Influence of tooth modifications on tooth contact in face-hobbed spiral bevel gears

In this study the influence of tooth modifications induced by machine tool setting and head-cutter profile variations on tooth contact characteristics in face-hobbed spiral bevel gears is investigated. The concept of face-hobbed spiral bevel gear generation by an imaginary generating crown gear is applied. The modifications of tooth surfaces are introduced into the teeth of both members. The lengthwise crowning of teeth is achieved by applying a slightly bigger radius of lengthwise tooth flank curvature of the crown gear generating the concave side of pinion/gear tooth-surfaces, and by the variation of machine tool settings in the generation of pinion/gear teeth. The ease-off in the tooth height direction of meshing tooth surfaces is achieved by applying a head-cutter whose profile consists of two circular arcs, instead of a straight-line. The method of tooth contact analysis applied determines the path of contact, the potential contact lines, the separations along these lines, and the transmission errors. A computer program implements the method. By using this program the influence of the variation of machine tool settings and of head-cutter geometry on tooth contact is investigated and discussed.     

数控端铣弧齿锥齿轮的刀背与轮齿干涉避免方法

在五轴数控机床上端铣加工弧齿锥齿轮时,为了避免中凹盘铣刀背锥面与对侧齿面发生干涉,提出了基于刀具和齿轮结构的干涉避免方法。通过确定加工轨迹上刀背圆锥面最突出母线与对侧齿面的位置关系,保证刀具背锥面沿进给方向的法曲率小于对侧齿面法曲率,优化确定刀具边缘厚度和背锥角,实现了端铣齿面时刀背不干涉对侧齿面。最后,以一对弧齿锥齿轮副的小轮为例,通过比较虚拟加工模型和理论模型,验证了所提干涉避免方法的有效性。     

Pinion tooth surface generation strategy of spiral bevel gears

Aviation spiral bevel gears are often generated by spiral generated modified(SGM) roll method.In this style,pinion tooth surface modified generation strategy has an important influence on the meshing and contact performances.For the optimal contact pattern and transmission error function,local synthesis is applied to obtain the machine-tool settings of pinion.For digitized machine,four tooth surface generation styles of pinion are proposed.For every style,tooth contact analysis(TCA) is applied to obtain contact pattern and transmission error function.For the difference between TCA transmission error function and design objective curve,the degree of symmetry and agreement are defined and the corresponding sub-objective functions are established.Linear weighted combination method is applied to get an equivalent objective function to evaluate the shape of transmission error function.The computer programs for the process above are developed to analyze the meshing performances of the four pinion tooth surface generation styles for a pair of aviation spiral bevel gears with 38/43 teeth numbers.The four analytical results are compared with each other and show that the incomplete modified roll is optimal for this gear pair.This study is an expansion to generation strategy of spiral bevel gears,and offers new alternatives to computer numerical control(CNC) manufacture of spiral bevel gears.     

有误差的螺旋锥齿轮传动接触分析

以多体系统误差建模理论和齿轮啮合原理为基础,提出含有机床运动几何误差以及齿轮副安装误差的螺旋锥齿轮齿面接触分析(Error tooth contact analysis, ETCA)方法。以SGM法(大轮展成法加工,小轮变形法加工)加工的弧齿锥齿轮为例,通过ETCA分析,得到机床运动误差和安装误差对螺旋锥齿轮齿面加工质量影响的定量关系,对ETCA和TCA的结果进行对比分析,结果表明机床运动误差和安装误差对螺旋锥齿轮的齿面接触质量有较大的影响,为了通过齿面接触分析达到更准确的反调加工参数的目的,采用ETCA的分析结果指导加工参数反调更为合理。     

Mathematical model and manufacture programming of loxodromic-type normal circular-arc spiral bevel gear

In this paper, loxodromic-type normal circular-arc spiral bevel gear is proposed as a novel application of the circular-arc tooth profile at the gear transmission with intersecting axes. Based on the principle of molding-surface conjugation, the study develops a mathematical model for the tooth alignment curve and the computational flow at the design stage to enable the generation of the tooth surface. Machining of the tooth surface is then carried out to determine the interference-free tool path of the numerical control (NC). Moreover, a pair of loxodromic-type normal circular-arc spiral bevel gears is manufactured on computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. The proposed theory and method are experimentally investigated, and the obtained results primarily reflect the superior performance of the proposed novel gear.     

弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法切齿原理及齿面接触分析研究

弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法具有高效、可实现干切削的特点,是Gleason制弧齿锥齿轮的先进加工方法。为揭示双重螺旋法的切齿原理,以大轮成形法加工的弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法为研究对象,以啮合原理和微分几何学为基础,根据刀盘、机床、工件之间的运动位置关系,利用矢量法、基于齿面3个参考点建立切齿数学模型,推导机床调整参数的计算过程;然后,以齿槽中点作为参考点,修正弧齿锥齿轮副的齿坯几何参数;另外,以小轮产形面方程代替其共轭齿面方程,提出新的齿面失配设计新方法,与传统方法相比简化计算过程。以一对7×43的准双曲面齿轮副为例进行设计计算和切齿加工,齿面接触分析与滚动检查结果验证所提出的双重螺旋法切齿原理的正确性,并根据该切齿原理开发弧齿锥齿轮双重螺旋法的设计软件,为该方法在国内的推广提供理论基础与技术支撑。     

Reverse engineering of machine-tool settings with modified roll for spiral bevel pinions

Although a great deal of research has been dedicated to the synthesis of spiral bevel gears, little related to reverse engineering can be found. An approach is proposed to reverse the machine-tool settings of the pinion of a spiral bevel gear drive on the basis of the blank and tooth surface data obtained by a coordinate measuring machine(CMM). Real tooth contact analysis(RTCA) is performed to preliminary ascertain the contact pattern, the motion curve, as well as the position of the mean contact point. And then the tangent to the contact path and the motion curve are interpolated in the sense of the least square method to extract the initial values of the bias angle and the higher order coefficients(HOC) in modified roll motion. A trial tooth surface is generated by machine-tool settings derived from the local synthesis relating to the initial meshing performances and modified roll motion. An optimization objective is formed which equals the tooth surface deviation between the real tooth surface and the trial tooth surface. The design variables are the parameters describing the meshing performances at the mean contact point in addition to the HOC. When the objective is optimized within an arbitrarily given convergence tolerance, the machine-tool settings together with the HOC are obtained. The proposed approach is verified by a spiral bevel pinion used in the accessory gear box of an aviation engine. The trial tooth surfaces approach to the real tooth surface on the whole in the example. The results show that the convergent tooth surface deviation for the concave side on the average is less than 0.5 μm, and is less than 1.3 μm for the convex side. The biggest tooth surface deviation is 6.7 μm which is located at the corner of the grid on the convex side. Those nodes with relative bigger tooth surface deviations are all located at the boundary of the grid. An approach is proposed to figure out the machine-tool settings of a spiral bevel pinion by way of reverse engineering without having known the theoretical     

弧齿锥齿轮成形法数控加工仿真建模与实现技术

针对半滚切法加工的弧齿锥齿轮,根据机床、刀具和被加工工件之间的位置关系和切齿过程,由齿轮啮合原理和弧齿锥齿轮切齿原理推导出弧齿锥齿轮齿廓曲面方程。根据实际的弧齿锥齿轮参数,基于CAT IA曲面建模方法,运用上述数学方程,建立了锥齿轮三维实体模型,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Face-milling spiral bevel gear tooth surfaces by application of 5-axis CNC machine tool

In order to solve some common problems of CNC-machined spiral bevel gears such as small cutting strip width and poor surface quality, while milled by the ball-end, a machining method of face milling using a disk cutter with a concave end is presented. The research theories are based on the foundation of spiral bevel gears’ geometry structure. Firstly, a bigger diameter disk cutter with a concave end is selected. Then, change the setting order of cutter orientation angles. The functions of cutter tilt and yaw angle are separated, and tooth surfaces machined with big cutting strip width and no bottom land gouge can be expected. Since the cutter yaw angle, determined firstly by cutting contact point, positions in the tooth surface machine, the bottom land gouge interference can be avoided effectively. Then, the tilt angles of the gear pair, both side tooth surfaces, are determined by the theory of sculptured surfaces machined by the flat-end cutter, respectively. As a result, the improved cutting strip width and machining efficiency can be realized. Finally, feasibility of this method is verified through machining experiment and measurement of a spiral bevel gear pair.     

