一种复合催渗剂用于氮碳共渗的研究

采用一种由氯化铵、海绵钛、稀土和固态铬酸盐组成的复合催渗剂,对Cr12、3Cr2W8V和35CrMo钢进行了氮碳共渗.测定了渗层的硬度、深度、组织和相结构,并与采用纯稀土催渗剂的效果作了比较.试验结果表明,复合催渗剂对氮碳共渗有明显的催渗效果,并优于纯稀土催渗剂.     

氯化铵、海绵钛复合催渗剂对3Cr2W8V钢气体氮碳共渗的影响

试验了氯化铵、海绵钛复合催渗剂对3Cr2W8V钢气体氮碳共渗的影响，并探讨了其作用机理。试验结果表明，此复合催渗剂可显著缩短3Cr2W8V钢气体氮碳共渗的时间，提高渗层厚度和硬度，能得到质量良好的渗层。     

氧化钇对TC4钛合金表面包埋渗硼的影响

目的 加快TC4钛合金表面固体渗硼时渗层的生长,研究渗剂中添加Y2O3对渗硼的影响。方法 采用固体粉末包埋渗法对TC4基材进行1 050 ℃/8 h渗硼,包括渗剂中不添加Y2O3以及渗剂中分别添加质量分数为1%、3%、5%、7%Y2O3的试验研究。通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、波谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析渗硼样品的截面形貌、元素含量和表面物相,并测量渗硼样品的表面硬度和摩擦系数。结果 在渗剂中加入1%~7%的Y2O3,渗硼层结构与未添加氧化钇渗剂形成的相同,由致密连续的TiB2层和TiB晶须扩散层组成。Y2O3促进渗层生长的作用与其添加量密切相关。渗剂中加入1%~3%的Y2O3有促进渗硼层生长的作用,且加入3%的Y2O3时,催渗效果最佳,可使渗硼层厚度增加40.24%,但加入5%~7%的Y2O3时反而会抑制渗硼层的生长。能谱分析表明,Y原子能够扩散到渗硼层内,且渗硼层中存在原子数分数为0.01%~0.34%的微量Y元素,其随渗剂中Y2O3含量的增加而增加。热力学分析发现,Y2O3参与渗剂反应形成活性Y原子而渗入基体。向渗硼试剂中加入3%的Y2O3,样品的表面硬度较未添加Y2O3时提高35.54%,摩擦系数较未添加Y2O3时降低28.57%。结论 向渗硼试剂中加入适量氧化钇,是获得TC4合金表面高渗速、高硬度和低摩擦系数渗硼层的一种有效方法。     

预氧化+稀土铈对42CrMo钢离子渗氮的影响

针对离子渗氮渗层浅及生产周期长等技术难题,采用预氧化与稀土复合催渗对工程常用结构钢42CrMo进行了离子渗氮。利用显微硬度计、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等对渗氮速率、渗氮层组织、表面形貌等进行了系统的研究。结果表明,经400 ℃×1 h氧化+0.6 cm²/kg(铈表面积/装炉量)稀土的复合催渗工艺具有最佳催渗效果;与无催渗试样相比,优化后的复合催渗不仅提高了渗氮效率,同时减少了脉状氮化物,且降低了渗氮层的硬度梯度。     

稀土催渗下的45钢固体渗硼工艺研究

采用固体粉末渗硼法对45钢基体表面进行稀土催渗下的渗硼实验.通过金相和X射线衍射研究了渗硼后的物相组成和组织演变,讨论了渗硼过程中的硼化物形成动力学和稀土催渗硼机理.结果表明,45钢在稀土-硼共渗下可形成连续单一的Fe2B相硼化物;渗硼层组织致密,硼化物齿呈现直长而细密地垂直楔入基体的形貌特征,与基体牢固结合;稀土能对渗硼过程起到催渗作用,使渗硼速度加快,渗硼层厚度增加,但存在一个最佳稀土添加量,使渗硼催渗效果最好;稀土催渗作用是稀土对渗硼渗剂产生催化作用和对基体表面活化作用的综合结果;硼化物形成动力学符合抛物线规律,随渗硼时间延长,渗层厚度先快速增加,后缓慢增加.     

