Voltage stability monitoring of power systems using reduced network and artificial neural network

This paper presents network reduction based methodologies to monitor voltage stability of power systems using limited number of measurements. In a multi-area power system, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to estimate the loading margin of the overall system, based on measurements from the internal area only. Information regarding the important measurements from the external areas is considered in measurement transformation through the network reduction process, to enhance the estimation accuracy of the ANNs. A Z-score based bad or missing data processing algorithm is implemented to make the methodologies robust. To account for changing operating conditions, adaptive training of the ANNs is also suggested. The proposed methods are successfully implemented on IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus test systems.     

Detection of false data injection attacks on power systems using graph edge-conditioned convolutional networks

State estimation plays a vital role in the stable operation of modern power systems, but it is vulnerable to cyber attacks. False data injection attacks (FDIA), one of the most common cyber attacks, can tamper with measurement data and bypass the bad data detection (BDD) mechanism, leading to incorrect results of power system state estimation (PSSE). This paper presents a detection framework of FDIA for PSSE based on graph edge-conditioned convolutional networks (GECCN), which use topology information, node features and edge features. Through deep graph architecture, the correlation of sample data is effectively mined to establish the mapping relationship between the estimated values of measurements and the actual states of power systems. In addition, the edge-conditioned convolution operation allows processing data sets with different graph structures. Case studies are undertaken on the IEEE 14-bus system under different attack intensities and degrees to evaluate the performance of GECCN. Simulation results show that GECCN has better detection performance than convolutional neural networks, deep neural networks and support vector machine. Moreover, the satisfactory detection performance obtained with the data sets of the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 118-bus systems verifies the effective scalability of GECCN.     

基于负荷电流的配电网非量测负荷估计

提出了一种基于负荷电流的抗差估计算法用于修正10kv配电网非量测负荷。该算法将配电网中的功率量测变换为电流量测，实现了雅可比矩阵常数化，负荷电流实虚部解耦求解。并采用了权值随残差变化的权函数，从而较大程度上抑制了伪量测中坏数据对估计结果的不良影响。文中还给出了IEEE33节点配电系统的计算结果。结果表明，该算法能够有效地修正伪量测数据，使其准确度达到或接近实际量测值的准确度。     

A new numerical algorithm to check the observability and bad-data processing ability of the metering scheme

This paper provides a unified approach for the optimization of measurements placements employed for power system online monitoring through state estimation. The proposed methodology, which can be suitable for the mixed measure system, preserves state estimation observability and bad-data processing capability by employing numerical algorithms for observability checking, critical measurements and critical couple identification. First, node injection radix measurements and measurement categories are defined. According to the above definitions, the coefficient matrix can be solved. The analysis on the column vectors of the coefficient matrix can determine each measurement classification. Furthermore, the numbers of each measurement class contains can determine bad-data processing capability. The observability can be checked by the type number of measurements. The proposed method is illustrated with the IEEE39-bus system and the IEEE118-bus system. Results from the case studies are presented to demonstrate that the approach adequately fulfills the desired properties related to observability, bad-data processing, cost, and robustness.     

PMU准实时数据对主动配电网抗差估计的影响

由于相量测量单元(PMU)因成本问题无法在配电网中大规模配置,且不同设备向主站传输数据时存在客观的通信延迟、带宽限制等因素,因此状态估计器输入端存在不良数据。提出一种基于同步相量量测的主动配电网抗差估计方法,并提出以虚拟PMU量测模型补充大量的高精度冗余数据。将数据采集与监视控制(SCADA)量测系统、PMU量测和虚拟PMU量测构成的混合量测系统作为状态估计的输入端。考虑网络和量测数据不确定度对抗差M估计算法进行改进,避免了传统加权最小二乘估计中删除坏数据的残差判断和迭代过程,降低了估计耗时,提高了状态估计的可靠性和抗差性能。改进IEEE 14和IEEE 33节点配电网算例的仿真分析,验证了所提方法的有效性和普适性。     

电力系统不良数据监测和辨识方法

电力系统量测数据的质量是影响电力系统状态估计效率和结果的重要因素,而量测数据中客观地存在少量不良数据,检测和辨识这些不良数据是电力系统状态估计的重要组成部分。分析了不良数据的检测方法及识别方法,采用IEEE-4、IEEE-14、IEEE-30节点系统对等效电流量测变换算法进行算例分析验证此方法的优越性。     