弧齿锥齿轮的齿面主动设计及试验验证

齿面印痕和传动误差对齿轮传动的性能起着决定作用,根据齿面印痕的位置、方向及传动误差幅值的要求,在齿面上设计三个啮合点,通过对这三个啮合点的控制,达到对齿面啮合质量的全程控制。在此基础上,为了满足不同的加工要求,又提出按照给定的垂直轮位的值对齿面进行再设计,保证传动误差的幅值不变且接触迹线仅有较小的改变,为弧齿锥齿轮副设计提供了新的方法和途径。最后在磨齿机上加工了一对齿轮,通过印痕检测验证了本文设计方法的正确性。     

螺旋锥齿轮齿面扫描式测量法及其应用研究

螺旋锥齿轮的实际齿面形状是影响其动力学性能的一个非常重要的因素。本文介绍了采用虚拟共轭基准面的螺旋锥齿轮齿面的扫描式测量、数据处理及应用方法，即大齿轮的基准面采用的是由机床设定参数计算出的理论齿面，而小齿轮的基准面采用的是与大齿轮共轭的假想小齿轮齿面。由于采用了二维测头进行齿面测量，有效地避免了测头与齿面间摩擦力的影响，既能保持高精度，又能进行快速测量。同时，该种测量采用连续扫描的方法，信息量大、速度快，适合于大批量生产中的螺旋锥齿轮的齿面质量管理与控制。由于扫描式测量采用了虚拟共轭基准齿面，所以从测量数据本身就可以判断齿面的接触斑点位置与形状，因而可以直观、有效地对齿面质量进行管理与控制。     

对数螺旋锥齿轮建模优化与加工检测

为了提高对数螺旋锥齿轮三维精确模型的精确性和准确性,提出了基于MATLAB和Pro/E的对数螺旋锥齿轮离散化建模方法。首先,根据对数锥齿轮的形成原理建立齿面方程;然后,根据齿轮的具体参数计算齿面边界条件;接着利用MATLAB计算出齿面离散坐标点,将这些坐标点导入到三维建模软件Pro/E中,利用其逆向工程模块建立齿面的离散模型。以Pro/E为二次开发平台,运用C语言编程建立只需要输入相应参数即可自动完成锥齿轮创建的程序,为后续锥齿轮的静力学分析、动力学分析和齿面修形奠定了基础。     

The meshing angular velocity and tangential contact force simulation for logarithmic spiral bevel gear based on Hertz elastic contact theory

To obtain the change tendency of output angular velocity and tangential contact force of a gear when the pinion under the step input during meshing of a new type of spiral bevel gear, which is a logarithmic spiral bevel gear, the tooth flank equation of logarithmic spiral bevel gear is deduced based on the formation mechanism of the tooth flank formation. A three-dimensional model of a pair of logarithmic spiral bevel gears whose number of teeth was 37:9, with modules being 4.5 mm, normal pressure angle being 20 degrees and spiral angle being 35 degrees were built and assembled. Based on Hertz elastic contact theory, the calculation formulas and parameters sets of contact force for conventional spiral bevel gear meshing simulation and logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing simulation were done. Consider the dynamic simulation about meshing angular velocity and tangential contact force for conventional spiral bevel gear meshing and logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing, respectively. Finally, by analyzing and comparing the simulation data, the results show that under the same input conditions, the fluctuation of the gear angular velocity and tangential contact force of logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing are smaller than the conventional spiral bevel gear. That is, the transmission stationary of logarithmic spiral bevel gear meshing is superior to conventional spiral bevel gear.     