低铝铜合金表面渗铝及内氧化的研究

用催渗和不催渗两种渗剂在相同工艺条件下对Cu-Al合金表面渗铝,用工业N2中的余氧作为内氧化介质对渗铝试样进行内氧化,从而在试样表面得到硬化层。对渗铝层和内氧化层的显微结构以及硬度分布进行观察分析。结果表明:CeCl3对Cu-Al合金渗铝过程具有明显的催渗效果,在同等工艺条件下渗层厚度由未催渗的100μm提高为138μm;经内氧化后催渗试样形成了厚度为200μm左右的硬化层。硬化层内析出有大量弥散分布的Al2O3微粒。     

CeO2对铌硅基超高温合金硅化物渗层组织及抗氧化性能的影响

采用Si-CeO2包埋共渗工艺于1 150℃在铌硅基超高温合金表面制备Si-Ce共渗层,分析渗剂中CeO2粉含量对共渗层组织、相组成及高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:Si-Ce共渗层的组织、结构与单独渗硅层的相似,由(Nb,X)Si2(X表示Ti、Hf和Cr)外层、(Ti,Nb)5Si4过渡层和富Al扩散层组成。EDS分析结果表明,Ce在共渗层中的分布不均匀,而在由原基体合金中的(Nb,X)5Si3块转变而成的富Hf(Nb,X)Si2相中含量较高。渗剂中添加CeO2不仅起到了细化渗层组织的作用,而且起到了明显的催渗作用,当渗剂中CeO2粉含量为3%(质量分数)时催渗效果更显著。Si-Ce共渗层及单独渗硅层经1 250℃氧化50 h后的氧化膜均主要由TiO2与SiO2组成。但Si-Ce共渗层试样的氧化膜中TiO2棒更细小,并且在SiO2基体中的分布也更均匀,因而能显著改善氧化膜的粘附性与致密性,进而提高Si-Ce共渗层的高温抗氧化性能。     

稀土对Q345钢渗硼层的影响及其催渗工艺研究

研究了在渗硼剂中添加氧化铈稀土对Q345钢渗硼层组织和厚度的影响,并通过正交试验法确定了催渗工艺。分析表明:适量地添加氧化铈稀土,可显著改善渗层组织,并能使渗层厚度增加10%以上。正交试验结果表明,最佳催渗工艺为:渗硼温度920℃,渗硼时间7h,氧化铈添加量为2%。     

TC4钛合金表面氧化镧催渗渗硼工艺优化

以渗层厚度和表面硬度为评定依据,采用正交试验对TC4钛合金表面氧化镧催渗渗硼工艺进行优化。结果表明,渗硼温度对渗硼层影响最大,其次为渗硼时间、B₄C含量和La₂O₃含量。最优的催渗渗硼工艺为：渗硼温度1050 ℃,渗硼时间20 h,渗硼剂配比20wt%B₄C+4wt%La₂O₃+76wt%SiC。渗层表面由TiB、Ti₂B₅、TiC和Ti组成;与未添加氧化镧渗硼层相比,添加氧化镧渗硼层厚度与表面硬度明显提高,耐磨性也得到显著改善。     

38CrMoAl钢喷丸预处理与稀土催渗等离子多元共渗复合工艺研究

目的探索38CrMoAl喷丸预处理与稀土离子多元共渗复合强化新工艺的效果及其机理。方法通过设计正交实验筛选出最优处理工艺,在最优工艺参数条件下进行对比试验,分别测定渗氮后各试样的表面硬度及渗层厚度,观察其金相组织,利用SEM和能谱分析研究每组试样渗氮层的性能及产生原因。结果 38CrMoAl钢喷丸预处理与稀土催渗离子多元共渗的最优工艺参数为:渗氮温度540℃,氨气流量2.0 L/min,保温时间9 h。38CrMoAl钢试样的最大硬度为1221HV,渗层厚度为355μm。38CrMoAl钢试样的金相显微组织分析表明,喷丸预处理、稀土催渗对等离子多元共渗有促进作用,两者复合工艺的多元共渗作用效果大于单一稀土催渗和等离子多元共渗工艺。38CrMoAl钢试样渗层的能谱检测结果显示,复合处理工艺与单一处理工艺相比,在同一深度渗入的氮、碳、氧元素含量以及渗层深度均有明显提高。结论喷丸预处理与稀土催渗离子多元共渗工艺优于普通多元共渗和稀土多元共渗,喷丸和稀土的复合处理可以显著增强渗层厚度和渗入元素含量,有利于材料表面性能的提升。     

PVD hard coatings on prenitrided low alloy steel

The combination of traditional surface treatments such as nitriding with modern plasma-enhanced surface technologies reveals the possibility, particularly in the application to low alloy steels, of obtaining mechanical properties comparable with those of high alloy steels. Gas-nitrided samples of the hardened and tempered low alloy steels 30CrMoV9 and 17CrMoV10 were TiN coated by r.f. magnetron sputtering and ion plating. The requirements to obtain a nitrided substrate that can be coated were given special consideration. For this, various surface modifications of the nitrided substrates were realized by bright nitriding, nitriding with a compound layer and additional steps before coating, such as polishing, grinding and sputter cleaning.