Sequential bad data analysis in state estimation using orthogonaltransformations

The sequential identification of multiple bad data in power system state estimation using orthogonal transformations is described. The method involves iteratively building a list of suspect bad data based on their normalized residuals. The measurements are then analyzed for their estimated errors, and the suspect list is pruned to reveal the bad data. Valid measurements are then returned to the system for completing the solution. As part of this development, a new method of computing and updating the residual covariance matrix is also presented. Test results on the IEEE 30-bus system are presented     

Bad Data Processing in Power System State Estimation by Direct Data Deletion and Hypothesis Tests

This paper proposes a multiple bad data processing procedure for least-squares estimation of power system static state. The procedure is based on residual analysis by iterative deletion of suspected data and hypothesis test validation of the deleted good data. Comparision is made in algebraic, algorithmic and computational aspects with a recently proposed HTI method by Mili et al.[1]. The effectiveness of the proposed bad data processing procedure is demonstrated via serveral numerical examples simulated on the IEEE 30-bus system.     

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的电力系统抗差动态估计

为解决电力系统动态状态估计准确性易受量测不良数据影响的问题,提出基于无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)的电力系统抗差动态估计方法。在预测过程中引入时变噪声估计器处理未知系统噪声;利用新息向量判断量测是否存在异常,并使用基于测点正常率最大的静态估计方法辨识不良数据;然后构建更新因子矩阵降低不良数据在动态估计更新过程中的影响。将算法运用于IEEE 14节点标准系统中,仿真结果表明该方法估计结果准确且抗差效果良好。     

基于系统不完全可观的PMU优化配置新算法

限于同步相量测量装置(PMU)在电力系统中应用的局限性以及经济性,分析考虑了基于PMU的系统完全可观条件下电力系统状态估计过分冗余导致数据处理速度慢,收敛性不好等缺点,提出了基于系统不完全可观条件下,采用量子遗传算法对PMU进行合理配置,以期在最少PMU配置的基础上,使系统拥有足够的量测冗余度,得到的状态估计结果具有尽可能高的精度。通过算例仿真研究表明,该算法克服了深度优先算法(DFS)收敛性不好以及模拟退火法(SA)收敛速度慢的缺点,具有很好的收敛性和收敛速度,同时具有很好的精度要求。     

基于支路电流的配电网非量测负荷估计

提出一种基于支路电流的抗差估计算法用于修正10kV配电网非量测负荷。该算法将配电网中的功率量测变换为电流量测,实现了雅可比矩阵常数化,支路电流实虚部解耦求解。并采用了权值随残差变化的权函数,较大程度地抑制了伪量测中坏数据对估计结果的不良影响。文中还给出IEEE 33节点配电系统的计算结果。结果表明,本文的算法能够有效地修正伪量测数据,使其准确度达到或接近实际量测值的准确度。     

量测量的时延差对状态估计的影响及其对策

监控和数据采集(SCADA)系统的量测量没有统一的时标,更新周期长,而且时延较大。同步采样的相量测量单元(PMU)正成为电力系统中另一种重要的数据采集装置,它可以反映动态响应且时延较小;由于带有精确时标,即使通道传输存在时延也能保证时间断面的一致性。为在状态估计中协调这两种量测量,处理各量测量不同的时延,建立了SCADA量测时延的均匀分布模型,分析了各量测数据所反映的时间断面不一致性对状态估计精度的影响,提出了对时延不同的量测量的处理方法。通过对IEEE14节点电网和一个366节点的实际电网的仿真,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Autoregressive Filters for the Identification and Replacement of Bad Data in Power System State Estimation

The quadratic cost function J(x?) and the normalized residuals rN are used conventionally for identifying the presence and location of bad measurements in power system state estimation. These are "post estimation" tests and therefore require the complete re-estimation of system states whenever bad data is identified. This paper presents a pre-estimation filter for detection and identification of gross measurement errors. The basic function of this filter is to compare the measured value of a system variable with its predicted value obtained using an autoregressive (AR) model. If the difference exceeds a pre-determined threshold, the measured value is discarded in favor of the predicted value. Each measurement is processed by an AR filter before being used in the state estimation. The performance of the AR filter is tested against that of the J(x?) and rN tests and the results are reported in this paper. The principal advantage of the AR filtering scheme is its speed in bad data identification. Furthermore, it can be used to complement other bad data processing methods.     

