高铁用结构钢淬透性及热处理工艺试验

对高铁用35CrMo钢、40CrNiMo钢和34CrNiMo6钢淬透性、淬硬性及热处理工艺进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,三种材料中34CrNiMo6钢的淬透性最好;40CrNiMo钢淬硬性较好,但淬硬层深度较浅;35CrMo钢的淬硬性低于40CrNiMo钢,淬透性低于34CrNiMo6钢。三种钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度和硬度均随回火温度的提高而下降,而断后伸长率、冲击韧度则随回火温度的升高而上升。     

热处理对34CrNiMo6钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了不同的淬火回火工艺对34CrNiMo6钢显微组织、硬度和韧性的影响。结果表明:淬火温度低于800℃时,随着淬火温度升高,34CrNiMo6钢的硬度逐渐升高;当淬火温度高于800℃时,随着淬火温度升高,硬度略微降低。冲击功随淬火温度升高持续降低。随着回火温度升高,34CrNiMo6钢的硬度降低,冲击功升高。经70℃淬火+620℃回火后,34CrNiMo6钢的组织为回火索氏体+铁素体,硬度和冲击功分别为35.2 HRC和111.0 J,钢的强韧性配合较佳。     

热处理温度对34CrNiMo6钢组织与力学性能的影响

研究了34CrNiMo6钢经油淬(760～850℃)、回火处理(350～500℃)后的组织与力学性能的变化,结果表明:经760℃油淬,34CrNiMo6钢并未完全的奥氏体化,淬火组织中保留着铁素体与球状珠光体;随着淬火温度升高,淬火组织完全转变成马氏体,并且片状马氏体有所粗化、长大,淬火硬度也不断提高。经相同的工艺淬火处理后,提高回火温度,钢的硬度逐渐下降,冲击功先下降而后快速上升。400℃回火,钢的冲击功最低。当回火温度相同时,淬火温度低的34CrNiMo6钢有着更高的冲击韧性。经780℃油淬+450℃回火处理,34CrNiMo6钢有最佳的强韧性组合。     

回火温度对40CrNiMo7钢组织与性能的影响

通过显微组织观察、拉伸和冲击试验、硬度测试、冲击断口分析等研究了回火温度对40CrNiMo7钢组织与性能的影响。结果表明,40CrNiMo7钢经850℃油淬400~700℃回火后的组织均为回火索氏体＋马氏体＋碳化物;650℃回火时实现了优良的强韧性匹配;400℃回火时常温强度达到最大,冲击吸收能量则最低,而700℃回火时则反之;随着回火温度的升高,40CrNiMo7钢的硬度逐渐减小。随着试验温度的降低,试验钢强度逐渐升高韧性却逐渐降低,而断后伸长率和断面收缩率基本没有变化。     

回火温度对40CrNiMo钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

对直径为25 mm的40CrNiMo钢试棒进行了调质处理:840℃油淬和550～630℃回火。检测了钢的硬度、力学性能和显微组织,以研究回火温度对钢的组织和性能的影响,从而确定40CrNiMo钢的最佳调质处理工艺。试验结果表明:钢的淬火态硬度较高,达54.5 HRC;随着回火温度的升高,钢的塑性、韧性提高,强度、硬度下降。40CrNiMo钢的最佳调质处理工艺为840℃油淬和560℃回火。     

过冷奥氏体变形和回火处理对40CrNiMo钢组织及硬度的影响

研究了40CrNiMo钢经650～700℃过冷奥氏体区变形以及350～550℃回火条件下的微观组织和硬度变化。结果表明:40CrNiMo钢在650℃和700℃过冷奥氏体区经30%变形后,其淬火组织为单一的板条马氏体; 40%变形淬火后,板条组织不明显,出现部分颗粒状的渗碳体组织。回火温度对过冷奥氏体变形淬火组织和硬度有显著的影响,随着回火温度升高颗粒尺寸逐渐变大,硬度随之降低;相同变形量条件下,过冷奥氏体变形温度降低,经相同制度回火,钢的硬度呈现不同程度升高。450℃下随回火时间延长,碳化物颗粒尺寸和硬度值变化均不明显。通过650℃过冷奥氏体变形,可使40CrNiMo钢的硬度达到717 HV0. 2,相当于2300 MPa的抗拉强度。     