The properties of prenitrided coated steels essentially depend on the structure and properties of the outer part of the nitrided case. TiN on bright nitrided and nitrided substrates with the compound layer removed has a better adherence than on compound layers. The decomposition of the iron nitride during the plasma sputter cleaning of compound layers results in a lower surface hardness and lower adherence of TiN. The highest wear resistances in the Timken test were registered on samples where the compound layer had been removed before TiN coating.     

真空低压渗碳对304与316L奥氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用真空低压渗碳技术对304和316L奥氏体不锈钢进行表面强化,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、Thermo-Calc热力学软件、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计等对渗碳层显微组织、相组成及硬度分布进行分析表征,计算了奥氏体不锈钢渗碳层中不同衍射峰的偏移量及渗碳前后晶格常数的变化量。结合钼对奥氏体不锈钢渗碳过程的影响,对比研究了304和316L奥氏体不锈钢渗碳后,在渗碳层深度、表面硬度及碳化物的析出规律等方面的差异。结果表明,经750 ℃真空渗碳2.6 h后,304和316L奥氏体不锈钢晶格常数分别增加了1.33%和1.14%,形成了由膨胀奥氏体和Cr₂₃C₆组成的渗碳层,Cr₂₃C₆在渗碳层中主要以条状沿膨胀奥氏体晶界析出,表面硬度较基体硬度均提升了两倍以上。     

GaN晶片芬顿反应化学机械抛光液组分优化

针对芬顿反应CMP抛光GaN晶片的抛光液,开展以表面质量为评价指标的参数优化试验,找出抛光液组分的最优配比。结果表明:当H₂O₂质量分数为7.5%时,GaN晶片加工表面效果最优,表面粗糙度达到3.2 nm;催化剂能有效调节芬顿反应的速率,对比液体催化剂FeSO₄溶液和固体催化剂Fe₃O₄粉末,固体催化剂Fe₃O₄粉末能在溶液中持续电离Fe2+,使芬顿反应能在整个加工过程中持续作用。当Fe₃O₄粉末粒径为20 nm时,抛光效果最佳,表面粗糙度达到3.0 nm;对比氧化铝、氧化铈、硅溶胶磨料,硅溶胶磨料抛光的表面效果最佳,晶片表面粗糙度达到3.3 nm;当硅溶胶磨料质量分数为20.0%,磨料粒径为60 nm时,抛光后晶片表面粗糙度达到1.5 nm。抛光液组分优化后,采用最优的抛光液组分参数抛光GaN晶片,其能获得表面粗糙度为0.9 nm的光滑表面。      

Characteristics and properties of surface coated nano-TiO2

Nano-TiO₂ was coated with Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and silane coupling agent by chemical liquid deposition. The coating was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM and FT-IR. The coating content and anti-ultraviolet capacity of nano-TiO₂ were measured by XRF and UV-vis spectrometer. The results show that dense coatings containing 5% Al₂O₃ or SiO₂ can be obtained by mixing slurry at pH 10, adding coating reagent and neutralization reagent into the slurry for 60 min at 85–95 °C, and finally aging for 120 min. Noncrystal SiO₂ was coated on the surface of nano-TiO₂ to form silica gel polymer with a Ti—O—Si bond, while aluminum compound exists in the form of AlOOH and part Al(OH)₃. The integrated dense film can shield photocatalysis effectively. The inorganic coating film can increase the wettability for xylene and stability in water. The surface modification of nano-TiO₂ will not impair its ability for anti-ultraviolet radiation, and more short band ultraviolet radiation can be absorbed. In addition, the optimal coating amount of silane coupling agent should be less than 3% and the best wettability for xylene can be reached when the amount is 1.2%.     