新息图拓扑可观测性及不良数据可辨识性分析

新息图状态估计在拓扑结构获取和不良数据辨识方面与一般状态估计差异较大。文中研究了新息图状态估计拓扑结构可观测性、量测数据的相关性、不良数据的可检测性和可辨识性问题。由获得连支推算新息的必要条件确定拓扑结构可观测性;利用新息差向量的表现特征分析不良数据可检测性和可辨识性,最后给出了较优的辨识连支不良数据的顺序。对该算法的分析及IEEE30节点系统算例表明,新息图状态估计中不良数据可辨识性可进行定性分析,其辨识不正常事件的能力强,量测冗余度要求较低。     

结合模糊综合评判与决策的电力系统状态估计

针对电力系统状态估计中各种类型量测数据精度对状态估计结果有重要影响的问题,在基本加权最小二乘法估计的基础上,结合模糊综合评判与决策中的层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)讨论了一种改进权值确定方法的加权最小二乘法。它是将电力系统状态估计分解为量测值与估计值的差值平方最小(目标)、不同类型的量测值(准则)、各类型量测值相对精度的大小(方案)等层次,在此基础上进行定性和定量分析。通过IEEE 14-bus、IEEE 30-bus和IEEE 57-bus的标准算例进行仿真分析,证明层次分析法确定权值的加权最小二乘法能够有效地计算出电力系统的状态估计值。通过和基本加权最小二乘法进行比较,证明了该方法的优越性和实用性。     

电力系统状态估计在抚顺电网中的应用与研究

介绍了地区电网状态估计的基本原理及功能，即利用实时量测系统的冗余度提高数据精度，从而自动排除错误信息，估计出系统的状态；在自满上采用基于等效电流量测变换的状态估计方法，使雅可比矩阵常数化，充分利用了系统量测类型多的特点，将量测支路电流作为已知量带入计算，使其肯的较好的数值稳定性和计算速度；分析了在实时不良数据冲击下，该算法的稳定性和收敛性；在抚顺电网实际运行中效果良好。     

计及故障重构的配电网量测系统鲁棒性配置

针对网络重构对配电网状态估计精度的影响,在分析量测饱和特性的基础上,提出了一种量测系统的鲁棒性配置方法。该方法综合考虑不同故障重构后的多种网络结构,利用马尔可夫链确定其运行概率,并作为权重引入鲁棒性量测配置的数学模型中,利用蒙特卡洛算法模拟量测系统引起的误差。IEEE 33节点配电系统和美国PGE 69节点配电系统的仿真结果表明,所提出的鲁棒性配置方法可兼顾多种网络结构,并有效提高配电网状态估计的精度。     

电力系统多区域分布式状态估计方法

提出了一种电力系统多区域分布式状态估计方法,各区域估计器利用其数据采集与监视控制系统提供的量测数据进行本地状态估计,并通过平均一致性算法获取全局信息进行系统级状态估计。建立了基于拉格朗日乘子法的状态估计模型并设计了基于一致性的全局信息交换协议,给出了多区域分布式状态估计算法的实现流程。通过IEEE 14节点和118节点系统中的仿真算例验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性,并就估计精度和计算效率与现有状态估计方法进行了比较。仿真结果表明分布式状态估计方法可有效提高集中式状态估计系统的计算效率及可靠性,适用于结构更加复杂、量测数据体量更大电网的状态估计。     

State estimation and bad data processing for systems including PMU and SCADA measurements

Conventional state estimators (SE) are based on real-time measurements, consisting of bus voltages and active and reactive power flows and injections, and estimate the voltage phasors of the network buses. Until recently, these measurements were obtained only through SCADA. With the advent of GPS synchronized measurements obtained by phasor measurement units (PMU), effective techniques are required to incorporate the extremely accurate PMU measurements into state estimation, in order to improve its performance and observability. This paper develops a non-linear weighted least squares estimator by modeling the current phasor measurements either in rectangular or in polar coordinates and compares the two approaches. Any numerical problems arised at flat start or for lightly loaded lines, are resolved. The error amplification, due to the current phasor measurement transformation from polar into rectangular coordinates, is also investigated. The normalized residual test is used to effectively identify any bad data in the conventional and phasor measurements. The proposed techniques are tested with the IEEE 14-bus system.