夹心式压电超声换能器声场分析

对谐振频率为28.4 kHz的夹心式压电超声换能器声场进行仿真分析,研究空化气泡对声场分布及噪声的影响。以COMSOL软件压力声学接口为基础,对换能器进行瞬态分析,观察有无空化气泡时空间内的声压分布情况,对比两种情况下截点位置的声压变化曲线及频域分布曲线。通过试验对仿真结果进行验证,确认空化气泡的存在增强了空间中的声场,使水中最大声压值由8×104 Pa增大至2.5×105 Pa,空气中最大声压值由80 Pa增大至140 Pa。水中的高声压区集中在空化区域内,空化区域后方的声压减弱。与此同时,空化气泡使空气中的低频噪声增加,截点位置的声压幅值由原来的2 Pa增大至4 Pa。     

磁致伸缩仪超声空化流的三维非定常数值模拟

采用Singhal完全空化模型和SST k-ω湍流模型结合动网格技术对磁致伸缩仪超声空化流进行三维非定常数值模拟。计算结果表明,由于变幅杆高频振动,在靠近试样表面附近局部流场的压力和空泡体积组分变化具有周期性,压力波动的最低值可达到汽化压力,该局部流场可发生空化。由于空化,试样表面压力波动具有脉冲特征。压力和空泡体积组分在试样表面近似呈环形分布。在同一环形区域内,压力和空泡体积组分存在无规律断续脉动。试样表面中心区域空泡经历两次振荡后溃灭,产生强烈脉冲压力,最大脉冲压力可达约14MPa。脉冲压力在试样表面按间隔环形区域分布,且随试样振动在相邻环形区域上交替出现。在磁致伸缩仪超声空化流场中,试件表面可近似多个声波发生源,各声波传播时相互叠加和干扰。在声波传播的过程中压力衰减很快,只是在距试样表面约20mm内,压力有明显波动。     

Laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation in focused ultrasound

Acoustic cavitation can occur in therapeutic applications of high-amplitude focused ultrasound. Studying acoustic cavitation has been challenging, because the onset of nucleation is unpredictable. We hypothesized that acoustic cavitation can be forced to occur at a specific location using a laser to nucleate a microcavity in a pre-established ultrasound field. In this paper we describe a scientific instrument that is dedicated to this outcome, combining a focused ultrasound transducer with a pulsed laser. We present high-speed photographic observations of laser-induced cavitation and laser-nucleated acoustic cavitation, at frame rates of 0.5×10(6) frames per second, from laser pulses of energy above and below the optical breakdown threshold, respectively. Acoustic recordings demonstrated inertial cavitation can be controllably introduced to the ultrasound focus. This technique will contribute to the understanding of cavitation evolution in focused ultrasound including for potential therapeutic applications.     

超声空化对细微流道中固体颗粒的运动特性研究

针对细微流道中的多相流调控问题,研究超声空化效应对微流道内固体颗粒运动特性的影响。利用Fluent有限元技术对空化气泡溃灭的过程进行模拟,得在超声声压作用于近壁区的气泡时,气泡凹陷、破壁、溃灭的演变过程,并对其周围流场的速度矢量分布进行研究,仿真结果显示,空化气泡溃灭能够产生射向壁面的高速微射流,其最大速度达到28m/s,进而确定细微流场观测实验的最优参数;利用高速摄像机对细微流道中气泡的演变过程进行观测实验,并与仿真实验结果进行对照,观测实验结果表明,利用超声空化效应能够实现对固体颗粒向流道壁面运动的有效引导,为实现细微流道的流场调控、提高加工精度等问题提供理论支持。     

