论生态需水问题的复杂性

生态系统具有高度的开放性,其影响因子之间存在着复杂的非线性耦合关系,这种关系是生态系统产生复杂性的根源。生态系统除具有复杂性系统所共有的非线性、多样性、多层性、多变性、整体性、统计性、不可逆性、自组织性与临界性等特征外,在空间、时间、影响因子和功能等方面也具有复杂性。生态系统的复杂性导致了生态需水问题的复杂性,研究生态需水必须首先了解生态系统的复杂性。生态需水的复杂性特征表明:很难用一个简单通用的生态需水公式说明生态需水,用统计学方法研究生态需水可能更好;生态需水背景值研究、生态需水标准体系研究、生态需水模型研究应该是生态需水研究的重要内容。     

海河流域重要湿地生态需水及保障措施研究

海河流域湿地众多,但受自然和人为等因素影响,正面临湿地面积萎缩、湿地生态退化等问题。本文研究了海河流域七里海、白洋淀、衡水湖等10个重要湿地生态需水及保障措施,以2014年数据资料为基础,利用遥感手段,结合水量平衡原理,估算了不同湿地蒸发蒸腾损失、渗漏损失。计算结果表明海河流域重要湿地年生态需水总量约为32 880万m3,通过各类引水、调水工程生态需水满足程度可达到45%以上。研究成果可为海河流域相关湿地保护决策提供参考与依据。     

流域生态环境需水计算

介绍了我国流域生态需水研究现状,在对流域生态环境需水计算的前提条件进行阐述的基础上,根据生态需水的水文学原理以及生态系统学原理,从8个方面提出了流域生态环境需水的计算方法,以确定整个流域的生态环境需水量,从而合理量化生态需水总量,达到水资源优化配置的目的.     

生态环境需水分类体系探讨

在总结已有工作基础上,对生态需水、生态耗水、生态用水以及生态与环境的概念进行阐述。对生态需水的分类体系进行探讨,认为按空间的一级分类可分为河道内和河道外生态需水,若按尺度可分为宏观和微观生态需水。河道内生态需水又可分为水土保持需水、河道生态与环境需水、流域湿地保护需水、河口生态需水及地下水生态水位;河道外生态需水指城市生态环境需水、防护林体系需水、湿地补水等。介绍计算生态需水的6大基本程序:生态水文分区、分区生态功能识别、现状评价、确定管理目标、生态需水计算以及监测和管理。     

黄河河口淡水湿地生态需水研究

根据河口湿地生态系统的结构特征及功能要求，提出了黄河河口湿地生态需水的概念及内涵，介绍了河口湿地生态需水研究的思路及计算方法，对湿地合理保护规模、湿地指示性物种及不同生态用水配置的生境适宜性进行了初步研究。同时，指出了研究中需要加强的一些问题：①如何合理确定湿地的保护规模、状态，达到生态保护与经济的协调发展；②如何针对不同的河口生态系统状况及保护功能要求，做到宏观与微观相结合、动态与静态相结合；③湿地生态需水量的配置方式、可行性及其实现的有效措施与方法。     

莫莫格自然保护区湿地生态需水量计算

利用莫莫格自然保护区降水、蒸发资料,通过湿地生态需水量计算方法,计算出维持该区域湿地生态系统所需的多年平均生态需水量、适宜生态需水量和最小生态需水量。     

新疆干旱区流域生态需水问题研究

生态需水是当前干旱区流域水资源管理的重要问题。通过对新疆平原区荒漠和绿洲两种生态系统的分析,特别是对天然绿洲生态系统中人工绿洲水资源利用方式及过程的分析,尝试性提出生态需水量在流域规划和水资源管理中的定位、不同生态系统的保护方式和基本生态水量的确定方式,并简述了新疆奎屯河流域以生态退水作为恢复流域生态水量的实例。     

加强淮河流域生态环境需水研究的初步思考

在回顾国内外生态需水研究历史的基础上，讨论生态需水的概念及内涵，对生态需水的量化计量方法进行总结述评。结合淮河流域实际情况，提出了在流域综合规划、流域重要湿地、水资源论证、水土保持工作等4个方面中加强生态需水研究的建议，为实现流域水资源合理配置、持续开发利用提供一定的参考价值。      

黄河河口生态需水研究进展与展望

黄河河口生态需水包括河流生态需水、湿地生态需水和近海生态需水。系统梳理了近20年来黄河河口生态需水目标、需水类别和需水量计算结果;结合黄河河口演变特点,提出生态需水研究的重点和主要方向。河流生态需水以满足重要渔业物种生境为主,重点研究指示物种对天然径流量节律的响应特征,量化水文-生态响应关系,在某种程度上恢复自然水文情势的生态功能。湿地生态需水应深入研究植被、土壤、水体的水盐平衡和蒸散发规律,从植被和鸟类生态位的合理设计以及生物多样性维持出发构建生态系统结构,确定湿地合理规模。近海生态需水应研究入海冲淡水对渔业物种低盐产卵育幼场的塑造和维持机制,以及重要渔业物种习性、适宜营养盐水平与磷酸盐输送扩散机制。小浪底水库运用以来,利津断面径流量满足已有生态需水径流量各项研究成果要求的年份比例为37%～58%,春季经流过程经常缺乏流量脉冲。初步分析以湿地、河道鱼类和近海鱼类为主要目标的全年生态需水量为86亿m³,径流过程需要阶段性场次洪水。建议对小浪底水库调度方案进行多年优化调整,兼顾春季流量脉冲的塑造,在更大程度上满足河口生态需求。     

