, typical gas quenching facilities exhibit inhomogeneous flow conditions through the quench load and the parts, resulting in scatter in final properties. The upstream flow profile of the load has been identified as a key factor determining local flow conditions and heat transfer. The intensity of the quenching process is determined by the pressure drop that results from the flow resistance of the quench load, although a significant part of the flow passes between the load and the chamber walls and does not contribute to the quenching process. A simulation of the flow inside a commercial high pressure gas quenching chamber was carried out, using a multiscale model to give faster convergence. An experimental analysis of the flow inside a model quenching chamber through velocity measurements and flow visualisation was also performed. Finally, a quenching run with cylindrical parts in a double-chamber vacuum furnace was used to validate the model results. Various upstream velocity profiles were applied to demonstrate their influence on the quenching result. The multiscale simulation approach and the results of the flow process investigation are reported. Guidelines for gas quenching process optimisation are outlined.     

Numerical simulation of high pressure gas quenching of H13 steel

Aided by the computational fluid dynamics software package FLUENT flow and heat-transfer model has been established to simulate the high pressure gas quenching process of a large H13 die. The complicate geometry mesh of finite volume method (FVM) simulation was exactly built according to the practical chamber set-up of vacuum furnace. The velocity and temperature distribution of gas, as well as the temperature field in H13 die, were obtained by simulation. The validation of simulation results has been carried out by comparing the simulated cooling curves of certain points inside the die with the measured ones. It can be found that the temperature depended thermal physical properties of gas and H13 die, such as thermal conductivity, specific heat and viscosity, have dramatic effects on the accuracy of simulation results. The possible improvement of the numerical simulation based on the detailed discussion is also elucidated.     

Optimising Gas Quenching Technology through Modelling of Heat Transfer

AMONG the carburising and quenching technologieslow-pressure carburising in line with high pressure gasquenching knows a strong development[1],[2],[3].Thisprocess offers indeed an environmentally-friendlyalternative to standard atmosphere carburisingassociated to oil quenching.Gas quenching allows toeliminate parts washing and oil residues processingsteps.Besides low pressure carburising and quenchingprocesses allow more automation of the processFinally gas quenching offers process controopp…     

大长径比零件高压气淬温度场数值模拟

针对大长径比零件淬火均匀性和变形控制这一难点问题,采用数值模拟方法研究高压气淬技术对大长径比零件温度场的影响规律。结果表明,气体的淬火压力越大、流速越快、换热能力越强,工件冷却速度越快。采用上下交替吹风的静态交变流型不会对工件的冷速产生明显影响,但有利于改善温度场均匀性,且上下交替吹风时间间隔越短,工件的温度场越均匀。     

A mixture of pure gases that produce maximum heat transfer characteristics for quenching

Gas quenching provides a desirable alternative to conventional liquid quenching in heat treating from the standpoint of quality, safety, and environmental issues. There is convincing evidence that gasquenched parts heat treated in vacuum furnaces are clean and bright and do not require a postcleaning process that may result in additional production costs. The cooling rates for thicker section parts that are heat treated may be increased by increasing the magnitude of the heat transfer coefficient of the gaseous medium. This heat transfer coefficient, which is dependent on the thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density of gases can be maximized by utilizing gas mixtures instead of pure gases. Substantial increases in heat transfer rates for the gas quenching process can be achieved by appropriately mixing gases such as helium and argon.     

Validation of a systematic approach to modeling spray quenching of aluminum alloy extrusions, composites, and continuous castings

Optimal cooling of aluminum alloys following the high- temperature extrusion process suppresses precipitation of intermetallic compounds and results in a part capable of possessing maximum strength and hardness after the subsequent age- hardening process. Rapid quenching suppresses precipitation but can lead to large spatial temperature gradients in complex- shaped parts, causing distortion, cracking, high residual stress, and/or nonuniform mechanical properties. Conversely, slow cooling significantly reduces or eliminates these undesirable conditions but allows considerable precipitation, resulting in low strength, soft spots, and/or low corrosion resistance. This study presents a systematic method of locating and operating multiple spray nozzles for any shaped extrusion such that uniform, rapid cooling and superior mechanical and metallurgical properties are achieved. A spray nozzle data base was compiled by measuring the distribution of spray hydrodynamic parameters (volumetric spray flux, mean drop diameter, and mean drop velocity) throughout the spray field of various industrial nozzles. Spray heat transfer correlations, which link the local spray hydrodynamic parameters to the heat transfer rate in each of the boiling regimes experienced by the surface, defined the spatially nonuniform boundary conditions in a numerical model of the quenching process that also accounted for interference between adjacent spray fields. New correlations, offering increased accuracy and less computational time, were formulated for the high- temperature boiling regimes which have a critical influence on final mechanical properties. The quench factor technique related predicted thermal history to metallurgical transformations occurring within the extrusion to predict hardness distribution. The validity of this unique approach was demonstrated by comparing model predictions to the temperature response (and hardness after artificial aging) of an L- shaped Al 2024- T6 extrusion to quenches with multiple, overlapping water sprays. The validation study reported herein concludes by exploring the possibility of applying quenching technology to improving the properties of extruded metal- matrix composites such as SiC_p/Al 6061 and cast alloys.     

Simulation of temperature and stress in 6061 aluminum alloy during online quenching process

The cooling curves of 6061 aluminum alloy were acquired through water quenching experiment. The heat transfer coefficient was accurately calculated based on the cooling curves and the law of cooling. The online quenching process of complex cross-section profile was dynamically simulated by the ABAQUS software. The results suggest that the heat transfer coefficient changes during online quenching process. Different parts of the profile have different cooling velocity, and it was verified by water quenching experiment. The maximum residual stress of the profile was predicted using FEM simulation based on ABAQUS software. The relations between the temperature and stress were presented by analyzing the data of key points.     

控制畸变的模压淬火技术与装备

针对淬火过程的畸变问题,介绍了一种有效控制畸变的模压淬火技术与装备。通过控制作用力大小、周期与方式,调整淬火模具的结构与尺寸,控制冷却液的流量、流态及流向等,控制畸变过程,减小工件的畸变,在满足淬火要求的前提下,把模具与机床组合为一体,提供实现淬火过程的模压淬火工艺装备,在保证硬度和金相要求的同时,保持淬火工件的一致性,把淬火质量控制在最佳水平,并付诸工业应用,综合降低了淬火畸变。