表面形貌与空化噪声的相关性研究

空蚀过程中,材料的表面形貌与噪声均会发生变化。在超声振动空蚀装置中,空泡的溃灭情况并不会随着空蚀阶段的发展而发生变化,即空泡噪声不变。固体材料在空泡溃灭时形成的微射流或冲击波作用下所形成的噪声是引起整体噪声变化的主要因素,并受材料表面形貌的影响。通过相关性分析方法,得出在超声振动空蚀实验装置中,由于空泡溃灭冲击固体表面所形成噪声的特征频率所在频段的中心频率为3.15 kHz与6.3 kHz,并且它们对应的声压级随粗糙度的增大而逐渐减小。     

Breakup of cavitation bubbles within the diesel droplet

Supercavitation in the diesel nozzle increases the instability of droplets in part due to the two-phase mixture, while the effect of cavitation bubbles on the instability of drops is still unclear. In order to investigate the breakup of cavitation bubbles within the diesel droplet, a new mathematical model describing the disturbance growth rate of the diesel bubble instability is developed. The new mathematical model is applied to predict the effects of fluids viscosity on the stability of cavitation bubbles. The predicted values reveal that the comprehensive effect of fluids viscosity makes cavitation bubbles more stable. Compared with the viscosities of air and cavitation bubble, the diesel droplet＇s viscosity plays a dominant role on the stability of cavitation bubbles. Furthermore, based on the modified bubble breakup criterion, the effects of bubble growth speed, sound speed, droplet viscosity, droplet density, and bubble-droplet radius ratio on the breakup time and the breakup radius of cavitation bubbles are studied respectively. It is found that a bubble with large bubble-droplet radius ratio has the initial condition for breaking easily. For a given bubble-droplet radius ratio （0.2）, as the bubble growth speed increases （from 2 m/s to 60 m/s）, the bubble breakup time decreases（from 3.59 gs to 0.17 ps） rapidly. Both the greater diesel droplet viscosity and the greater diesel droplet density result in the increase of the breakup time. With increasing initial bubble-droplet radius ratio （from 0.2 to 0.8）, the bubble breakup radius decreases （from 8.86 trn to 6.23 tm）. There is a limited breakup radius for a bubble with a certain initial bubble-droplet radius ratio. The mathematical model and the modified bubble breakup criterion are helpful to improve the study on the breakup mechanism of the secondary diesel droplet under the condition of supercavitation.     

随钻声波发射换能器宽频阻抗匹配设计及实验

发射换能器是随钻声波测井仪器的核心部件,其工作带宽及辐射声波能量的强弱是仪器的关键技术指标。换能器是一个非线性容性负载,可以采用阻抗匹配的方式增强有功功率并拓宽工作频带。本文将换能器多模态等效电路与阻抗匹配网络结合,利用电路网格方程对元件参数进行求解。最终在消声水池进行声场测试,观测换能器有功功率、声场辐射声压、发射电压响应等电、声特性,综合评估阻抗匹配网络的效果,为后续的随钻仪器研发及实验测试提供帮助和指导。实验结果表明,本文所设计的阻抗匹配网络能够明显改善换能器的声波辐射性能,频带宽度拓宽3.3倍,有功功率提高1.7倍,声压增强1.8倍,发射电压响应提高5 dB,在12～16 kHz的频带内发射电压响应最高可达125 dB。     

电解锰阴极板超声波清洗机的声场研究

本文结合电解锰行业目前的状况,研发了一种针对电解锰阴极板的超声波清洗机。分析了超声波清洗的工作原理,并利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不同频率下的超声波做了声场压力分布分析,有效的指导了超声波清洗机研发过程当中的频率选择问题。     

Application of the Spectral Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals to Studies of Vulnerability of TiN Coatings on Steel Substrates

A technique has been suggested for processing spectra of acoustic emission (AE) signals based on a signal classification using shapes of normalized spectral density curves. This enables one to calculate averaged spectral images of AE signal groups, which characterize specific types of AE sources, and to estimate intensities of various emission sources on various stages of deformation. The suggested technique has been used in estimating the TiN vulnerability when it is strained concurrently with the substrate.     