26CrMo4钢的热处理工艺

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机测量了26CrMo4钢的相变温度,然后对其进行910 ℃水淬和400~740 ℃回火处理,并用光学显微镜、拉伸试验、硬度试验和冲击试验研究了热轧态和淬火、回火后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:26CrMo4钢具有优良的淬透性,910 ℃水淬可得到原奥氏体晶粒细小均匀的马氏体组织。26CrMo4钢的强度和硬度随着回火温度的提高而降低,回火温度在400~600 ℃、600~640 ℃和640~730 ℃之间时,抗拉强度随回火温度升高而下降的速率分别为1.685、1.500和2.822 MPa/℃。26CrMo4钢的冲击性能随着回火温度的升高而提高,700 ℃回火时0 ℃冲击吸收能量达到227 J,但继续提高回火温度至730 ℃时0 ℃冲击吸收能量基本保持不变。26CrMo4钢640 ℃和700 ℃回火后均具有较好的低温冲击性能,-70 ℃冲击吸收能量仍分别可达81 J和110 J。     

Ni含量对淬回火态40CrNiMo钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

使用直读光谱仪、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和力学试验设备,研究了Ni含量对淬回火态40CrNiMo钢的显微组织、残留奥氏体含量、硬度、室温抗拉强度和室温冲击性能的影响。结果表明,随着Ni含量从1.346%增加至1.618%,40CrNiMo钢的显微组织、残留奥氏体含量无明显变化,但α-Fe的晶格畸变增大;在不同回火温度下,试验钢的硬度均提高5~10 HV;450 ℃回火的高Ni含量钢的抗拉强度比低Ni含量钢高78 MPa,抗拉强度的提高幅度则随着回火温度的升高而减小;然而在残留奥氏体含量几乎不变的条件下,Ni含量增加反而会使450、500 ℃回火后钢的冲击吸收能量降低约50%。     

Cr-Ni-Mo系齿轮钢端淬过程模拟及淬透性预测

通过端淬试验测定了20Cr、20CrMo和20CrNiMo钢的淬透性曲线,分析了合金元素对淬透性的影响。利用Abaqus软件和Maynier组织预测模型,对3种成分钢的淬透性曲线进行了模拟计算。结果表明,20Cr、20CrMo和20CrNiMo 3种齿轮钢的淬透性依次降低;试验测定值与模拟计算值基本吻合,表明此种方法可以用来预测齿轮钢的淬透性曲线。     

回火对42CrNiMo6钢韧脆转变温度的影响

通过热处理工艺试验,研究42CrNiMo6钢的韧脆转变温度。根据42CrNiMo6钢在不同回火温度下的低温冲击吸收功,推算冲击断口形貌的剪切断面率。结果表明,590℃回火后,合金韧脆转变温度为室温;620℃回火后,合金韧脆转变温度为-50℃;而650℃回火后,合金韧脆转变温度为-70℃。回火温度的提高会增加合金的低温冲击吸收功,但会降低材料强度和韧脆转变温度,提高材料的工况应用范围。     

轨道交通高端轴类零件用材料对比

通过对轨道交通高端轴类产品车轴用35CrMoA、EA4T、EA1N、DZ2、30CrNiMoV12钢等材质,和转轴用35CrMo、40CrNi2MoA、34CrNiMo6、30CrNiMo8钢等材质热处理后的组织性能对比,对轴类零件用材料进行了优选。车轴材料对比试验结果表明,经过热处理后30CrNiMoV12钢的强韧性远高于其他材质,冲击韧性、缺口敏感性、疲劳强度是车轴材料中综合性能最优的一种,可用于受结构尺寸限制的高强度车轴或高寒条件下使用的车轴。DZ2材料次之,EA4T钢性能接近于DZ2钢,但低温冲击性能不如DZ2钢稳定。EA1N钢整体的强度只有30CrNiMoV12钢的一半。转轴材料对比试验结果表明,经过热处理后40CrNi2MoA、34CrNiMo6、30CrNiMo8钢的强韧性较好,低温冲击性能良好且稳定,30CrNiMo8钢耐疲劳强度更好,缺口敏感性更低,适用于高强度转轴和高寒条件下应用的车轴。相比之下35CrMo钢强度略低,低温冲击性能较好,略低于其他材料且稳定性有待提高。     

Mechanical properties of steels with low hardenability after quenching and tempering at low temperatures

Conclusions We measured the static bending strength, the hardness, and the impact strength of steels with low hardenability after induction heating followed by quenching and low-temperature tempering. We have recommended optimum quenching temperatures, tempering temperatures (in the case of induction heating), and the hardenability of steels for machine parts of different sizes. We have shown that the static bending strength and the impact strength of samples of quenched carbon steels are as high as those of case-hardened alloy steels.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 6, pp. 35–42, June, 1963     

New aspects of the study of polymer quenchants

Conclusions Preferable for the tempering of steels with low hardenability (such as steel 45) are the polymeric media modifications A-25 and A-8, for the steels with moderate hardenability (for example, 40Kh) the UZSP-1 medium is better, for the steels with high hardenability (such as 34KhN3MFA) the modification A-23 is best.VNIITMASh Scientific-Production Organization, Volgograd. Yarsintez Scientific-Production Organization, Yarosiavl'. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 6–8, May, 1993.     