Corrosion of stainless steels in acid solutions with organic sulfur-containing compounds

The influence of the organic sulfur-containing compounds on the corrosion of ferrite and austenitic stainless steels in sulfuric acid was studied. The results showed that the anodic dissolution and self-corrosion of stainless steels were remarkably accelerated in solutions with a low amount of the organic sulfur-containing compounds (0.02 mmol/dm³). With an increase of the organic sulfur-containing compound concentration, more and more the organic sulfur-containing compound molecules adsorbed on the electrode surface and segregated the metal surface from the solution, which caused the decrease of the anodic dissolution and hydrogen evolution current of stainless steels. The anodic polarization behaviors of stainless steels were also changed with the various types of the organic sulfur-containing compounds and stainless steels.     

Synthesis and XPS investigation of superdense lithium-graphite intercalation compound, LiC2

The superdense lithium-graphite intercalation compound (GIC),LiC₂, first synthesized by the author was prepared by the original technique in a piston-cylinder high-pressure chamber with internal heater. Cleaved surfaces of this compound, LiC₃, LiC₆ and pristine graphite were studied by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. It was shown that chemical shifts of carbon do not vary in the range LiC₆ to LiC₂ which suggests that the additional lithium intercalation into LiC₆ gives no significant change in the charge transfer rate per carbon atom. Carbon/lithium atom ratios were obtained for freshly cleaved surfaces and for the surfaces after argon ion bombardment. It was shown that the bombardment results in the surface decomposition of LiC₂-GIC.     

离子渗氮温度对X80管线钢渗氮层在 3.5%NaCl溶液中耐蚀性能的影响

研究了X80管线钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明：经离子渗氮的样品,表面硬度显著提高,且随渗氮温度的升高而增加;渗氮层的耐蚀性明显优于基体材料,腐蚀电流密度降低一个数量级;腐蚀电位明显正移。当渗氮温度为450 ℃时,样品渗氮层由ε相和少量的γ '相构成,表面硬度约为810 HV,耐蚀性最好,腐蚀电流最小,约为0.56 μA/cm²,腐蚀电位最高,约为-214 mV。当渗氮温度为570 ℃时,样品渗氮层全部为γ '相,表面硬度约为930 HV,耐蚀性明显降低。离子渗氮温度显著影响X80钢表面渗氮层的相组成,引起表面硬度和耐蚀性不同。     

氧化时间及铬含量对Fe-Cr钢高温氧化行为的影响

为了测定不同氧化时间以及铬含量对高温条件下钢材表面氧化铁皮组织和厚度的影响,将Fe-5Cr钢与Fe-10Cr钢在1000 ℃空气条件下氧化60~180 min,采用增重法绘制其氧化动力学曲线,并利用光学显微镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪对氧化铁皮的断面形貌和物相进行研究。结果表明,两试验钢氧化初期为“气-固”反应,中后期为“气相-氧化铁皮-固相”反应。两试验钢氧化铁皮结构均由外氧化层、内氧化层和内氧化区域组成。当氧化时间为180 min时,Fe-10Cr钢检测到了内氧化物Cr₂O₃。空气中氧元素向内扩散与基体中铬元素发生反应生成内氧化物Cr₂O₃,再与氧化铁皮层中的FeO发生固相反应生成尖晶石结构产物FeCr₂O₄。随着氧化时间的增加,由于内氧化物Cr₂O₃不断受到内氧化层的包裹而转为外氧化,内外氧化的转变使得基体不断被腐蚀,氧化铁皮厚度不断增加。     

采用Au基钎料真空钎焊Al2O3陶瓷

首先选用AgCuTi活性钎料在880℃/10 min参数下对A1₂O₃陶瓷表面进行金属化处理,之后尽量去除金属化层中的AgCu共晶组织,然后选用两种Au基高温钎料在980℃/10 min参数下对金属化后的A1₂O₃进行了钎焊连接.结果表明,在Al₂O₃/Au-Ni/Al₂O₃接头中靠近Al₂O₃母材的界面处生成一层薄薄的扩散反应层,该反应层主要由TiO₂和Al₂O₃组成;在Al₂O₃/Au-Cu/Al₂O₃接头中同样存在扩散反应层,与前者不同的是,接头中检测到Ti-Au相的存在.分别对Au-Ni和Au-Cu两种钎料获得的Al₂O₃接头进行了抗剪强度测试,前者对应接头强度为95.5 MPa,后者对应接头强度达到102.3 MPa.