单全息面分离声场技术及其在声全息中的应用

提出单全息面分离声场技术,突破以往近场声全息(NAH)和基于声强测量的宽带声全息(BAHIM)的应用局限。它们的局限在于:全息面一侧的声场必须是自由声场,即要求所有的声源仅能位于全息面的另一侧;而在工业测量的情况下,这个要求是很难达到的。提出的声场分离技术,利用全息面上微粒法向振速的叠加原理和波数域的Euler公式,建立起在波数域内的声场分离公式,然后通过二维逆Fourier变换,便得到了全息面一侧声源所产生的声压,从而达到声场分离的目的。原理的推导理论上论证该技术正确性,数值仿真显示了该技术的可行性和有效性。     

自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应及其射流形态的数值分析

基于自激振荡脉冲喷嘴空化效应和多相流模型,建立了自激振荡脉冲射流空化模型。依据自激振荡腔室结构及其几何参数建立了腔室轴对称物理模型,计算得到了振荡周期100ms内自激振荡脉冲射流的空化泡破碎、腔室内两相分布、湍动能分布和速度分布等结果。研究表明：在1.02~2.37ms时,空化泡半径减小,气泡开始径向运动形成泡面加速射流;在2.69~4.67ms时,空化泡面压力达到极限破碎值时气泡开始破碎;在自激振荡周期前25ms,主射流与空气接触边界面形成较强湍动能,自激振荡腔室中心漩涡区逐渐变大,外流场连续射流被割断成多股状射流,射流在喷射轴线附近速度达到并稳定在30~40m/s;在振荡周期的40~90ms,腔室内中心空化气囊形成并开始阻挡主射流运动,喷嘴出口流道出现大面积空化区域,湍动能最大区域集中在下喷嘴出口下游;在振荡后期,随着主射流与空气相互作用及射流贯穿距离增加,主射流速度逐渐趋于稳定且扩散作用减弱。     

压力容器上声发射源的新型定位方法

压力容器裂纹扩展时产生的弹性波在传播时声压遵从指数衰减规律,本文提出一种利用声衰减对声发射源进行源定位的新方法。用AE21C型声发射仪对自制的小型高分子合成纤维材料容器以铅笔芯折断产生信号为模拟源进行了实验测量,证明这种新的源定位方法可行,并具有无须测量传播介质衰减特性、无须测量声速等优点。     

基于图像灰度统计的调节阀空化分布特性研究

针对调节阀内复杂的空化流动现象,研究调节阀内的空化形态特征和分布特性。建立调节阀空化图像采集试验系统,采用高速相机对空化形态进行捕捉。由于空泡的生长、溃灭等动力学行为使空泡群的密度和数量的不同,捕获的图像上灰度值的变化与空泡的演变过程之间存在相关性。该文通过空化图像中灰度值的变化来识别空化区域,且为提高分析可靠度,引入三个特征量：相似系数R确定所需样本数量、灰度变化率λ来表征空泡的动力学行为变化、平均灰度值ψ表达空化长度。根据这三个特征量,我们准确获得了调节阀内空化产生的位置、分布区域以及形态的变化。调节阀流道内空化附着区域可分为空化形成区(IR)、发展区(DR)和溃灭区(CR)。背压是影响空化附着区域形态的一个重要因素。随着背压的增加,其对空化的抑制作用比较明显,空化形成区的终点也是溃灭区的起点,即空化在流道内的分布形式仅为空化形成、溃灭这两种分布形式。此外,随着背压的增加,空化强度减弱,空化长度亦减小。     

一种三维质点振速传感器灵敏度测量方法

一种基于近场声全息技术的质点振速传感器灵敏度测量方法,在没有任何特殊声源或声学设备的前提下,通过测量或重建声场中的声压和法向质点振速来计算声阻抗,实现质点振速传感器的灵敏度测量。将该方法扩展至三维质点振速传感器的灵敏度测量,在测量或重建法向质点振速的同时,也测量或重建切向质点振速,实现三维声阻抗的估算,从而同时测量计算3个方向质点振速传感器的灵敏度,并通过实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Cavitation erosion of a flat surface near a rotating shaft