河口湿地生态需水研究框架及关键问题

针对河口湿地生态需水研究现状,构建河口湿地生态需水研究的基本框架,包括生态环境保护目标的确定,水与生态相互作用的定性和定量分析,以及河口湿地生态补水配置方案的优选。目前湿地需水计算的常规方法已无法满足河口湿地生态需水计算要求,对多种湿地需水计算方法进行整合研究,建立基于统一物理机制的生态水文耦合模型,以及考虑变化环境下的河口湿地生态需水响应成为研究的关键问题。     

长江流域河道生态环境需水满足程度研究

长江流域的河流健康问题已经引起社会各界的广泛关注。选择健康长江评价指标之一的河道生态环境需水满足程度进行研究。将长江流域的河流分为 3 种类型,针对不同的河流（或河段）类型采用不同的方法计算河道生态环境需水量。从生态环境缺水量的角度对河道生态环境需水满足程度重新定义,以适于长江流域可能季节性缺水的特点,并利用来水和用水资料,计算了各河流（或河段）的满足程度,最后根据计算结果对其健康状态进行评价。研究结果表明目前长江流域仍处于较为健康的状态。     

A Shared Vision on the Transboundary Water Management Challenges of the Tagus River Basin

The Tagus River basin faces a growing water management challenge, as water demand and river regulation by large multi-purpose reservoirs lead to situations of water scarcity and mediocre conditions in some water bodies. The current situation and the impacts of increasing water demands are evaluated by a detailed river basin model which covers the whole river basin and includes the main hydraulic infrastructures and water uses of Spain and Portugal. Several indicators are computed from the model results to assess water demand satisfaction and the alteration of the hydrological regime, offering a better understanding of current hydro-climatic conditions in the basin. Results show that current water management practices have significantly altered the natural river flow conditions in the entire Tagus River basin. Water managers struggle to satisfy existing waters uses and increasing water demands will further accentuate these problems. The enforcement of new and planned environmental flow requirements may alleviate the conditions of some water bodies but will decrease the level of satisfaction of non-priority water demands. As additional measures are needed to improve water bodies status, water management and allocation policies must be revised at the river basin scale to improve the balance between water consumptive uses and environmental needs. A shared knowledge base and a common vision on the basin challenges will be required to achieve these goals and the datasets and tools applied in this study contribute to this needed transboundary cooperation.

     

长江流域水资源预测技术

水资源预测作为现有水文、气象预报的一种拓展,必须以现有水文、气象预报手段为基础,充分利用现有的信息化技术,从气候、地理、水文水资源、水环境保护等不同领域对影响水资源变化的诸多因素进行综合分析,构建水资源预测信息平台,加强对气候、水资源等方面的基础性分析研究,开展短期气候预测技术应用研究.开展长江流域水资源预测还需要结合流域内经济发展指标,对长江流域可供水资源、工农业用水、居民生活用水、生态环境用水需求量、水质监测等信息进行收集整理和分析,通过对长江流域或流域内某一地区未来降雨量的预测,对该地区可能形成的地表径流量、水质等作进一步预测,并分析其与用水需求量之间的基本规律和经验关系,建立适合长江流域水资源预测模型,并对流域内重点区域水资源质、量在未来一定时间尺度内的变化趋势进行预测,建立相应的水资源供需关系的预警机制.目的是更好地合理利用水资源、优化水资源配置,为长江流域经济和社会的可持续发展提供强有力的技术支撑.     

流域生态用水与需水研究

水资源不合理利用导致了严重的生态环境问题,流域生态用水与需水研究对流域水资源配置具有重要意义,应用水量平衡原理,提出计算不同频率流域生态用水与需水方法,并以海河流域为例,计算了不同保证率时的生态用水量与需水量,主要结论为,水循环与水量平衡理论是研究流域生态需水的基本原理;生态用水等于水资源总量减去生活生产耗水量;根据不同水资源条件下年生态需水量进行生态配水。     

A Microeconomic Perspective on Water Resources Management: Analyzing the Effects on Optimal Land Rents Along a River Basin

Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly relevant issue in many regions of the world as demand for water continues to grow. As a result, the need for finding measures that efficiently allocate increasingly scarce water resources has become a primary topic on the agendas of many water resource management authorities. This paper presents an innovative approach that provides further insight into the connection between hydrological, environmental, and economic aspects along a river basin. In short, it analyzes how land rents along a river basin are affected by managing water pollution along a river basin, given certain hydrological characteristics of the river basin. Results show that, without the implementation of a water management system to control water quality, the negative external effects of upstream water discharges on downstream locations can be internalized through a decrease in downstream land rents. However, the analysis presented in this paper also reveals that it is not only the absence or the presence of a water management system that has a significant impact on the real estate market along the river basin. Moreover, the market outcome also varies with the type of water resources management system implemented.     