格利森弧齿锥齿轮的精确参数化设计与运动仿真分析

分析了格利森制弧齿锥齿轮的加工特点和齿形形成原理,结合其齿长方向是产形轮圆弧齿线的锥面展成线及齿廓方向为精确的球面渐开线的特点,推导出相应的曲线方程.在Pro/E Wildfire2.0的环境下,对格利森制弧齿锥齿轮进行了精确建模和全参数化设计.应用虚拟装配与运动仿真技术,实现了在设计阶段可视地对装配进行干涉检测以及产品设计的合理性分析.     

螺旋锥齿轮参数化精确建模

以齿轮啮合原理为基础,阐述了球面渐开线螺旋锥齿轮齿廓的形成机理,建立了螺旋锥齿轮齿面点坐标参数方程,构建了格里森制螺旋锥齿轮数学模型.利用基于Pro/E参数化建模方法,创建了螺旋锥齿轮单齿齿形,用阵列操作,建立了完整的螺旋锥齿轮三维实体造型,并通过运动仿真验证了该建模的精确性,为螺旋锥齿轮设计与制造研究提供了一种参数化设计方法.     

基于摆线的螺旋锥齿轮齿根过渡圆弧研究

在齿轮基本尺寸不变的情况下提高齿轮的强度一直是一个很重要的研究方向。为此,针对螺旋锥齿轮齿根过渡圆弧研究与定义的不明确与复杂性,提出了一种螺旋锥齿轮齿根过渡圆弧的精确画法。此方法通过研究螺旋锥齿轮大端面当量齿轮的齿廓曲线,对齿根过渡圆弧曲线进行改进,提出了基于摆线的齿根过渡圆弧设计方法。     

螺旋锥齿轮大轮齿形误差的在机测量

为了在国产数控螺旋锥齿轮磨齿机上实现大轮齿形误差的在机测量,对大轮齿形误差的在机测量方法进行了研究。基于齿轮坐标系与机床坐标系之间的关系,建立了将齿面离散点坐标及法矢从齿轮坐标系转换到机床坐标系的方法。根据大轮的齿面几何特征,建立了大轮齿形误差的在机测量方法以及测量流程。根据在机测量得到的测球球心空间坐标,运用曲面拟合技术和最优化算法,计算了实际齿面相对于理论齿面沿各离散点法矢方向的齿形误差值。通过对比在机测量和齿轮测量中心的齿形误差测量结果,验证了螺旋锥齿轮大轮齿形误差在机测量方法的正确性。     

一种弧齿锥齿轮安装误差变动范围的确定方法

提出一种接触印痕位置参数分析法,用于确定弧齿锥齿轮安装误差的可变动范围。根据设计要求的啮合性能,采用局部综合法,设计弧齿锥齿轮加工参数,得到弧齿锥齿轮副齿面。在齿面参考点处的压入深度为0.006 35 mm的条件下,计算小轮驱动力矩。在此力矩作用下,进行安装误差状态下的轮齿加载接触分析(Loaded tooth contact analysis,LTCA),获得描述承载齿面接触印痕的位置参数。以接触印痕边界点到齿面边界的距离为设计目标,分别以不同类型的单因素安装误差为设计变量,采用优化设计方法确定接触印痕在齿面有效边界内变动时,对应的安装误差的变动范围。以某航空发动机附件传动系统中的弧齿锥齿轮为对象,依据上述方法,确定出不同类型安装误差的可变动范围,验证上述方法的有效性。所提出的方法为合理确定弧齿锥齿轮副安装误差的变动范围提供一种参考。     

Research on global form deviations for spiral bevel gear based on latticed measurement

In order to improve the machining accuracy of spiral bevel gear,difference surface was adopted to characterize its global form deviations quantifiably and correct its deviations.The theoretical tooth s...     

基于数控加工机床的弧齿锥齿轮建模

基于数控螺旋锥齿轮加工机床,根据实际切齿过程建立了齿面方程,并利用MATLAB求解非线性方程组得到齿面上的坐标,通过SolidWorks拟合齿面上的曲线,将线连成面,最后建立精确的齿轮三维实体模型用于理论分析.