To clarify the phenomenon of cavitation erosion in the sliding bearings of internal combustion engines, an apparatus was prepared and tests were conducted on cavitation in the oil between the cylindrical face of a rotating shaft and the tip of a horn attached to an ultrasonic oscillator. This apparatus produces an oil flow and a plus-minus oil pressure between a shaft and a horn tip to simulate erosion and its distribution on bearing surfaces.From patterns of cavitation erosion on the tip of a horn made of an Al-Sn alloy and the pressure distribution on the wedge oil film, it was determined that the region where cavitation bubbles occur and the region where erosion occurs owing to the collapse of the bubbles do not necessarily coincide.Cavitation erosion was found to occur in both the plus and the minus oil film pressure regions and erosion due to bubble collapse occurs in the regions where pressure increases in the direction of oil flow.The test results allow the postulation of the mechanism and the reasons for the occurrence of cavitation erosion on actual sliding bearing surfaces.     

Analysis of boiler-tube erosion by the technique of acoustic emission Part I. Mechanical erosion

This paper investigates the mechanical erosion of the metal tubes in bagasse-fired boilers with the aid of the acoustic emission technique. By studying the material removal under various collision conditions, the paper analyzes the dependence of the erosion wear upon the impact angle, velocity, size and concentration of the particles. It was found that the material removal mechanisms were mainly dependent on the particle collision angle and fell into four regimes characterized by rubbing and scratching, cutting and cracking, forging and extrusion as well as sputtering and adhesion. The highest wear rate took place with the cutting and cracking mechanism when the particle collision angle was in the range of 20–30°. The variation of the acoustic emission energy confirmed the conclusions. Finally, three simple formulae were developed to show the dependence of the erosion wear upon the main erosion parameters.     

非对称截面螺旋流道中微粒的惯性聚焦效应

为实现生物微粒/细胞的精确操控,提出了一种非对称截面螺旋流道结构的惯性微流控芯片.基于仿真和实验的方法,对不同尺寸微粒在微流道中的惯性聚焦行为进行了研究.设计了一种"L"形截面的螺旋流道,采用仿真软件COMSOL研究微流道中的二次流场及微粒的运动轨迹.使用UV激光切割与等离子清洗键合的工艺制作芯片样件,采用高速摄像机和...     

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT OF BUBBLY FLOW INSIDE THROTTLING GROOVE

The relationship between pressure distribution and cavitation (noise) inside throttling groove is investigated by numerical simulation and experimental method. A valve pocket with several transducers is performed to detect the pressure distributions inside the valve chamber, and the results fit quite well with the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis. High-speed imaging techniques are employed to investigate the cavitation mechanisms, in particular bubble inception and cluster formation near the throttling groove. A spectrum analyzer is used to measure the sound pressure level of noise generated by the bubble flow. It is found that the pressure distributions inside the groove are sensitive to the valve port configuration and back pressure. The pressure distribution determines the bubble size and number passing through the valve grooves and the sound pressure level of noise induced by collapsing bubbles. The inlet pressure mainly affects the saturation degree of bubbly flow inside the groove and the intensity of sound pressure level accordingly.     

The possibilities of acoustic emission testing of rails during exploitation

The possibilities of acoustic emission testing of rails on a bridge are considered. The stress-strain state of a rail under conditions of train loading is analyzed. The problems of minimization of levels of mechanical and electromagnetic noises are considered. The results of field acoustic emission tests and their analysis are presented.     

Estimation of cavitation intensity from the time taken for bubbles to develop

In order to estimate the cavitation erosion rate, the time taken for cavitation bubbles to develop and the cavitation erosion intensity were investigated. The cavitation intensity was found to be proportional to the 7th power of the time taken for bubbles to develop. This is a similar dependency to the effect of scaling on cavitation erosion, which shows how the cavitation erosion rate increases with cavitating length.