The Cauvery river basin in southern India: major challenges and possible solutions in the 21st century

India is facing major challenges in its water resources management (WRM) sector. Water shortages are attributed to issues such as an explosion in population, rapid urbanization and industrialization, environmental degradation and inefficient water use, all aggravated by changing climate and its impacts on demand, supply and water quality. This paper focuses on the contemporary and future situation in the Cauvery river basin in Southern India, shared by different states, predominantly Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As water issues largely fall under the authority of the states, inter-state water disputes have a long tradition in the Cauvery river basin. Future changes in precipitation during the two monsoon seasons will only increase these tensions. Both states depend on the arrival of these monsoon rains to water their crops and to replenish the groundwater. The paper identifies the major challenges and general possible solutions for sustainable WRM within the river basin. It synthesises the relevant literature, describes practices that should be addressed in the scope of integrated WRM--including water availability increase and demand management--and stresses the need for further quantitative analyses.     

探讨适合长江流域特点的水量分配研究框架

长江流域水资源相对丰富,但存在降水时空分布不均、自然灾害频繁、城市需水增长快、供求矛盾加剧、水污染加重、用水效率低下等水资源问题.三峡水库的建设运用,外流域调水工程的实施打破了长江原有的水平衡.保证流域水资源的合理开发利用与调配对流域社会经济的发展极其重要,了解流域本身的水资源特点和问题,研究河流生态用水,分析不同功能、不同区域的水量分配额度,提出区域社会经济发展的水量分配方案,是水资源管理的基础,也是保障流域水资源的合理调配和可持续开发利用,维护河流健康发展的需求和根本.对适合长江流域特点的水量分配研究框架进行了探讨.     

长江水资源保护面临的挑战与前景

The major faced problems at present in Yangtze river basin are: ① uneffective control in river water pollution threatens seriously the safety of drinking water; ② shrinkage of lake area and serious eutrophication; ③ soil-water losses degraded the ecological environment of the basin; ④ the impact of TGP and S-N water transfer project on water environment of the basin. In the light of above-mentioned problems, water resources utilization strategy must be adjusted and the sustainable social and economic development should be supported by sustainable water resources utilization, and it is necessary to take the following countermeasures: ① establishing overall flood control and disaster relief system; ② developing high water use efficiency agriculture; ③ taking "giving priority to water saving on the basis of pollution control" as urban water resources utilization strategy; ④ implementing comprehensive pollution control strategy with sources control as main point; ⑤ guaranteing water demand of the ecological environment; ⑥implementing the strategy of maintaining water resources supply and demand balance on the basis of water demand management; ⑦ studying countermeasures for the ecological and environmental impacts of trans-basin water transfer and western China devolopment. The key of realization of sustainable water resources utilization is to reform management and investment mechanism of water resources and water price policy. It is the only way to solve the water resources problems in Yangtze river basin as well as the whole China.     

Allocating Water under Bankruptcy Scenario

Most of the transboundary river basins are contested due to the overlapping water demands of their riparian countries. Hence, these border crossing river basins are under immense pressure from the rising water demand. Thus, most of these essential fresh water resources could face water bankruptcy scenario in the future. The Nile river basin is one of these contested river basins. The demand for the river’s water is rising rapidly. Research studies indicated that the river basin could become water bankrupt in the near future. In this article the authors applied the classical bankruptcy water allocation rules for allocating the predicted available water of the river basin. In addition, the authors proposed an innovative way of accounting the water contribution of riparian states and also a mechanism for weighing the water deficit allotted to them. Generally, the authors hope that this article shades some light on allocation of water under water scarcity in the Nile river basin and in other border crossing river basins which could help for avoiding water conflicts and ensuring the sustainability of these crucial freshwater resources.     

Estimating the Potential Impacts of Irrigation Water Pricing Using Multicriteria Decision Making Modelling. An Application to Northern Greece

A great challenge of the current European water policy is the implementation of volumetric water pricing in the agricultural sector, especially of Mediterranean countries, where irrigation is a necessary precondition of agricultural production and farmers’ income, but also the major consumer of water. The overall aim of the present work is to develop a methodology that will be suitable for the estimation of the potential environmental, economic and social impacts of irrigation water pricing. For this purpose, Multi-Attribute Utility Theory is implemented in order to simulate agricultural decision making at various water pricing scenarios. Water demand functions are then elicited, by means of the best crop and water allocation (farmers’ decisions) in each scenario. The European Water Framework Directive recommends that any issue concerning water resources management (including water pricing policies) should be developed at the river basin level. In this framework, a cluster analysis is performed to partition the river basin area (namely, Loudias River Basin, located in Northern Greece) into a small number of homogeneous sub-regions. The differential impact of water pricing in each region is then analyzed, and finally, an average water demand function is formulated for the whole river basin.