铬镍钼钢在调质状态下的冲击缺口敏感性

本文用示波冲击弯曲试验、扫描电镜断口分析和金属薄膜透射电子显微分析，研究了高温回火后３４ＣｒＮｉＭｏ和４０ＣｒＮｉＭｏ钢的缺口敏感性。结果表明：Ｖ型缺口试样的裂纹扩展功能较好地反映材料的缺口敏感性。回火温度升高，试验钢的缺口敏感性降低。回火稳定性好的材料缺口敏感性大。     

Experimental studies on bulk tempering of 34CrNiMo6 steel

The class of steels for hardening and tempering, alloyed with chrome, nickel and molybdenum, standardized in Europe (four steel grades), USA (10 grades) and Russia (9 grades) is highly diversified and is especially interesting in the production of machine parts having an extremely large range of dimensions. The heat treatment features of these steels are particularly attractive: high bainitic hardenability and a good temperability etc. The correlation between the hardness achieved after high tempering on products made from these steels, their equivalent diameter and the heat and time parameters of tempering can be explained by means or Jominy samples test for products with equivalent diameters equal to or less than 100 mm, or by the results obtained through the method of simulation of oil cooling (Pavaras-Gheller method) for products with equivalent diameters higher than 100 mm. In this paper, based on experimental results, these correlations are customized for a steel group representative as is 34CrNiMo6.     

Al对42CrMo螺栓钢淬透性的影响

在42CrMo钢的基础成分上增加Al、Ti元素,通过末端淬火试验和截面硬度试验对比分析Al对42CrMo钢淬透性的影响差异,通过常规力学性能检测对比其与42CrMo钢的力学性能差异。结果表明Al、Ti元素添加可进一步提高淬透性,并且使钢的强度达到1200 MPa级,－40 ℃下KV₂≥27 J,满足低温环境下螺栓用钢的使用要求。采用化学相分析方法,对钢中析出相进行了定性、定量分析,结果表明Ti在钢中添加发挥明显固氮作用,提高了Al元素的固溶量,利用热膨胀法对比测定试验钢的等温转变曲线,证明了增加Al含量,降低了奥氏体临界转变温度,使C曲线右移,明显改善了钢的淬透性。     

Kurzzeituntersuchungen zur Auswahl von rostbeständigen Cr-Stählen mit verbessertem Widerstand gegen Schwingungsrißkorrosion

Short-time investigations into the selection of stainless chromium steels with improved corrosion fatigue resistance Using the steel X 20 Cr 13 various short-time test methods have been tested for evaluating the corrosion fatigue susceptibility in concentrated air-saturated sodium chloride solution. In addition the steels X 15 CrNi17, X 35 CrMo 17, X 5 CrNiMoCuNb 14 5, X 4 CrNiCuNb 16 4, X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3, X 5 CrNiMoCu 25 5, X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 and X 1 CrNiMoNb 28 4 2 have been studied at room temperature of 80° C using crack propagation, constant straining and pitting corrosion methods. The two last mentioned steels are superiour under the test conditions.     

基体对氮化钛膜的微力学和摩擦性能的影响

采用等离子电弧沉积法分别在GT35和40CrNiMo钢上沉积厚约为0．5μm的TiN膜。为了检测成膜质量，在较宽的载荷范围内分别使用显微硬度、纳米压痕和纳米划痕技术表征钢基材和TiN／基材的微力学和摩擦性能。同TiN／40CrNiMo相比，TiN／GT35的硬度高和固体润滑效果显著，GT35是较为理想的基体材料。对这种亚微米厚的膜，纳米压痕技术和纳米划痕技术能提供丰富的近表面的弹塑性变形、断裂和摩擦等的信息。     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen des SwRK-Verhaltens verschiedener Dampfturbinenschaufelstähle

Comparative investigations into the corrosion fatigue behaviour of different steam-turbine-blade steels Corrosion fatigue tests in NaCl-solution in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 150°C revealed a decrease of the corrosion fatigue strength of the steels X20Cr13 with 1% resp. 2.5% Mo, X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 and X2CrNiMoN 22 5 with increasing temperature; a minimum of the corrosion fatigue strength is reached at 150°C. At temperatures of about 80°C it was found an optimum corrosion fatigue behaviour of the Mo-alloyed steel X20CrMo13 2.5 in comparison with the other investigated steels. It was observed that crack initiation of the ferritic, Mo-alloyed steel is caused by Cl-induced pitting, of the soft martensitic steel by oxide inclusions and of the duplex steel by non metallic, brittle inclusions and/or by grain boundarys of the ferritic/austenitic microstructure. Crack initiation caused by pre-deformation at slip bands was observed on the duplex steel. All materials investigated failed at elevated temperatures. At temperatures higher than 80°C an optimum corrosion fatigue behaviour was not found.